2021-2022年辽宁省阜新市大学英语6级大学英语六级真题(含答案)

2021-2022年辽宁省阜新市大学英语6级大学英语六级真题(含答案)学校:________班级:________姓名:________考号:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20题)1.

Anothercommonfaultthatiseasilyobserved'isheadmovement.

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2.

WildGiantPandasaresolelyfoundinSichuan,andthesouthwesternpartsofGansuandShanxiprovinces.

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3.

Breakingdownaprojectintosmallerpailswillresultin______.

A.incoherenceoftheproject

B.earlysettlementoftheproject

C.enduringstressandhardwork

D.cooperationandteamwork

4.

AccordingtoHonda,______are,themajorfactorsthatledtothesuccessofHondacompany.

5.

Incitiesortownswhere______isnotserious,itismorelikelythatblackpeoplewouldenterintermarriage.

6.

WhenEarthbegantotakesolidform,therewasnowateroriceonitssurfacebecause______.

7.

Luckypeopleusecounter-factualthinkingto______.

A.encourageotherstobehappier

B.movetheirmisfortunetoothers

C.weakentheimpactofmisfortune

D.helpunluckypeopledealwithmisfortune

8.

Theauthorischanginghimselftotakefulladvantageof______.

9.

Anenhancedversionoftheservicewilluse______technologytogetthevideodatatoviewers.

10.

Nomatterwhatthehostagesituationislike,theprincipleofnegotiatingistoworkthehostage-takersintoa______.

11.PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)

Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.

Forquestions1～7,mark

Y(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;

N(forNO)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;

NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.

Forquestions8～10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

Euro(欧元)

Nationalcurrenciesarevitallyimportanttothewaymoderneconomiesoperate.Theyallowustoconsistentlyexpressthevalueofanitemacrossbordersofcountries,oceans,andcultures.Wealthcanbeeasilystoredortransportedascurrency.

Currenciesarealsodeeplyembeddedinourculturesandourpsyche.Thinkabouthowfamiliaryouarewiththepriceofthings.Ifyou'vegrownupintheUnitedStates,youthinkofeverythingin"dollars,"justlikeyouthinkaboutdistancesininchesandmiles.

OnJanuary1,2002,theeurobecamethesinglecurrencyof12memberstatesoftheEuropeanUnion.Thiswillmakeitthesecondlargestcurrencyintheworld(theU.S.dollarbeingthelargest).Itwillalsobethelargestcurrencyeventinthehistoryoftheworld.Twelvenationalcurrencieswillevaporate(蒸发)andbereplacedbytheeuro.

DesigningtheEuro

TheEuropeanCommission(EC)wasgiventhetaskofcreatingtheeurosymbolaspartofitscommunicationswork.Therewerethreethingsthedesignhadtoaccomplish:

Ithadtobeeasilyrecognized.

Ithadtobeeasilywrittenbyhand.

Ithadtobepleasingtolookat.

TheEChadmorethan30designsdrawnup.Theyselected10fromthoseandletthepublicvote,whichnarrowedthose10downtotwo.Fromthemtheymadetheirfinalselection.ThedesignthatwasselectedisbasedontheGreekletterepsilon,andalsoresemblesthe"e"asthefirstletteroftheword"Europe."Thetwoparallellinesthroughthecenterofthe"c"representstability.

WhereDidtheIdeaComeFrom?

Theoriginalseedwasplantedin1946whenWinstonChurchillsuggestedthecreationofthe"UnitedStatesofEurope."Hisgoalswereprimarilypolitical,inthathehopedaunifiedgovernmentwouldbringaboutpeaceforacontinentthathadbeentornapartbytwoWorldwars.

Then,in1952,sixwest-EuropeancountriestookChurchill'ssuggestionandcreatedtheEuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity(ECSC)Theseresourceswerequitestrategictothepowerofeachcountry,soarequirementoftheECSCwasthateachcountryallowstheirresourcestobecontrolledbyanindependentauthority.Theirgoal,justasChurchillhadintended,wastohelppreventmilitaryconflictbetweenFranceandGermany.

