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TheDesignResponsetoaWashofGreen:WholeSystemsandLife CycleThinking,bySimonLockrey TheKeepCup,areusablecupforthetakeawayespressomarket.Whatagreatidea:a'green'producttomakeadifference,makeonehappy,andassistinperforming themenial tasks that litter anotherwise hectic day.Orisit? Consumerdecision-makingisbeginningtofollowadistinctly'green'trend,whichisfantasticinprinciplebutoftencontrived inreality. Whatdoesthis meanfor thedesigner whoimagines, designs andcreates thesegoodsthatcaterforgrowingconsumerdemandin'sustainability?'Thereliesthecontradictionbetweendesigningfortheconsumptionobsessedmarketanddesigningtothecoreprinciplesofsustainability,whereenvironmental,economicandsocialaspectsaresomewhatdetachedfromaconsumerdrivenmarket.AccordingtoEzioManzini,designtheoristfromthefamedPolitecnicodiMilano,wehaveacrisis ofthecommons(commonareas, goods,etc), alack ofcontemplative time(atimepoorexistence,longerhoursatwork,etc),andmostrelevanttodesigners,aproliferationofremedialgoods(Manzini2003 ).Thelatterseesproductssolvingeveryperceivedproblemimaginable.Whetheritisatoothbrushthatoscillatestheplaqueoffinhalfthetime,orabreakfastbarfillingthefive-minutebusride,wehavebecomeincreasingly,unconsciouslyusedtoproductsfeedingourincreasing wants, without athought astohowthat consumption impactstheenvironment. Lastcentury,

therawmaterialsconsumedbyonepersonintheUSincreasedfivefold(MatosandWagner1998).Thislooksmoreominouswhencombinedwiththefactthatonlyaround15-20%oftheworldishighlydevelopedtoaUSorwesternstyleofconsumption(UN,2009).Oneapproachisfordesigntolowertheuser'sconsumption,withoutdegradingtheconsumer'sexperience.Thequestioniswhetherthenewbreedof'eco'productsaddstothecrisis,ormakesarealdifference.Theymaybeaddingtothecrisisifthedesignmethodfollowsthe'rulesofthumb'forthatinfiltratedthedesigncommunityinlasttwodecades.Therealityisthatthesetechniquesdohavepotentialtomakeadifference,butareoftenineffective.Takedesignfordisassembly.Adesignerinanappliancecompanydesignsaproductfordisassemblyalthoughthereisnoeffectiveproductstewardshipschemetocollectthepartsfromreclaimedmodels.Thedesigndrivenbenefitisnotdelivered,renderingthemethodologyawasteoftime.Itisalsowellandgoodtoreducetheweightofcomponentsandthustheembodiedenergyofthesameappliance,howeverifthebulkoftheimpactsaregeneratedduringusefromelectricity(likeanelectrickettle),thenthestrategymostlikelyhasnegligiblebenefitinreducingenvironmentalload.Likewisebymakingpartsfromcommonised,recyclablematerials,thelikelihoodisthatthereisnopostconsumerrecyclingstreamorinfrastructureinplacetohandlethemajorityofpartsandmaterials,duetothecommercialrealityofrecycling.Thisdesignforenvironmentmentalityhaslongbeendetachedfromthebenefitithasaimedtodeliverupon.Thereisalightattheendofthistunnel.Therearewaystomakeadifference,andthereisevidencethesemethodsarefilteringthroughthedesignworld.Lifecyclethinkingorapplyinga'wholesystems'approachcanmake'paradigmshifts'inthereductionofenvironmentalimpactsofaproductorservice,withoutreducingperceivedquality,orincreasingcost.Astheseideasinfiltrate