讲义舒tpo125逐题解析

新托福TPO4阅读原文(一):DeerPopulationsofthePugetTPO-4-1：DeerPopulationsofthePugetTwospeciesofdeerhavebeenprevalentinthePugetSoundareaofWashingtonStateinthePacificNorthwestoftheUnitedStates.Theblack-taileddeer,alowland,west-sidecousinofthemuledeerofeasternWashington,isnowthemostcommon.Theotherspecies,theColumbianwhite-taileddeer,inearliertimeswascommonintheopenprairiecountry;itisnowrestrictedtothelow,marshyislandsandfloodinsalongthelowerColumbiaRiver.Nearlyanykindofntofthe understorycanbepartofadeer'sdiet.Where inhibitsthegrowthofgrassandothermeadownts,theblack-taileddeerbrowsesonhuckleberry,salal,dogwood,andalmostanyothershruborherb.Butthisisfair-weatherfeeding.Whatkeepstheblack-taileddeeraliveintheharsherseasonsofntdecayanddormancy?Onecompensationfornothibernatingisthebuilt-inurgetomigrate.Deermaymovefromhigh-elevationbrowseareasinsummerdowntothelowlandareasinlatefall.Evenwithsnowontheground,thehighbushyunderstoryisexposed;alsosnowandwindbringdownleafybranchesofcedar,hemlock,redalder,andotherarborealfodder.ThenumbersofdeerhavefluctuatedmarkedlysincetheentryofEuropeansintoPugetSoundcountry.Theearlyexplorersandsettlerstoldofabundantdeerintheearly1800sandyetalmostinthesamebreathbemoanedthelackofthissucculentgameanimal.FamousexplorersofthenorthAmericanfrontier,LewisandClarkarrivedatthemouthoftheColumbiaRiveronNovember14,1805,innearlystarvedcircumstances.TheyhadexperiencedgreatdifficultyfindinggamewestoftheRockiesandnotuntilthesecondofDecemberdidtheykilltheirfirstelk.Tokeep40peoplealivethatwinter,theyconsumedapproximay150elkand20deer.Andwhengamemovedoutofthelowlandsinearlyspring,theexpeditiondecidedtoreturneastratherthanfacepossiblestarvation.Lateronintheearlyyearsofthenineteenthcentury,whenFortVancouverbecametheheadquartersoftheHudson'sBay,deerpopulationstofluctuate.DavidDouglas,Scottishbotanicalexplorerofthe1830s,foundadisturbingchangeintheanimallifearoundthefortduringtheperiodbetweenhisfirstvisitin1825andhisfinalcontactwiththefortin1832.ArecentDouglasbiographerstates:"Thedeerwhichoncepicturesquelydottedthemeadowsaroundthefortweregone[in1832],huntedtoexterminationinordertoprotecttheReductioninnumbersofgameshouldhavebodedillfortheirsurvivalinlatertimes.Aworseningoftheplightofdeerwastobeexpectedassettlersencroachedontheland,logging,burning,andclearing,eventuallyrecingawildernesslandscapewithroads,cities,towns,andfactories.Nodoubtthenumbersofdeerdeclinedstillfurther.RecallthefateoftheColumbianwhite-taileddeer,nowinaprotectedstatus.Butfortheblack-taileddeer,humanpressurehashadjusttheoppositeeffect.WildlifezoologistHelmutBuechner(1953),inreviewingthenatureofbioticchangesinWashingtonthroughrecordedtime,saysthat"sincetheearly1940s,thestatehasmoredeerthanatanyothertimeinitshistory,thewinterpopulationfluctuatingaroundapproximay320,000deer(muleandblack-taileddeer),whichwillyieldabout65,000ofeitherandanyageannuallyforanindefiniteperiod."Thecausesofthispopulationreboundareconsequencesofotherhumanactions.First,themajorpredatorsofdeer—wolves,cougar,andlynx—havebeengreatlyreducedinnumbers.Second,conservationhasbeeninsuredbylimitingtimesforandtypesofhunting.Butthemostprofoundreasonfortherestorationofhighpopulationnumbershasbeenthefateofthes.Greattractsoflowlandcountrydeedbylogging,fire,orbothhave