In1957,theTreatyofRomewassigned,declaringthegoalofcreatingacommonEuropeanmarket.ItwassignedbyFrance,Germany,Italy,Belgium,theNetherlands,andLuxembourg.

Aftermanyfalsestarts,theprocessofcreatingtheEurogotitsrealstartin1989,whentheDelorsReportwaspublishedbyJacquesDelors,presidentoftheEuropeanCommission.Thisimportantreportoutlinedathree-stagetransition(过渡)planthatwouldcreateasingleEuropeancurrency.

PlanningtheTransition

AsoutlinedintheDelorsReport,thetransitiontoasingleEuropeancourtesyfollowedathree-stageplan:StageonebeganonJuly1,1990,andimmediatelyabolished(废止)(atleastinprinci

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12.SuggestionsforYourWork

Annieisalongtimesecretary/receptionistfortwoseniorvicepresidentsatabigcompany.Theyhavebeendoingalotofhiringlately,andalmostallofthenewmiddle-managementpersonnelhavebeeninterviewedbyoneortheotherofAnnie'stwobosses,sonaturallytheycomethroughherofficefirst.

Someofthesepeopleareunbelievablyrude.EithertheytreatAnnielikeapieceoffurniture(nohello,noeyecontact)ortheythinksheistheirerrand(差使)girl.Lately,Annie'stwobosseshavestartedaskingherforherimpressionsofjobcandidates.Sofarthisweek,twohavebeendiscourteous(失礼的)anddismissive,soAnniegaveboththethumbs-down.Neitherisgettingcalledbackforthenextroundofinterviews.

Nooneknowshowcommonthisis,butifyouarejobhunting,it'snecessarytobeawarethatthedummyatthereceptiondeskmaybeanythingbutnot"justasecretary".

SuggestionstoJobHunters

AccordingtoAnnieStevensandGregGostanian,twopartnersataBoston-basedexecutivecoachingfirmcalledClearRock,it'snotunusualthesedaysforahiringmanagertoaskeveryonewhomeetsapotentialnewhiretogiveanopinionofhimorher."Oneofthebiggestreasonssomanynewlyrecruitedmanagersfailinanewjobistheirinabilitytofitinandgetalongwiththepeoplewhoarealreadythere,"saysStevens."Soemployersnowwanttogetstaffers'impressionsrightatthestart."

AddsGostanian:"Alotcanbelearnedfromhowcandidatestreatreceptionists.Ifthejobseekerisrude,condescending,orarrogant,thismightbeanindicationofhowheorshewouldtreatcow0rkersordirectreports."

Obviously,anyonelookingforanewjobwoulddowellnottoalienatethepersonwhositsoutsidetheinterviewer'sdoor.StevensandGostanianofferthesesixtipsforgettingofftotherightstart:

-Introduceyourselfasyouwouldtoanyotherpotentialnewcolleague.Smile,shakehands,andsoon.Itseemsoddthatthishastobespelledout,butapparentlyitdoes;and,besidesbeingamatterofcommoncourtesy,ordinaryfriendlinessoffersapracticaladvantage."Learningandrememberinganinterviewer'sreceptionist'snamecanonlyhelpasyouadvanceintheinterviewingprocess,"Stevensnotes.

-Don'tregardareceptionistorotherassistantasanunderling(部下)—atleast,notasyourownpersonalunderling."Alwaysasktheinterviewerifyouneedhelpfromanyoneelseintheofficewhereyou'reinterviewing,insteadofseekingthisdirectlyyourself,"saysGostanian.Inotherwords,ifyou'dliketoleaveanextracopyofyou'resume,refrainfromsendingtheinterviewer'sassistanttotheXeroxmachine.

-It'sfinetoacceptifyou'reofferedabeverage,butkeepitsimple."Don'taskforparticularbrandnamesorexpecttobebrewedafreshpotofcoffee,"Stevenssays.Andofcourse,needweaddthatdispatchinganybodytoStarbucksisoutofthequestion?