designmethodology, certain products shineasconsidered, sustainableshiftsinthecurrent'washofgreen'.CheviotBridge'ssustainablewinepackaging.CheviotBridgeTheromanticsamonguswouldneverhavethoughtShirazwouldprosperinaTetraPak,apackagingformtraditionallyreservedforjuiceandmilk.Howeversomeproducerssuchashave,withareducedpackagingweightofalmost10timesaconventionalbottle(unfilled).Thisdematerialisationenableshugeembodiedenergy,carbonandwaterusereductionsonthepackaging,nottomentionreducedhaulageimpactafterfilling(particularlyforexport,1.05kgratherthan1.5kgperunit),andasmartpalletisationshapeforshippingandstorage.Thedecisiontomovetoapaperboardpackagingmodederivedfromextensivelifecycleresearch,costcomparisonandproducttesting(whichfunnilyenough,contrarytosomestigma,highlightedlongershelflife)tomeasurethepotentialbenefits.Theweightreduction,combinedwithanadditional250mLofwinetothecustomer(theproductisdeliveredin1L),deliversaqualitydrivenoutcome,witharaftofenvironmentalandeconomicbenefitsduetolifecyclethinking.Dyson'sAirblade.DysonJamesDysondidn't goplaces bycreating abetter bag,hedecided tocreate acyclonic vacuumcleanerbasedonasawmill, andtherest ishistory. ThiswholesystemsapproachledDysontodesign highlyefficient,miniaturedigitalmotorsfortheappliancemarketaroundtenyearsago.Theuselifecycleimpactsofanelectricalappliancegenerallydwarftherespectivematerialandmanufactureimpacts.Thisrelatesbacktotheenergy,fuelsandrawmaterialsconsumedinoperationofanappliance.Byidentifyingtheoriginalmotorasamajorcontributortoinefficiencywithintheproductsystem,anopportunityforatechnologyleapwasfound.Carbonproducing,large,heavy,inefficient, failure-prone, brushed motorswerereplaced byhighly efficient, light, fast, small,digitalones.LastyearsawthelatestDysonproductsincorporateatinyDysonDigitalMotor(DDM)V2resultinginsubstantialdematerialisationcoupledwithergonomicweightbenefits.Handheldvacuumswerelaunched with theDDM,replacing thetraditional carbonbrushed motor. Thecost difference betweenbasemodelsis negligible, while functional andenvironmental credentials haveimproved markedly.Thenewmodelsaresmallerandlighter,andremainalmosthalftheweightofcompetitormachines.

TheDDMV2sizeallowsforhighspeedrotation,notachievableinlarger,heaviermotors.Thisproducesaroundtwicethepoweroutputataroundhalftheweightoftraditionalmotors,thenewbasemodelhandheldpullingthesamesuctionpowerasthepreviousmodel,usingtwolessbatteries.TheDysonAirblade?,whichincorporatesthefirstiterationoftheDDM,isthefirsthanddryertoearnthecovetedCarbonReductionLabelfromtheUKCarbonTrust.Thisachievementrelatesbacktoefficiencyandwholesystemsdesign.ByrevertingtoapolymerchassiscomparedtoaluminiumonthefirstAirblade?release,Dysoncutcarbonemissionsinrawmaterial,productmanufactureandtransportbyoverhalf,howeverthisisnotthepreeminentstory.Airblade?'strips'thewateroffthehands,ratherthanheatingairupand'evaporating'waterlikeaconventionalwarmairhanddryer.Airblade?dropsthedryingtimetoaround10seconds,asopposedtoupto30secondswithcompetitorswhichuseinefficientcarbonbrushmotorsandheatedair.Thingsstarttolooksubstantiallythriftywithoutevencrunchingthenumbers.Inapressrelease,thecomparisonisupto80%lessenergyusedcomparedtotraditionalwarmhanddryers(CarbonTrust2010),whichdirectlyrelatestocarbonemissionreductions.Thisgiantgapinenergyconsumption,combinedwithproductlongevity,andaproductstewardshipscheme,deliversenvironmentalbenefitsthatdirectlyreduceimpactsinnewDysonmodels.TheKeepCupanditsmanycolorcombinations.KeepCup:AnLCACaseStudyWhilstoperatingachainofcafésinMelbourne,AbigailandJamieForsythsawaneedandresponsibilitytoaddressdisposablepackagingwastegeneratedbothtoreduceenvironmentalimpactsandcosts.TheyestimatedthatinAustraliaatleast500milliondisposablecupsareusedanddiscardedeachyearwithlargenumbersofadultsinurbancommunitiesconsumingadisposablecoffeeonadailybasis(NationalCoffeeAssociationofAmericafoundthatin2007,14%ofadultsintheUnitedStatesdrankgourmetcoffeedaily).Althoughdisposablecupsarealowmargin,thewiderimpactsofthedaily'takeawaycoffeeset'seemedoneproblemthatdidnotjustifytheconvenience.OthershaveattemptedtoeitherincorporatePostConsumerRecycled(PCR)contentorsellreusableproductssuchas'travelmugs'designedtokeepcoffeehotforhours.Theformerhasissueswithfoodregulations;thelatteriscumbersomeandimpracticalforthesavvy,on-the-goconsumer,notdesignedtofittheneedsofqualitycafébaristas.TheduoengagedindustrialdesignconsultancyNiche,withgovernmentfunding,tocreateasolutiondroppingenvironmentalimpactswithoutreducingtheconsumer'sexperience.TheresultwasKeepCup,areusablecupforthetakeawayespressomarket.Itistheworld'sfirstbaristastandardreusablecup,consistingPolyethylene(PE)lid,Polypropylene(PP)cup,ThermoplasticPolyurethane(TPU)plug,andSiliconering.Itmimicsthecoregeometryandfunctionsofdisposablepapercups,includingcoffeemachinemodularity,waterproofing,sipslot,lid,individualcoffeedetailing,andaddshandinsulation(avoidingdoublecupping),steamplug,branding,andmostimportantlyergonomicstoallowforconvenienceielightweight,bagstorable,etc.Theconcepthasgainedmomentum,thecupusedallovertheMelbourneCBD,Australia,andnowglobally.300,000KeepCupshavebeensoldintwelvemonthsoftrading,asadoptionoftheKeepCupbyendusershasgeneratedrevenueandcostssavingsforcaféowners.Butisitreallymakingadifference?WedidsomeresearchhereatRMITCentreforDesign.Disposablepapercups(combinedwithaPEfilm)havelittlepostconsumerdemandfromreprocessors,andgenerallyendupinAustralianlandfill.AlthoughtheKeepCuppromotesrecyclability,thefactstillremainsthatthesamesystemismorelikelygoingtospitthevariouspolymersitismadefromtolandfill,evenifthecomponentsareseparatedbytheconsumer.Withthisinmindwemodeledthe8ozKeepCup(itisavailableinvarioussizes)againstacomparabledisposablepapercupusingLifeCycleAssessment(LCA)methodologyinastreamlinedfashion.Thefunctionalunitwas1takeawaycoffeeperdaydeliveredtotheconsumeroverayear,withthecupsdisposedoftolandfilloverorattheendofthatperiod.Weusedrawmaterial,manufacturing,transport,andendoflifedatafromtheAustralianLifeCycleInventory(LCI)2009andEuropeanEcoinvent2.0database.Regionaltransportrouteswereconsidered(shippingfromAsiaforthedisposablecup,lid,andtheringfromtheKeepCup,truckingfromporttoconsumer),aswellastertiarypackaging,andawashcycleperusefortheKeepCup,rangingfromaquickrinsewithwarmwater,afullyloadeddishwasher,halfloadeddishwasher,andsinkwashing,thelatterthreewithdetergent.Wealsomodeledcoffeecultivation,productionandbrewinginSpainfromastudyoutofSwitzerland(Humbert,Loerinciketal.2009)toseewhatbearingtheKeepCuphadincontexttothe'wholeproductTheresultsweredeterminedusingtheLCAAustralianImpactMethod.TheKeepCupcomparedtothedisposablepapercup(notincludingthecoffee)dependinguponthewashtype(thesinkseeingthesmallestthroughtoquickrinseseeingthebiggestenvironmentalimpactreductions),seesa71-92%reductioninglobalwarmingpotential,a71-95%reductioninwateruse,anda95-96%reductioninlandfillwasteovertheyear.Althoughthe'takeawaylattéset'consumerwillstillpurchasethecoffeewhetherinadisposableorreusableoption,itisinterestingtoseehowthepreviouslystatedsavingscomparewhenincludedwiththeimpactsrelatingtocoffee,whichwouldingeneraldilutethesavingsofthecontaineronitsown.TheKeepCupcomparedtodisposablepapercup(includingcoffee)seesa36-47%reductioninglobalwarming,a64-85%reductioninwateruse,anda91-92%reductioninlandfillwasteannually.AlthoughthesearestreamlinedresultsusingexistingLCIdata(afullLCAsmaybemoreaccurate,althoughoftenresultsareofasimilarquantum),thefiguresindicateKeepcupwoulddrasticallyreduceenvironmentalimpactsofconsumersindrinkingcoffee,althoughinthegrandschemeofthingsthiswouldaccountforaverysmallproportionofaconsumersoverallimpactsannually.Thisjustseemslikecommonsense,reusingratherthandisposing,althoughthisbegsthequestionhowtheKeepcupstrategycouldapplytomoreresourceintensiveservicessuchasheating,cooling,cooking,food,housing,andtransport;ifsocialritualsadapt.TheKeepCupaestheticsareclean,andfunctionallyitisthoughtfullydesigned,evidentinthenowglobalappeal.AlthoughKeepCupismostlikelynotgoingtoberecycledintheAustraliancontext,theshiftfromdisposabletoreusable

addsenvironmentalcredibility,significantlyreduceswaste,cutstheeconomicsdowntosize,andenablesasocialshift,awelcomechangeforasocietynowusedtothrowawayculture.ParisVélibWidespreadchangeinavoidingbehavioursthatembodyhighconsumptionmaybesomewayoff.Designhasbeeninstrumentalindeliveringsomeofthefirsttentativestepsinfacilitatingindividualandcommunityactioninthisrespect.TaketheParisVélib,abikeshareprogramintroducedin2007topromotecyclingasopposedtoothertransportmodesthroughoutParisforshortjourneys.Bydivertinginvestmenttraditionallyearmarkedforcarbonintensivetransportmodes,likemoreroads,ahighlydesignorientedsystemdeliversthelowconsumptionalternative.Ifsuccessismeasuredinusealone,42millionrentalsby2009speakloudly.Thesystemworksasawhole,withinfrastructure,communicationsandservicingthekeyindeliveringthissuccess,producingaproductthatwouldcontinuetobeusedandreduceimpactsinherentinothertransportmodes.Thebikes,standsand1451bikestations(oneevery300meters)designedbyJCDecauxstaytruetocoredesignprinciplesof'formfollowsfunction'andusercentredmethodology.Stationsreleaseonlyfunctioningbikestousers,asmartsystemalertingwellresourcedandmobileservicestaffoffaultsthroughdiagnosticcheckswhenbikes'check-in'.Thiscomputermonitoringsystemisalsousedtomonitorbikelocationforpotentialtheftandstationoverloading,withbikesactivelymovedtooandfromunderstockedandoverloadedstations.Locksguaranteeintegratedbikeandstationsecurity.Bespokecomponentsandeconomicdeterrentsdissuadepotentialthieves;withcreditcardsdebitedadepositonauser'snonreturnofabike.Economicincentivesalsodrivetimelytravel,withfreebikeuseinthefirsthalfhour.Comparedtoshorttripalternativessuchascarsorpublictransport,thisproductdrivensystemdeliverssubstantialdematerialisationthroughlowerembodiedenergyandsharedamenities,aswellasmassivecomparativedropsinfuelandelectricityuse.Socialinteractionisgenerallyinherentinthecyclingfraternity;howeverthisisalsoaidedthroughinfrastructuredesign.Finally,theVélibnegatestheproblemofstoragerequiredwhenabikeisownedinabustlingcity.Likeanypublicsystem,therehavebeenproblemswithvandalismandtheft;howeverthesuccessoftheVélibisevidentasusepatternsremainhighandsimilarbikesharingschemesflourishacrossEurope,andareproliferatingglobally.ParisVélibbicyclerentalsystem.Pictureby austineven .Vélibisanelegantlyintegrated,costeffectivedesignsolutionallowinguserstoenactbehavioursneededifenvironmentalimpactsaretobereignedin,aswellasreinvigoratingthesocialfabricofthecity.Vélibrejectstheremedialwithlonglastingfunctionalinfrastructure,claimsbackthecommoninasharedpublicservice,andprovidesamenitiesthatgosomewayinreducingcongestionandprovidingaconvenient,communalconveyancethatgiftsbackthefreetimeManzinibelieveswehavelongbeinglackinginourfastpaced,consumerorientedurbanexistence.Peoplearenotgoingtostopconsuminganytimesoon;howeverbehaviorwilleventuallyneedtoshiftifsocietyisseriousaboutbeingtrulysustainable.Intheinterim,analysethebiggerpicture,bothasadesignerandaconsumer.Sooftendesignersgetcaughtupinthedetails,butnowsteppingbackandtakingalifecycleandwholesystemsapproachfacilitatesafutureindeliveringfunctional'paradigmshift'benefitsforaproduct,service,client,andtheenvironment.Ecologicalparametersare'lockedin'atthedesignstage,sodesignerscanreduceimpactsthroughmaterials,efficiency,orinsomecasesthegranderscenarioofchangingconsumerbehavior.Designingforlowconsumption,withoutincreasingpriceorreducingqualityisachievable,andpresentsapowerfulandbrightdesignlandscape.Toachievethis,designerswillhavetodrawupontheirabilitytocombinetechnicalskillsinresearch,conceptualization,prototyping,andtesting,withtheirgreatestweapon,theircreativity,becausethat'swhattheyhavedone,andwillalwaysdobest.AcknowledgmentstoThomasBlower(Dyson,UK),HughCuthbertson(CheviotBridge),AbigailForsyth(KeepCup),AndrewCarre(CfD),andStephenClune(CfD)SimonLockrey isaResearchFellowatRMITCentreforDesigninMelbourne