eidealfeedinggroundsofdeer.Inadditiontofindinganincreaseofsuitablebrowse,likehuckleberryandvinemaple,ArthurEinarsen,longtimegamebiologistinthePacificNorthwest,foundqualityofbrowseintheopenareastobesubstantiallymorenutritive.Theproteincontentofshade-grownvegetation,forexample,wasmuchlowerthanthatforntsgrowninclearings.译文：TPO-4-1、地方黑尾鹿可以吃越橘白珠树山茱萸和其他几乎所有灌木和草;但这些只能在好天气里才能吃得到;在植物、隐匿的严寒季节，黑尾鹿们是如何过冬的呢?避免冬眠的法就是天生的迁徙习性。它们会在夏天迁徙到高海拔、家和殖民者说起在19世纪早期那儿有大量的鹿群，与此同时惋惜现在这种动物的稀少著名的探险先驱者刘易斯和克拉克在落基山西部经历种种，1240人在冬天里存活，他们消耗了150只麋鹿和20只。当猎物在早春时期迁徙出了低地，远征队19险家•道格拉斯发现了他在1825年第一次的探访和1832年的最后接触之年曾经如画般点缀在温哥华堡附近草地上的鹿群已经了为了保护农作物杀致。，鹿群数量的减少预示了它们今后生存的艰辛。当殖民者它们的领地时，人类在它们生活的土地上进行采伐、，清除，最终将公路、城市、城镇亚白尾鹿运，现在已经处于被保护地位。而对黑尾鹿来说，人类的压力反而盛顿地区生物的自然变化，他说：“20世纪40年代早期拥有比以往任何历32万只鹿(杂交和黑尾鹿)左右波动，，在此之后的每一年不同段的公鹿和母鹿数量分别会增加至65000只但鹿群数量恢复的主要原因在于森林减少。大部分的低地的树木被砍伐、•埃纳森还发现在空旷地区的高质量的嫩叶大TwospeciesofdeerhavebeenprevalentinthePugetSoundareaofWashingtonStateinthePacificNorthwestoftheUnitedStates.Theblack-taileddeer,alowland,west-sidecousinofthemuledeerofeasternWashington,isnowthemostcommon.Theotherspecies,theColumbianwhite-taileddeer,inearliertimeswascommonintheopenprairiecountry;itisnowrestrictedtothelow,marshyislandsandfloodinsalongthelowerColumbiaRiver.以White-taileddeer做定位至最后一句：Theotherspecies,theColumbianwhite-taileddeer,inearliertimeswascommonintheopenprairiecountry;itisnowrestrictedtothelow,marshyislandsandfloodinsalongthelowerColumbiaRiver.在lowlands和marshes而不是A说的来源于B的比较关系原文无提及；C的rece没有提及。Nearlyanykindofntofthe understorycanbepartofadeer'sdiet.Wheretheinhibitsthegrowthofgrassandothermeadownts,theblack-taileddeerbrowsesonhuckleberry,salal,dogwood,andalmostanyothershruborherb.Butthisisfair-weatherfeeding.Whatkeepstheblack-taileddeeraliveintheharsherseasonsofntdecayanddormancy?Onecompensationfornothibernatingisthebuilt-inurgetomigrate.Deermaymovefromhigh-elevationbrowseareasinsummerdowntothelowlandareasinlatefall.Evenwithsnowontheground,thehighbushyunderstoryisexposed;alsosnowandwindbringdownleafybranchesofcedar,hemlock,redandotherarboreal段落倒数第二句“Deermaymovefromhigh-elevationbrowseareasinsummerdown对应B选项。很多同学会错选C，这部分同学应该是定位到了最后一句话：Evenwithsnowontheground,thehighbushyunderstoryisexposed;alsosnowandwindbringdownleafybranchesofcedarhemlock,redalderandotherarborealfodder.说即使有雪覆盖地面，高的understory会（understory指的是林下植被而且还说风会leafybranches吹下来。C虽然提到了understory，但是easier说法和原文不符，原文说的是高的understroy在会曝露出来，有一定局限性，也没体现出比起以前更简单。A在原体及；D说冬天迁徙与上文的latefall，也错。Nearlyanykindofntoftheunderstorycanbepartofadeer'sdiet.theinhibitsthegrowthofgrassandothermeadownts,theblack-taileddeerbrowsesonhuckleberry,salal,dogwood,andalmostanyothershruborherb.Butthisisfair-weatherfeeding.Whatkeepstheblack-taileddeeraliveintheharsherseasonsofntdecayanddormancy?Onecompensationfornothibernatingisthebuilt-inurgetomigrate.Deermaymovefromhigh-elevationbrowseareasinsummerdowntothelowlandareasinlatefall.Evenwithsnowontheground,thehighbushyunderstoryisexposed;alsosnowandwindbringdownleafybranchesofcedar,hemlock,redalder,andotherarborealfodder.inhibit:，阻拦。