-Feelfreetomakesmalltalk,butknowthatanythingyousaymaywellgetbacktotheinterviewer."Don'taskprobingquestionsaboutthecompanyorofferunsolicitedopinions,"Gostanianadvises.Nomatterhowhideoustheofficedoor,endlessthehikefromtheparkinglot,orinconvenientthewaittoseetheinterviewer,keepittoyourself.Plentyoftimeforwhining(抱怨)andgrumblingalteryou'rehired.

-Don'ttalkonyourcellphoneinfrontofthereceptionist,andtrytoputyourBlackBerryaside."Ifyouhavetomakeortakeacall,leavethereceptionarea,"Stevenssays.Preoccupationwithwirelessdeviceswillmarkyou,shesays,as"acoldandfixatedperson".

-Don'tforgettosaygood-bye."Failuretosaygood-byetosomeoneyou'vejustmetreflectsnegativelyonyou,"Gostaniannotes."You'llcomeacrossasimpersonalanduncaring."That'shardlythe

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13.

Thequestionaboutsatisfactionwithpayandbenefitsisnotincludedinthe12questionsbecauseifsimportanttoallemployees,whether______ornot.

14.

Theexactprocedures,bywhichonecantellwhetherenoughpainthasbeenapplied,arerevealedinthistext.

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15.FollowingtheexampleofGAP,whatdidHPdolastyear?

A.Itsuppliedsimilartransparencytoitssupplychain.

B.Itprintedadetailedlabelforitsproducts.

C.Itpublishedinformationaboutthefactoriesituses.

D.Itdevelopedsourcingguidelinesforitssuppliers.

16.

MaryLynMillersuggeststhatajobseekerdevelopavisionthatanswersthequestion"______".

17.StayingSmart:AdviceonNavigatingYourCareer

Millionsofcareerchangesoccureachyear.Somearenatural,butmanymoreoccurinadversecircumstances.Otherforcesatworktodayfurtheraltertheworkenvironment.TheInternettidalwavedestroysexistingbusinessmethodsandcreatesnewones.Manyjobsgetshakenupintheprocess.In1998themomentumoftheAsianeconomieswentfromfast-forwardtoreverse.Withtheirappetitefornewproductsandservices,thesecountrieshadfueledeconomicgrowthallovertheworld.Thechangeintheirfortuneshasaffectedanduntoldnumberofcareersthroughouttheworld.

Clearly,environmentalchangeslikethesebegetstrategicinflectionpointsforcompanies.Evenmoreacutely,however,theybringcareerinflectionpointstotheemployeesofthosecompanies.

YourCareerisYourBusiness

Everyperson,whetherheisanemployeeorself-employed,islikeanindividualbusiness.Yourcareerisyourbusiness,andyouareitsCEO.JustliketheCEOofalargecorporation,youmustrespondtomarketforces,headoffcompetitors,andbealerttothepossibilitythatwhatyouaredoingcanbedoneinadifferentway.Youmustprotectyourcareerfromharmandpositionyourselftobenefitfromchangesintheoperatingenvironment.Thisbusinessofoneoftenencountersadefiningpointwhereanactionyoutakewilldeterminewhetheryourcareerbouncesupwardorslumpsintodecline.Let'scallitacareerinflectionpoint.

Acareerinflectionpointmostoftenresetsfromasubtlebutprofoundshiftintheoperatingenvironmentinwhichyouwork,ashiftthatdemandsthatyourespondwithaction.Thisactionwillnotnecessarilyintroduceanimmediatediscontinuityintoyourcareer,butitmayunleashforcesthatintimewillhavealastingandsignificanteffect.Astrategicinflectionpointreflectsawrenchingmomentinthelifeofacompany,hottheeffortofnavigatingthroughitisspreadamongmembersofacommunity.Careerinflectionpointsaremoreintense,becauseeverythingrestsontheshouldersofoneindividual—you.