设计对绿色风潮的响应：整体系统和生命周期思想作者 西蒙·洛克雷一个伟大的想法，“绿色”产品使情况与众不同，让人们感到快乐，并且帮助人们执行重要的任务以避免人们被忙碌的生活搅乱。是这样吗？消费者开始追随独特的“绿色”趋势，在原则上这是很棒的，但在现实中这常常是做作的行为。这对于想象，设计，制造这些产品以迎合“可持续性”原则下消费者需求增长的设计师又意味着什么呢？设计师处于市场和“可持续”原则的矛盾之中，环境，经济，社会等方面的因素和被市场驱动的消费者是有些脱节的。埃西奥·曼奇尼是一个来自著名的米兰理工大学的设计理论家，据他在 2003年说，我们存在公共危机（包括公共区域和商品等方面） ，我们缺少思考的时间（生活的时间很少，大多的时间用在工作上） ，这与设计师关系紧密，他们需要制造更多的产品来改善这些情况。最后一个观点认为通过产品解决每一个已发现的问题是可行的。无论是一把节约一半时间的震动牙刷还是在公交车上解决早餐的早餐棒，我们已经越来越多的无意识的通过产品来满足我们日益增长的需求。上个世纪，平均一个美国人消耗的原材料增长了五倍。结合当时世界上只有15—20%的地区发展到欧美的消费水平，未来的情况就更加不妙了。一种解决方法是通过设计，在不损害用户体验的前提下降低消耗。问题在于新型的环保产品最终能否改变危机现状。如果设计遵循过去二十年设计界流行的经验法则，那么这种危机将会加重。这些技术都具有改变这种情况的可能，但现实情况证明这种可能是无效的。例如可拆卸设计，一个家电公司的设计师设计出可拆卸的产品，虽然现在没有有效的收集再生模型零件的产品管理方案。设计作为驱动力不能实现利润，这导致方法论成为浪费时间。当然减轻组件的重量并因此减少一件电器的能源消耗也是一件好事，然而如果是依靠大量电力产生作用的电器（如电热水器）那么这种消耗的减少在减轻环境负荷方面的作用就微乎其微了。同样是使用通用的可回收材料，但考虑到目前的商业回收系统的现状，很可能没有处理主要部件和材料的回收系统和基础。环保设计的理念和实现利益的目标早已分离。在隧道的尽头还是有光芒存在的。有一些方法可以改变这种情况，并且有证据表明这些方法是经过设计界检验的。应用生命周期思维或者整体系统方法可以产生模式转变，在不降低质量或增加成本的前提下降低产品和服务对环境的影响。由于这些思想对设计方法的渗透，现实中的产品被认为可以在现在的绿色风潮中实现华丽可靠的转变。CheviotBridge 葡萄酒公司我们绝不会想到浪漫的穗乐仙葡萄酒会因为利乐包而变得广受欢迎， 这种包装形式历来游泳来储存果汁和牛奶的。例如澳洲葡萄酒公司 CheviotBridge 就采用比传统酒瓶轻十倍的包装。这种改变为包装节约了大量的能源，如碳和水，更不必说在运输上的节约（在出口中尤其明显，每瓶装满的酒从 1.5千克降到1.05千克），并且新包装的简洁的形状更适合运输和储藏。 将包装转变为纸板的决定来自对生命周期的大量研究，通过产品测试和比较来评估潜在的利益， 有趣的是，与一些不合理的倾向相反， 这次更强调延长包装的寿命。包装质量减少的同时消费者可以多得到 250毫升的酒（产品净含量一升），这就是通过生命周期思想实现了环境效益和经济效益。戴森电机詹姆斯戴森决定用锯木机原理创造一个气旋是真空吸尘器而不是创造一个更适合旅行的背包， 这还有一段历史。十年前道森运用整体系统思维为家电市场设计高效的小型数码电机。生命周期对家电使用的影响要大于材料和制造的影响。这又要说回到能源，燃料和原材料在机器运转过程中的消耗问题。当确认原始电机是造成机器效率低下的主要原因后，我们找到了一个实现技术飞跃的契机。又大又重，低效易坏的炭刷电机被高效轻小快速的数码电机取代。去年我们见到了最新的戴森产品——戴森数码电机（DDM）V2，它集轻便和符合人机工程重量于一身。戴森数码电机取代原来的炭刷电机为手持式吸尘器提供动力。这没有使吸尘器基本的形状发生明显改变，但是有证据表明这种改变使其在功能性和环保性上有了显著的提高。新的手持式吸尘器更小，更轻，只有竞争机型的一半重量。DDMV2的尺寸符合高速旋转的要求，而更大更重的原始电机并无法达到这一要求。DDMV2重量大概是传统电机的一半，但他能提供大概是其两倍的推动力，新的手持吸尘器在少用两节电池的情况下可以提供与之前相同的吸力。戴森Airblade是第一个使用DDM的产品，也是第一个得到英国碳信托公司的减碳认证的干手机。这个成就也是与效率及整体系统思想相关联的。在Airblade第一次发行时，戴森通过将聚合物底座还原为铝使产品在获得原材料，生产和运输过程中的碳排放量较少了超过一半，这是个伟大的成就。Airblade使水从手上脱离而不是像传统的暖风干手机那样通过加热空气使水蒸发。Airblade大概10秒就可以使手干燥，而使用低效的炭刷电机的传统暖风干手机大概要超过30秒才行。这产生了实质性的节约，而不是仅仅表现在数据上。在一个碳信托公司2010年的新闻稿中，Airblade比传统暖风干手机节约的能源高达80%，这直接关系到碳减排量。能源消耗，产品寿命和产品管理计划的巨大差距使Airblade实现了对环境效益的直接积极影响。可再用咖啡杯：一个LCA的案例学习当阿比盖尔和杰米·福赛斯在墨尔本经营连锁咖啡厅的时候，他们发现有责任去解决一次性包装所产生的废弃物对环境的影响。他们估计，澳大利亚每年至少有500万个一次性纸杯被使用和丢弃，在城市社区，每天都有大量成年人消费一次性咖啡纸杯（美国咖啡协会研究发现，在2007年，14%的美国成年人每天都享用美味的咖啡）。尽管一次性纸杯是一个低利润的产业，但是每天带走咖啡器皿的影响更大，这里的主要问题在于这样并不方便。一些人试图实现消费后回收制度或者出售可多次使用的产品，如旅行咖啡杯的设计，它还可以保温好几个小时。前者有违反食品法规方面的问题，后者是不便的，并且对于精明而忙碌的消费者来说也是不切实际的，这种设计也不符合追求品质的咖啡调配师的要求。这两个人在政府资金的支持下从事有关工业设计利基市场的咨询顾问工作，他们试图找到在不减少用户体验的前提下减轻产品对环境影响的方案。可再用咖啡杯是适合外卖咖啡市场的可重复使用的产品。这是世界上第一个可以符合咖啡师标准的可再用杯子，包括聚乙烯（PE）盖，聚丙烯（PP）杯，热塑性聚氨酯（TPU）插头，硅胶圈。它模仿了一次性纸杯核心特点的形状和功能，包括咖啡机模块化，防水，啜饮槽，盖子，适用咖啡的细节，并增加了手持部位的分离（避免重复拔开），蒸汽插件，品牌，最重要的是具有符合人机工程学的重量，带有储存袋等。这种杯子不断被人们接受，从墨尔本商业区到整个澳大利亚继而全世界流行。12个月内，这种杯子在全世界畅销300000个，通过使用这种杯子，作为用户的咖啡馆经营者增加了收入，节约成本。但是它真的改变了现状吗？我们在墨尔本皇家理工大学的设计中心做了一些研究。在澳大利亚，具有PE膜的一次性纸杯在使用后很少有再加工的需要，它们一般会被扔到垃圾场里。虽然可再用咖啡杯促进了回收再利用的情况，但现实情况是它仍然像一次性纸杯一样在用完后被扔进垃圾堆中，虽然消费者也会把杯子的几个部分分解。鉴于此，我们通过对一个8盎司的可再用咖啡杯（这种杯子有多种大小）和一次性纸杯的对比进行生命周期评估试验。试验是一年内每天交给消费者一杯外卖咖啡，在杯子被扔到垃圾堆或者一年后试验结束。我们运用澳大利亚2009年的生命周期目录和欧洲Ecoinvent2.0数据库来确定原材料，制造，运输和寿命的数据。以下项目