A是组成；B是结合；C是限制，约束；D是建立。根据词意，C正确对应原文：Wherethe nts,theblack-taileddeerbrowsesonhuckleberry,salal,dogwood,andalmostany没长起来，之前说森林怎么样了这种草的生长，当然是，A组成B结合意思差不多，都不对。D建立完全不靠谱。ThenumbersofdeerhavefluctuatedmarkedlysincetheentryofEuropeansintoPugetSoundcountry.Theearlyexplorersandsettlerstoldofabundantdeerintheearly1800sandyetalmostinthesamebreathbemoanedthelackofthissucculentgameanimal.FamousexplorersofthenorthAmericanfrontier,LewisandClarkarrivedatthemouthoftheColumbiaRiveronNovember14,1805,innearlystarvedcircumstances.TheyhadexperiencedgreatdifficultyfindinggamewestoftheRockiesandnotuntilthesecondofDecemberdidtheykilltheirfirstelk.Tokeep40peoplealivethatwinter,theyconsumedapproximay150elkand20deer.Andwhengamemovedoutofthelowlandsinearlyspring,theexpeditiondecidedtoreturneastratherthanfacepossiblestarvation.Lateronintheearlyyearsofthenineteenthcentury,whenFortVancouverbecametheheadquartersoftheHudson'sBay,deerpopulationstofluctuate.DavidDouglas,Scottishbotanicalexplorerofthe1830s,foundadisturbingchangeintheanimallifearoundthefortduringtheperiodbetweenhisfirstvisitin1825andhisfinalcontactwiththefortin1832.ArecentDouglasbiographerstates:"Thedeerwhichoncepicturesquelydottedthemeadowsaroundthefortweregone[in1832],huntedtoexterminationinordertoprotectthecrops."inthesamebreath从表面意思上说就是在同一个呼吸的时候，其实能够猜出文中的意思应该是同时或者立刻之意，所以D的immedia y对。A是没有耐心的；B是幽默的；C是连续不断地；D是立即地。对应原文：Theearlyexplorersandsettlerstoldofabundantdeerintheearly1800sandyetalmostinthesamebreathbemoanedthelackofthissucculentgameanimal.带回原文，说那些人知道1800年代有很多鹿但怎么样他们又因为没有鹿而难过，A没耐心B不幽默都不靠谱，C持续不能表达当时人们失望的心情，而且原文也没有信息说持续难过，不对。ThenumbersofdeerhavefluctuatedmarkedlysincetheentryofEuropeansintoPugetSoundcountry.Theearlyexplorersandsettlerstoldofabundantdeerintheearlyandyetalmostinthesamebreathbemoanedthelackofthissucculentgameanimal.FamousexplorersofthenorthAmericanfrontier,LewisandClarkarrivedatthemouthoftheColumbiaRiveronNovember14,1805,innearlystarvedcircumstances.TheyhadexperiencedgreatdifficultyfindinggamewestoftheRockiesandnotuntilthesecondofDecemberdidtheykilltheirfirstelk.Tokeep40peoplealivethatwinter,theyconsumedapproximay150elkand20deer.Andwhengamemovedoutofthelowlandsinearlyspring,theexpeditiondecidedtoreturneastratherthanfacepossiblestarvation.Lateronintheearlyyearsofthenineteenthcentury,whenFortVancouverbecametheheadquartersoftheHudson'sBay,deerpopulationstofluctuate.DavidDouglas,Scottishbotanicalexplorerofthe1830s,foundadisturbingchangeintheanimallifearoundthefortduringtheperiodbetweenhisfirstvisitin1825andhisfinalcontactwiththefortin1832.ArecentDouglasbiographerstates:"Thedeerwhichoncepicturesquelydottedthemeadowsaroundthefortweregone[in1832],huntedtoexterminationinordertoprotectthecrops."ThenumbersofdeerhavefluctuatedmarkedlysincetheentryofintoPugetSoundcountryA选项的varied，所以A正确。