Careerinflectionpointshappentoeveryone.ConsiderthecaseofabusinessjournalistIknow.Thismanusedtobeabanker.Hewashappilyandproductivelyemployeduntilthedayhewenttoworkandlearnedthathisemployerhadbeenacquiredbyalargerbank.Inshortorderhewasoutofajob.Hethenbecameastockbroker.Forawhile,thingswentwellandthefuturelookedpromising.However,ashorttimebeforewemet,onlinebrokeragefirmsstartedtoappear.Severalofthisman'sclientslefthim,preferringtodotheirbusinesswithlow-costonlinefirms.Thehandwritingwasonthewall.

Thistimeourmandecidedtomakehismoveearly.Hehadalwayshadaninterestinandaptitudeforwriting.Buildingonthefinancialknowledgehehadalreadyacquired,hefoundhimselfajobasabusinessjournalist,alesslucrativepositionbutonelesslikelytobedoneinbytechnology.Thistransitionwasnotastraumatic(痛苦而难忘的)asthemovefrombanktobrokerage;thistimehehadinitiateditratherthanwaitingforchangetobeforcedonhimbyoutsideforces.

Toknowwhetheryou'refacingacareerinflectionpoint,youmustbealerttochangesinyourenvironment.Workinginsideanorganization,you'reoftenshelteredfromtheworldatlarge.Insomewaysyoutacitlyrelinquish(放弃)responsibilityforyourwe[faretoyouremployer.Butifyoutakeyoureyesofftheenvironmentinwhichyourcompanyoperates,youmaybethelasttoknowofpotentialchangesthatcouldhaveanimpactonyourcareer.

TheMentalFireDrill

Youshouldtrainyourselftolookforstrategicinflectionpointsthatmayaffectyourcareer.Simplyput,youneedtobealittleparanoidaboutyourcareer.

Onewaytodothisistogothroughamental

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18.Thenetworksofcommunicationsystemwhicharepeer-to-peerareonepropertyof4Gwirelesscommunication.

19.Thereleaseoflargequantitiesofthegreenhousegasmethaneaspermafrostmeltswillspeedup______.

20.

Theauthordoesanassessmentofallhigh-riskurbanareasintheU.S.

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二、3.ListeningComprehension(20题)21.

【B7】

22.听力原文：Goodevening.YouarelisteningtoPopWorldofBCDInternational.I'mSusanWelch.Today,wearegoingtohearseveralcurrenthitsoftheworld'smostpopularartists.

Well,first,Iwouldliketosayafewwordstomydearlistenerswhoarenotveryfamiliarwiththisprogram.

Sincemanypeoplewanttolistentoandunderstandpopsongs,radioproducersatBCDInternationalhavemadehundredsofprogramsovertheyears.Wenotonlyhaveaccesstothestarsofthemusicworld,butwealsohaveavastlibraryofgoldenoldie"classics,aswellasthe"latestreleases".

Forthoseofyouwholikeabitofbackgroundwithyourfavoritemusic--there'sTheHistoryofPoporTheRoadtoMusic.Thesetwoseriesbringyouthelanguageofpopmusicandinformationabouttheperiodsandtheartists.

Ifyouwanttohearfromtheartiststhemselves,there'sanewseriescalledAbouttheBigHits.Thisisbasedoninterviewswithpopularsingersandsongwriters.Theytalktousaboutthemeaningandideasbehindtheirsongs.

Ifyouwanttounderstandthewordstothebigmusichits,PopWordsistheprogramforyou.Afterall,it'shardenoughfornativeEnglishspeakerstounderstandmostpopsongs,soifEnglishisn'tyourfirstlanguage,youshouldn'tbesurprisedifthewordstomanysongsleaveyouinthedark.ItwastoaddressexactlythisproblemthatBCDInternationalstartedbroadcastingPopWordsjustover23yearsago.

(30)

A.Interviewswithradioproducers

B.Avarietyofclassicandpopsongs

C.Latestnewsofthemusiclibrary

D.Storiesaboutthegoodolddays

23.(34)

A.Bloomington.B.Springfield.C.SaintLouis.D.NewOrleans.

24.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

听力原文：W:Peterhasbeenworkingfivepart-timejobssincehestartedcollege．Hewasworkingalldayyesterday．Idon'tseehowhedoesit．

M:Yeah…meeither．Hewentbacktohisdormitory10p.m.Idon'tseehowanyonecankeepupthispaceoflife.

Q:Whatdowelearnfromtheconversation?

(12)

A.Peterisverybusy.

B.Peterworksfast.

C.Peterworkshard.

D.Peterisbehindinstudy.

25.听力原文：Youmayrememberthatafewweeksagowediscussedthequestionofwhatphotographyis.Isitartorisitamethodofreproducingimages?Doesphotographybelongtoamuseumorjustinourhomes?TodayIwanttotalkaboutapersonwhotriedtomakehisprofessionallifeananswertosuchquestions.AlfredStieglitzwentfromtheUnitedStatestoGermanytostudyengineering.Whilehewastherehebecameinterestedinphotographyandbegantoexperimentwithhiscamera.Hetookpicturesunderconditionsthatmostphotographersconsideredtoodifficult.Hetookthematnight,intherainandofpeopleandobjectsreflectedinwindows.WhenhereturnedtotheUnitedStateshecontinuedthisrevolutionaryeffort.Stieglitzwasthefirstpersontophotographskyscrapers,cloudsandviewsfromanairplane.WhatStieglitzwastryingtodoinhisphotographswaswhathetriedtodothroughouthislife—makephotographyanart.Hethoughtthatphotographycouldbejustasbeautifulaform.ofself-expressionaspaintingordrawing.ForStieglitz,hiscamerawashisbrush.Whilemanyphotographersinthelater1800sandearly1900sthoughtoftheirworkasareproductionofidenticalimages,Stieglitzsawhisascreativeartform.Heunderstoodthepowerofthecameratocapturethemoment.Infactheneverretouchedhisprintsormadecopiesofthem.Ifyouareinthisclassfromtoday,I'msureyou'dsay:Well,paintersdon'tnormallymakeextracopiesoftheirpaintings,dothey?

(30)

A.Thedefinitionofphotography.

B.Photographyintheearly1900's.

C.ThelifeofAlfredStieglitz.

D.AlfredStieglitz'sapproachtophotography.

26.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

(12)

A.Mary'sEnglishteacherisMark.

B.Mary'sChineseteacherisMark.

C.MaryandMarkaregoodfriends.

D.MaryandMarkareofficecolleagues.

27.

【B3】

28.(26)

A.HerparentswillhavetherepeatedplantovisitGettysburg.

B.SomethingunexpectedwillruinherplantovisitGettysburg.

C.Shecan'tfinishthepaperaboutGettysburgasscheduled.

D.ThevisittoGettysburgmayhavelittlehelptoherpaper.

29.(31)

A.ToofferacriticismoftheworksofPearlBuck.

B.ToillustratePearlBuck'sviewsonChineseliterature.

C.ToindicatethebackgroundanddiverseinterestsofPearlBuck.

D.TodiscussPearlBuck'sinfluenceontheculturesoftheEastandtheWest.

30.听力原文：W：Shouldn'tsomeonepickuptheclothesfromthecleaner's?Theyhavebeenthereformorethanfivedays．

M：Don'tlookatme．

Q：Whatdoesthemanimply?

(13)

A.Theclothesdon'tlookcleantohim.

B.Hedoesn'tintendtogettheclothes.

C.Thewomancanpickupherownclothes.

D.Thewomanshouldstopstaringathisclothes.

31.听力原文：W：Hello?MayIspeaktoBillJohns?

M：Hi，Amy．ThisisBill．

W：Oh，hi，Bill．Youweren'tinengineeringclasstoday，wereyou?

M：No，Iwasn't．(20)Ihaveaflu．Iwaswonderingifyoucouldtellmewhatwenton．

W：I'msorrythatyouareill．Actuallywehadaninterestingclass。(19)Dr．Collintalkedaboutanewtypeoffuel．

M：Oh,yeah?Tellmemoreaboutit．

W：Uhhum．It'scalledDME．

M：Oh．IrememberreadingsomethingaboutDME．It'smostlyusedinspraycans，right?