BCD都没有提及。ThenumbersofdeerhavefluctuatedmarkedlysincetheentryofEuropeansintoPugetSoundcountry.Theearlyexplorersandsettlerstoldofabundantdeerintheearly1800sandyetalmostinthesamebreathbemoanedthelackofthissucculentgameanimal.FamousexplorersofthenorthAmericanfrontier,LewisandClarkarrivedatthemouthoftheColumbiaRiveronNovember14,1805,innearlystarvedcircumstances.TheyhadexperiencedgreatdifficultyfindinggamewestoftheRockiesandnotuntilthesecondofDecemberdidtheykilltheirfirstelk.Tokeep40peoplealivethatwinter,theyconsumedapproximay150elkand20deer.Andwhengamemovedoutofthelowlandsinearlyspring,theexpeditiondecidedtoreturneastratherthanfacepossiblestarvation.Lateronintheearlyyearsofthenineteenthcentury,whenFortVancouverbecametheheadquartersoftheHudson'sBay,deerpopulationstofluctuate.DavidDouglas,Scottishbotanicalexplorerofthe1830s,foundadisturbingchangeintheanimallifearoundthefortduringtheperiodbetweenhisfirstvisitin1825andhisfinalcontactwiththefortin1832.ArecentDouglasbiographerstates:"Thedeerwhichoncepicturesquelydottedthemeadowsaroundthefortweregone[in1832],huntedtoexterminationinordertoprotectthecrops."以人名和时间做定位至最后一句：ArecentDouglasbiographerstates:"Thedeerwhichoncepicturesquelydottedthemeadowsaroundthefortweregonein1832,huntedtoexterminationinordertoprotectthecrops."说那些鹿gonehunt了所以应该是没有鹿了，B说反，C对作者只是说把鹿为了保护农作物，没说农作物的产量上升，D不对；A没说。Reductioninnumbersofgameshouldhavebodedillfortheirsurvivalinlatertimes.Aworseningoftheplightofdeerwastobeexpectedassettlersencroachedontheland,logging,burning,andclearing,eventuallyrecingawildernesslandscapewithroads,cities,towns,andfactories.Nodoubtthenumbersofdeerdeclinedstillfurther.RecallthefateoftheColumbianwhite-taileddeer,nowinaprotectedstatus.Butfortheblack-taileddeer,humanpressurehashadjusttheoppositeeffect.WildlifezoologistHelmutBuechner(1953),inreviewingthenatureofbioticchangesinWashingtonthroughrecordedtime,saysthat"sincetheearly1940s,thestatehashadmoredeerthanatanyothertimeinitshistory,thewinterpopulationfluctuatingaroundapproxima 320,000deer(muleandblack-taileddeer),whichwillyieldabout65,000ofeitherandanyageannuallyforanindefiniteperiod."往前看，前句说thenumbersofdeerdeclinedstillfurther，鹿的数量进一步下降，然后才让读者recall哥伦比亚白尾鹿的例子，也就是说白尾鹿就是人类破坏生存环境导致鹿群数量下降的一个证明，所以答案A正确。Aindefinite:不定的。indefiniteperiod:没有限制的时间段。B没有如期开始，CReductioninnumbersofgameshouldhavebodedillfortheirsurvivalinlatertimes.Aworseningoftheplightofdeerwastobeexpectedassettlersencroachedontheland,logging,burning,andclearing,eventuallyrecingawildernesslandscapewithroads,cities,towns,andfactories.Nodoubtthenumbersofdeerdeclinedstillfurther.RecallthefateoftheColumbianwhite-taileddeer,nowinaprotectedstatus.Butfortheblack-taileddeer,humanpressurehashadjusttheoppositeeffect.WildlifezoologistHelmutBuechner(1953),inreviewingthenatureofbioticchangesinWashingtonthroughrecordedtime,saysthat"sincetheearly1940s,thestatehashadmoredeerthanatanyothertimeinitshistory,thewinterpopulationfluctuatingaroundapproxima 