W：Right．DMEdoesn'tdestroytheozone，soit'sbeenenvironmentallyfriendly．

M：Butdoesn'tDMEpollutetheairifit'sburnedinanengine?

W：Dr．Collinsayssomethingaboutitsexhaustsbeingclear，thatitdoesn'treleaseasmuchpollutantsasdieselfuel．HementionedsomethingaboutDMEbeingmoreefficientthanotheralternativefuels．

M：Whenwillitreplacedieselfuel?

W：Notforawhile．It'snoteconomicaltomassproduce．Butitmayhappeninthefuture．Afterall，timewilltell．

M：Well，thanksfortheinformation．(21)IguessIwon'tneedtoborrowyournotes．

W：(21)Well，maybeyoushouldlookatthem．Wearehavingatestnextweek．Youhavetoprepareforit．

M：Okay，couldyougivethemtoMikeAndrews?Ithinkheisinyourpsychologyclass．Heismyroommate．

W：Sure．Ihopeyou'refeelingbettersoon．

M：Thanks．Metoo．Bye!

(20)

A.Amoreeconomicaldieselrun.

B.Characteristicsofanewtypeofrun.

C.Whereanewenergysourceislocated.

D.Howtodevelopalternativeenergysources.

32.(22)

A.Indifferent.B.Regretted.C.Excited.D.Angry.

33.

【B8】

34.(28)

A.Happy.B.Depressed.C.Angry.D.Cheerful.

35.

【B2】

36.听力原文：M:Niceworkingwithyou.Ihopewecandobusinessagain.

W:Yes,Iwouldlikethat.

Q:Whatistherelationshipbetweenthetwospeakers?

(19)

A.Businessassociates.

B.Bossandsecretary.

C.Teacherandstudent.

D.Goodfriends.

37.(25)

A.Trainers.B.Clowns.C.Acrobats.D.Magicians.

38.听力原文：W:IwonderwhatmakesMothersoupsetthesedays.

M:Fatherwouldliketoaffordanewvillainthefarawaysuburbs,whichgoesagainstherwishes.And,whatismore,heturnsadeafeartoherwords.

Q:WhyisMotherveryunhappyrecently?

(15)

A.Shewantstoliveinthesuburbs.

B.Sheisoffendedbyhernaughtychildren.

C.Shedisagreeswithfather.

D.Sheturnsadeafeartoherhusband'swords.

39.(24)

A.Hehasbeenill.

B.Hehasn'tyetfoundatopic.

C.Hewasbusystudyingforanexam.

D.Hedidn'tknowwhenitwasdue.

40.(36)

A.APrinceandHisDog

B.AProfit-makingLie

C.AMagnificentHotel

D.AFaithfulbutUnluckyDog

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20题)41.

Withoutanicebox,farmershadtogotothemarketatnightbecause______.

42.

Thenation'seconomicfocalpointwasnowfocusedontheimportanceof______.

43.

Whydoestheauthorthinkthatsixteenisthekey,crucialandnaturalage?

A.Adultswouldliketobeyoung,

B.Sixteen-year-oldsdonotwastethings.

C.Sixteen-year-oldsreadnewspapers.

D.Sixteen-year-oldswillbefightingsoonforadults.

44.

Accordingtothepassage,thedeathrateofcolorectalintheUnitedStatesandEuropeisabout______.

A.40%B.45%C.50%D.55%

45.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

It'sabrandnewworld--aworldbuiltaroundbrands.Hard-charging,noise-making,culture-shapingbrandsareeverywhere.They'reonsupermarketshelves,ofcourse,butalsoinbusinessplansfornetworkcompanystartupsandinthenamesofsportscomplexes.Brandsareinfiltrating(渗透)people'severydaylives--bystickingtheirlogosonclothes,inconcertprograms,onsubwaystationwalls,eveninelementaryschoolclassrooms.