320,000deer(muleandblack-taileddeer),whichwillyieldabout65,000ofeitherandanyageannuallyforanindefiniteperiod."B问整个第四段，看首句，而且首句说reductioninnumbers，与问题中的deerpopulation重合，说鹿数量的下降预示它们的生存变得艰难，但看选项发现没有与之重合的选项，于是可以继续往下看，下面就说到有的鹿群了，但同时也尾鹿没有了，刚好和原文黑尾鹿数量增加相反，错；原文没有冬夏对比，DThecausesofthispopulationreboundareconsequencesofotherhumanactions.First,themajorpredatorsofdeer—wolves,cougar,andlynx—havebeengreatlyreducedinnumbers.Second,conservationhasbeeninsuredbylimitingtimesforandtypesofhunting.Butthemostprofoundreasonfortherestorationofhighpopulationnumbershasbeenthefateofthes.Greattractsoflowlandcountrydeedlogging,fire,orbothhave eidealfeedinggroundsofdeer.Inadditiontofindinganincreaseofsuitablebrowse,likehuckleberryandvinemaple,ArthurEinarsen,longtimegamebiologistinthePacificNorthwest,foundqualityofbrowseintheopenareastobesubstantiallymorenutritive.Theproteincontentofshade-grownvegetation,forexample,wasmuchlowerthanthatforntsgrowninclearings.Brebound:反弹。A是下降；B是恢复；C是交换；D是移动。根据词意，正确答案就是B。Thecausesofthispopulationreboundareconsequencesofotherhumanactions.First,themajorpredatorsofdeer—wolves,cougar,andlynx—havebeengreatlyreducedinnumbers.Second,conservationhasbeeninsuredbylimitingtimesforandtypesofhunting.Butthemostprofoundreasonfortherestorationofhighpopulationnumbershasbeenthefateofthes.Greattractsoflowlandcountrydeedbylogging,fire,orbothhave eidealfeedinggroundsofdeer.Inadditiontofindinganincreaseofsuitablebrowse,likehuckleberryandvinemaple,ArthurEinarsen,longtimegamebiologistinthePacificNorthwest,foundqualityofbrowseintheopenareastobesubstantiallymorenutritive.Theproteincontentofshade-grownvegetation,forexample,wasmuchlowerthanthatforntsgrowninclearings.Binaddition那部分和后面like举的那两个例子，都是非常次要的信息，可以忽略不看。主分缩略一下，去掉一些修饰成分后就变成：AE发现了browseinopenareas更加有营养。longtime那里是对这个人的一个修饰（同位语成分。B人的family；C错在biologistlikeEitisimportant原Thecausesofthispopulationreboundareconsequencesofotherhumanactions.First,themajorpredatorsofdeer—wolves,cougar,andlynx—havebeengreatlyreducedinnumbers.Second,conservationhasbeeninsuredbylimitingtimesforandtypesofhunting.Butthemostprofoundreasonfortherestorationofhighpopulationnumbershasbeenthefateofthes.Greattractsoflowlandcountrydeedbylogging,fire,orbothhave eidealfeedinggroundsofdeer.Inadditiontofindinganincreaseofsuitablebrowse,likehuckleberryandvinemaple,ArthurEinarsen,longtimegamebiologistinthePacificNorthwest,foundqualityofbrowseintheopenareastobesubstantiallymorenutritive.Theproteincontentofshade-grownvegetation,forexample,wasmuchlowerthanthatforntsgrowninclearings.first，secondbutthemostA/B/C选项，所以D是没说的，选D。Nearlyanykindofntoftheunderstorycanbepartofadeer'sdiet.Wheretheinhibitsthegrowthofgrassandothermeadownts,theblack-taileddeerbrowsesonhuckleberry,salal,dogwood,andalmostanyothershruborherb.Butthisisfair-weatherfeeding.Whatkeepstheblack-taileddeeraliveintheharsherseasonsntdecayanddormancy?Onecompensationfornothibernatingisthebuilt-inurgetomigrate.【】Deermaymovefromhigh-elevationbrowseareasinsummerdowntothelowlandareasinlatefall.【】Evenwithsnowontheground,thehighbushyunderstoryisexposed;alsosnowandwindbringdownleafybranchesofcedar,hemlock,redalder,andotherarborealfodder.【】ThenumbersofdeerhavefluctuatedmarkedlysincetheentryofEuropeansintoPugetSoundcountry.【】Theearlyexplorersandsettlerstoldofabundantdeerintheearly1800sandyetalmostinthesamebreathbemoanedthelackofthissucculentgameanimal.FamousexplorersofthenorthAmericanfrontier,LewisandClarkarrivedatthemouthoftheColumbiaRiveronNovember14,1805,innearlystarvedcircumstancesTheyhadexperiencedgreatdifficultyfindinggamewestoftheRockiesandnotuntilthesecondofDecemberdidtheykilltheirfirstelk.Tokeep40peoplealivethatwinter,theyconsumedapproximay150elkand20deerAndwhengamemovedoutofthelowlandsinearlyspring,theexpeditiondecidedtoreturneastratherthanfacepossiblestarvation.LateronintheearlyyearsofthenineteenthcenturywhenFortVancouverbecametheheadquartersoftheHudson'sBay,populationstofluctuate.DavidDouglas,Scottishbotanicalexplorerofthe1830s,foundadisturbingchangeintheanimallifearoundthefortduringtheperiodbetweenhisfirstvisitin1825andhisfinalcontactwiththefortin1832.ArecentDouglasbiographerstates:"Thedeerwhichoncepicturesquelydottedthemeadowsaroundthefortweregone[in1832],huntedtoexterminationinordertoprotectthe插入句子为TherefoodavailableandaccessiblethroughouttheB有三个点，一是副词there指一个地点，所以在正确插入点之前必须存在一个BD有可能；第二和第三个点是待插入句当中的两个名词food和winter，按照上下句有名词的原则，B对D错。BCEThebalance选项前半句是对的，但后半句与第一段的最后两句说反，应该Deerpopulations新托福TPO4阅读原文(二):CaveArtinEuropeTPO-4-2：CaveArtinEuropeTheearliestdiscoveredtracesofartarebeadsandcarvings,andthenpaintings,fromsitesdatingbacktotheUpperPaleolithicperiod.Wemightexpectthatearlyiceffortswouldbecrude,butthecavepaintingsofSpainandsouthernFranceshowamarkeddegreeofskill.SodothenaturalisticpaintingsonslabsofstoneexcavatedinsouthernAfrica.Someofthoseslabsappeartohavebeenpaintedasmuchas28,000yearsago,whichsuggeststhatpaintinginAfricaisasoldaspaintinginEurope.Butpaintingmaybeevenolderthanthat.TheearlyAustraliansmayhavepaintedonthewallsofrocksheltersandclifffacesatleast30,000yearsago,andasmuchas60,000yearsTheresearchersPeterUckoandAndreeRosenfeldidentifiedthreeprincipallocationsofpaintingsinthecavesofwesternEurope:(1)inobviouslyinhabitedrocksheltersandcaveentrances;(2)ingalleriesimmediayofftheinhabitedareasofcaves;and(3)intheinnerreachesofcaves,whosedifficultyofaccesshasbeeninterpretedbysomeasasignthatmagical-religiousactivitieswereperformedthere.Thesubjectsofthepaintingsaremostlyanimals.Thepaintingsrestonbarewalls,withnobackdropsorenvironmentaltraps.Perhaps,likemanycontemporarypeoples,UpperPaleolithicmenandwomenbelievedthatthedrawingofahumanimagecouldcausedeathorinjury,andifthatwereindeedtheirbelief,itmightexinwhyhumanfiguresarerarelydepictedincaveart.Anotherexnationforthefocusonanimalsmightbethatthesepeoplesoughttoimprovetheirluckathunting.Thistheoryissuggestedbyevidenceofchipsinthepaintedfigures,perhapsmadebyspearsthrownatthedrawings.Butifimprovingtheirhuntingluckwasthechiefmotivationforthepaintings,itisdifficulttoexinwhyonlyafewshowsignsofhavingbeenspeared.Perhapsthepaintingswereinspiredbytheneedtoincreasethesupplyofanimals