WeliveinanageinwhichCBSnewscasterswearNikejacketsontheair,inwhichBurgerKingandMcDonald'sopenkiosks(小亭)inelementaryschoollunchrooms.Butasbrandsreach(andthenoverreach)intoeveryaspectsofourlives,thecompaniesbehindtheminvitemorequestions,deeperscrutiny--andaninevitablebacklashbyconsumers.

"Ourintellectuallivesandourpublicspacesarebeingtakenoverbymarketing--andthathasrealimplicationsforcitizenships"saysauthorandactivistsNaomiKlien."It'simportantforanyhealthyculturetohavepublicspace--aplacewherepeoplearetreatedascitizensinsteadofasconsumers.We'vecompletelylostthatspace."

Sincethemid-1980s,asmoreandmorecompanieshaveshiftedfrombeingaboutproductstobeingaboutideas.Starbucksisn'tsellingcoffee;It'ssellingcommunity!Thosecompanieshavepouredmoreandmoreresourcesintomarketingcampaigns.

Topayforthosecampaigns,thosesamecompaniesfiguredoutwaystocutcostselsewhere,forexample,byusingcontractlaborathomeandlow-wagelaborindevelopingcountries.Contractlaborersarehiredonatemporary,per-assignmentbasis,andemployershavenoobligationtoprovideanybenefits(suchashealthinsurance)orlong-termjobsecurity.Thissavescompaniesmoneybutobviouslyputsworkersinvulnerablesituations.IntheUnitedStates,contractlaborhasgivenrisetoso-calledMcJobs,whichemployersandworkersalikepretendaretemporary--eventhoughthesejobsareusuallyheldbyadultswhoaretryingtosupportfamilies.

Themassiveexpansionofmarketingcampaignsinthe1980scoincidedwiththereductionofgovernmentspendingforschoolsandformuseums.Thismadethoseinstitutionsmuchtoowilling,eveneager,topartnerwithprivatecompanies.Butcompaniestookadvantageoftheneedsofthoseinstitutions,reachingtoofar,andoverwhelmingthecivicspacewiththeirmarketingagendas.

Howcanbrandsinfiltratepeople'sdailylife?

A.Byhavingtheirlogosprintedinpeople'clothes.

B.Byhavingtheirbrandsreachinginprimaryschools.

C.Byfindingmeanstoputtheirproductsonsupermarketshelves.

D.Byputtingrelativeinformationoftheirproductsonpublicplaces.

46.

【C3】

47.Purescience,leadingtotheconstructionofamicroscope______.

A.isnotalwaysaspureaswesuppose

B.mayleadtoanti-scientific"impure"results

C.necessarilyresultsfromappliedscienceandthediscoveryofacell

D.necessarilyprecedesappliedscience,leadingtothediscoveryofthecell

48.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Mostpeopledon'tenjoyfacingthedifficultsituationsthatsometimesoccurwithco-workersintheworkplace.Suchsituationsmayarisefromhonestdisagreementsoverdesignorengineeringissues,personnelorbenefitsmatters,managementdecisionsoractions,orfromanyothersituationwherehumanimpressionsandobjectivesdiffer.

Therecouldbedoubletroubleforengineerswhoaremorelikelytofeelathomewithelectronsandbytes(信息组),andbehaveinhighlypredictableways,thanwithcoworkers,whooftenappeararbitraryandunpredictable.Forthoseofuswhohaveinternalizedthestrictandmeasurablerulesofthephysicalworld,dealingwithotherpeoplecanbebothdisappointingandfrustrating.

Yethowyoumanagesituationsofconflictwithyourcoworkerscouldhaveasignificantimpactonyourcareer,oftenevenmorethanyourengineeringprowessoryourdesignskills.Thosewhodealsuccessfullywithpotentialconflictsarefarmorelikelytoreceiveaddedresponsibilitiesandpromotions,inadditiontothepayincreasesandrespectthatcomewiththem.Ontheotherhand,notdealingsuccessfullywithconflictcanpotentiallyrelegateyoutoaca