.CaveartseemstohavereachedapeaktowardtheendoftheUpperPaleolithicperiod,whentheherdsofgameweredecreasing.TheparticularsymbolicsignificanceofthecavepaintingsinsouthwesternFranceismoreexplicitlyrevealed,perhaps,bytheresultsofastudyconductedbyresearchersPatriciaRiceandAnnPaterson.Thedatatheypresentsuggestthattheanimalsportrayedinthecavepaintingsweremostlytheonesthatthepainterspreferredformeatandformaterialssuchashides.Forexample,wildcattle(bovines)andhorsesareportrayedmoreoftenthanwewouldexpectbychance,probablybecausetheywerelargerandheavier(meatier)thanotheranimalsintheenvironment.Inaddition,thepaintingsmostlyportrayanimalsthatthepaintersmayhavefearedthemostbecauseoftheirsize,speed,naturalweaponssuchastusksandhorns,andtheunpredictabilityoftheirbehavior.Thatis,mammoths,bovines,andhorsesareportrayedmoreoftenthandeerandreindeer.Thus,thepaintingsareconsistentwiththeideathattheartisrelatedtotheimportanceofhuntingintheeconomyofUpperPaleolithicpeople.Consistentwiththisidea,accordingtotheinvestigators,isthefactthattheartoftheculturalperiodthatfollowedtheUpperPaleolithicalsoseemstoreflecthowpeoplegottheirfood.Butinthatperiod,whengettingfoodnolongerdependedonhuntinglargegameanimals(becausethey ingextinct),theartceasedtofocusonportrayalsofUpperPaleolithicartwasnotconfinedtocavepaintings.Manyshaftsofspearsandsimilarobjectsweredecoratedwithfiguresofanimals.TheanthropologistAlexanderMarshackhasaninterestinginterpretationofsomeoftheengravingsmadeduringtheUpperPaleolithic.Hebelievesthatasfarbackas30,000B.C.,huntersmayhaveusedasystemofnotation,engravedonboneandstone,tomarkphasesoftheMoon.Ifthisistrue,itwouldmeanthatUpperPaleolithicpeoplewerecapableofcomplexthoughtandwereconsciouslyawareoftheirenvironment.Inadditiontootherartworks,figurinesrepresentingthehumanfemaleinexaggeratedformhavealsobeenfoundatUpperPaleolithicsites.Ithasbeensuggestedthatthesefigurineswereanidealtypeoranexpressionofadesireforfertility.译文：TPO-4-2洲南部发掘出的自然石板画也是如此。其中的一些石板画看上去像是在28研究人员彼特•和安德烈•罗森菲尔德西欧洞画的三个主要地点：(1)在明显有遮蔽可供人类居住的岩石和处，(2)在居住的一出门的走们曾在这里进行神秘的。也许研究者帕特丽夏•赖斯和安•派特森所做研究的结果更清楚地揭示了法()们预料的更为频繁可能因为它们比其它动物更大更沉(肉)另外画作中主要描绘了绘画者害怕的动物它们的体形度与生俱来的如长牙和角，牛和更经常画在墙上因此在旧石器时代晚期的人的经济中岩洞艺术与根据者的研究这一事实也与前文的想法一致。但在那个时期，当不再依靠猎取大型猎物获得食物时(因为它们开始变得稀少)旧石器时代晚期的艺术不仅仅局限于绘画许多矛杆和类似的东西上都画了动物作为装饰。人类学家•马斯哈克对旧石器时代晚期的一些雕刻30000年，猎人们可能使用了一种刻在示了这些小雕塑是一种理想形象或者说表达了当时的人类期望多的愿望。Theearliestdiscoveredtracesofartarebeadsandcarvings,andthenpaintings,fromsitesdatingbacktotheUpperPaleolithicperiod.Wemightexpectthatearlyiceffortswouldbecrude,butthecavepaintingsofSpainandsouthernFranceshowamarkeddegreeofskill.SodothenaturalisticpaintingsonslabsofstoneexcavatedinsouthernAfrica.Someofthoseslabsappeartohavebeenpaintedasmuchasyearsago,whichsuggeststhatpaintinginAfricaisasoldaspaintinginEurope.Butpaintingmaybeevenolderthanthat.TheearlyAustraliansmayhavepaintedonthewallsofrocksheltersandclifffacesatleast30,000yearsago,andmaybeasmuchas60,000yearsago.effortswouldbecrude,butthecavepaintingsofSpainandsouthernFranceshowmarkeddegreeofskill.所在句的上半句讲我们认为icefforts是比较粗劣的，Theearliestdiscoveredtracesofartarebeadsandcarvings,andthenpaintings,fromsitesdatingbacktotheUpperPaleolithicperiod.Wemightexpectthatearlyiceffortswouldbecrude,butthecavepaintingsofSpainandsouthernFranceshowamarkeddegreeofskill.SodothenaturalisticpaintingsonslabsofstoneexcavatedinsouthernAfrica.Someofthoseslabsappeartohavebeenpaintedasmuchas28,000yearsago,whichsuggeststhatpaintinginAfricaisasoldaspaintinginEurope.Butpaintingmaybeevenolderthanthat.TheearlyAustraliansmayhavepaintedonthewallsofrocksheltersandclifffacesatleast30,000yearsago,andmaybeasmuchas60,000yearsago.B此题答案中的很容易找故使用排除法从答案中都可以推断出问的是画的年代。原文一共提到了三个地方岩画的，南非28000年前，欧洲和南非一样，澳洲30000年前，所以澳洲老，A错，同时D也错；B28000年前，原28000B对；C刚好和原文说TheresearchersPeterUckoandAndreeRosenfeldidentifiedthreeprincipallocationsofpaintingsinthecavesofwesternEurope:(1)inobviouslyinhabitedrocksheltersandcaveentrances;(2)ingalleriesimmediayofftheinhabitedareasofcaves;(3)intheinnerreachesofcaves,whosedifficultyofaccesshasbeeninterpretedbysomeasasignthatmagical-religiousactivitieswereperformedthere.显的。所以A的major是答案。对应原文：TheresearchersPeterUckoandAndreeRosenfeldidentifiedthreeprincipallocationsofpaintingsinthecavesofwesternTheresearchersPeterUckoandAndreeRosenfeldidentifiedthreeprincipallocationsofpaintingsinthecavesofwesternEurope:(1)inobviouslyinhabitedrocksheltersandcaveentrances;(2)ingalleriesimmediayofftheinhabitedareasofcaves;(3)intheinnerreachesofcaves,whosedifficultyofaccesshasbeeninterpretedbysomeasasignthatmagical-religiousactivitieswereperformedthere.D以magical-religiousactivities做定位至第三个位置，innerreachdifficulttoaccess都说明DD提到了hard-to-Thesubjectsofthepaintingsaremostlyanimals.Thepaintingsrestonbarewalls,withnobackdropsorenvironmentaltraps.Perhaps,likemanycontemporarypeoples,UpperPaleolithicmenandwomenbelievedthatthedrawingofahumanimagecouldcausedeathorinjury,andifthatwereindeedtheirbelief,itmightexinwhyhumanfiguresarerarelydepictedincaveart.Anotherexnationforthefocusonanimalsmightbethatthesepeoplesoughttoimprovetheirluckathunting.Thistheoryissuggestedbyevidenceofchipsinthepaintedfigures,perhapsmadebyspearsthrownatthedrawings.Butifimprovingtheirhuntingluckwasthechiefmotivationforthepaintings,itisdifficulttoexinwhyonlyafewshowsignsofhavingbeenspeared.Perhapsthepaintingswereinspiredbytheneedtoincreasethesupplyofanimals.CaveartseemstohavereachedapeaktowardtheendoftheUpperPaleolithicperiod,whentheherdsofgameweredecreasing.Thesubjectsofthepaintingsaremostlyanimals.Thepaintingsrestonbarewalls,withnobackdropsorenvironmentaltraps.Perhaps,likemanycontemporarypeoples,UpperPaleolithicmenandwomenbelievedthatthedrawingofahumanimagecouldcausedeathorinjury,andifthatwereindeedtheirbelief,itmightexinwhyhumanfiguresarerarelydepictedincaveart.Anotherexnationforthefocusonanimalsmightbethatthesepeoplesoughttoimprovetheirluckathunting.Thistheoryissuggestedbyevidenceofchipsinthepaintedfigures,perhapsmadebyspearsthrownatthedrawings.Butifimprovingtheirhuntingluckwasthechiefmotivationforthepaintings,itisdifficulttoexinwhyonlyafewshow