考研英语一真题及答案

2016年全国硕士研究生入学统考试英语(真题及答案(完整版)Text1Franee,whichpridesitselfastheglobalinnovatoroffashion,hasdecideditsfashionindustryhaslostanabsoluterighttodefinephysicalbeautyforwoman.Itslawmakersgavepreliminaryapprovallastweektoalawthatwouldmakeitacrimetoemployultra-thinmodelsonrunways.Theparliamentalsoagreedtobanwebsitesthat"inciteexcessivethinness"bypromotingextremedieting.Suchmeasureshaveacoupleofupliftingmotives.Theysuggestbeautyshouldnotbedefinedbylooksthatendupwithimpingingonhealth.That'sastart.Andthebanonultra-thinmodelsseemstogobeyondprotectingmodelsfromstarringthemselvestohealth-assomehavedone.Ittellsthefashionindustrythatitmovetakeresponsibilityforthesignalitsendswomen,especiallyteenagegirls,aboutthesocialtape-measuretheymustusetodeterminetheirindividualworth.Thebans,iffullyenforced,wouldsuggesttowoman(andmanymen)thattheyshouldnotletothersbeorbitersoftheirbeauty.Andperhapsfaintly,theyhintthatpeopleshouldlooktointangiblequalitieslikecharacterandintellectratherthandietingtheirwaytosinezeroorwasp-waistphysiques.TheFrenchmeasures,however,relytoomuchonseverepunishmenttochangeaculturethatstillregardsbeautyasskin-deep-andbone-showing.Underthelaw,usingafashionmodelthatdoesnotmeetagovernment-definedindexofbodymesscouldresultina$85,000fineandsixmonthsinprison.Thefashionindustryknowsithasaninherentprobleminfocusingonmaterialadornmentandidealizedbodytypes.InDenmark,theUnitedStates,andafewothercountries,itistryingtosetvoluntarystandardformodelsandfashionimagesthererelymoreonpearpressureforenforcement.IncontrasttoFranee'sactions.Denmark'sfashionindustryagreedlastmonthonrulesandsanctionsregardingage,health,andothercharacteristicsofmodels.ThenewlyrevisedDanishFashionEthicalcharterclearlystates,weareawareofandtakeresponsibilityfortheimpactthefashionindustryhasonbodyideals,especiallyonyoungpeople.Thecharter'smaintollofenforcementistodenyaccessfordesignersandmodelingagenciestoCopenhagen.Fashionweek,whichismenbytheDanishFashionInstitute.Butingeneralitreliesonaname-and-shamemethodofcomplianee.Relyingonethicalpersuasionratherthanlawtoaddressthemisuseofbodyidealsmaybethebeststep.Evenbetterwouldbetohelpelevatenotionsofbeautybeyondthematerialstandardsofaparticularindustry.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whatwouldhappeninFranee?PhysicalbeautywouldberedefinedNewrunwayswouldbeconstructedWebsitesaboutdietingwouldthriveThefashionindustrywoulddeclineThephrase"impingingon"(Line2Para2)isclosestinmeaningtoheighteningthevalueofindicatingthestateoflosingfaithindoingharmtoWhichofthefollowingistrueofthefashionindustryTheFrenchmeasureshavealreadyfailedNewstandardsarebeingsetinDenmarkModelsarenoIongerunderpeerpressureItsinherentproblemsaregettingworseAdesignerismostlikelytoberejectedbyCFWforsettingperfectphysicalconditionscaringtoomuchaboutmodels'charactershowinglittleconcernforhealthfactorspursuingahighagethresholdformodelsWhichofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleofthetext?AchallengetotheFashionIndustry'sBodyIdealsADilemmaforthestarvingmodelsinFraneeJustAnotherRoundofstruggleforbeautyTheGreatThreatstotheFashionIndustryText2Forthefirsttimeinthehistorymorepeopleliveintownsthaninthecountry.InBritainthishashadacuriousresult.WhilepollsshowBrittonsrate"thecountryside"alongsidetheroyalfamily.ShakespeareandtheNationalHealthService(NHS)aswhatmakethemproudestoftheircountry,thishaslimitedpoliticalsupport.AcenturyagoOctaviaHilllaunchedtheNationalTrustnottorescuestylishhousesbuttosave"thebeautyofnaturalplacesforeveryoneforever".Itwasspecificallytoprovidecitydwellerswithspacesforleisurewheretheycouldexperienee"arefreshingair".Hill'spressurelaterledtothecreationofnationalparksandgreenbelts.Theydon'tmakecountrysideanymore,andeveryyearconcreteconsumesmoreofit.Itneedsconstantguardianship.Atthenextelectionnoneofthebigpartiesseemlikelytoendorsethissentiment.TheConservatives'planningreformexplicitlygivesruraldevelopmentpriorityoverconservation,evenauthorizing"off-plan"buildingwherelocalpeoplemightobject.Theconceptofsustainabledevelopmenthasbeendefinedasprofitable.Labourlikewisewantstodisccontinuelocalplanningwherecouncilsopposedevelopment.TheLiberalDemocratsaresilentonlyusensingitschanee,hassideswiththosepleadingforamoreconsideredapproachtousinggreenIand.ItscampaigntoprotectRuralEnglandstruckterrorintomanylocalconservativeparties.Thesensibleplacetobuildnewhousesfactoriesandofficesiswherepeopleareincitiesandtownswhereinfrastructureisinplace.TheLondonagentsStirlingAckroyedrecentlyidentifiedenoughsitesforhalfofmillionhousesintheLandonareaalonewithnointrusionongreenbelts.WhatistrueofLondoniseventrueroftheprovinces.Theideathat"housingcrisis"equals"concretedmeadows"ispurelobbytalk.Theissueisnottheneedformorehousesbut,asalways,wheretoputthemunderlobbypressure,GeorgeOsbornefavoursruralnew-buildagainsturbanrenovationandrenewal.Hefavoursout-of-townshoppingsitesagainsthighstreets.Thisisnotafreemarketbutabiasedone.Ruraltownsandvillageshavegrownandwillalwaysgrow.Theydosobestwherebuildingstickstotheiredgesandrespectstheircharacter.Wedonotruinurbanconservationareas.Whyruinruralones?Developmentshouldbeplanned,notlettrip,AftertheNetherlands,BritainisEurope'smostcrowedcountry.Halfacenturyoftownandcountryplanninghasenableittoretainanenviableruralcoherenee,whilestillpermittinglow-densityurbanliving.Thereisnodoubtofthealternative-thecorruptedIandscapesofsouthernPortugal,SpainorIreland.Avoidingthisratherthanpromotingitshouldunitetheleftandrightofthepoliticalspectrum.Britain'spublicsentimentaboutthecountrysideisnotwellreflectedinpoliticsisfullybackedbytheroyalfamilydidn'tstartfilltheShakespeareanagehasbroughtmuchbenefittotheNHSAccordingtoparagraph2,theachievementsoftheNationalTrustarenowbeinglargelyovershadowedproperlyprotectedeffectivelyreinforcedgraduallydestroyedWhichofthefollowingcanbeofferedfromparagraph3LabourisunderattackforopposingdevelopmentTheConservativesmayabandon"off-plan"buildingUkipmaygainfromitssupportforruralconservationTheLiberalDemocratsarelosingpoliticalinfluenceTheauthorholdsthatGeorgeOsbornes'spreferenceshowshisdisregardforthecharacterofruralareastressesthenecessityofeasingthehousingcrisishighlightshisfirmstandagainstlobbypressurerevealsastrongprejudiceagainsturbanareasInthelastparagraphtheauthorshowhisappreciationofthesizeofpopulationinBritaintheenviableurbanlifestyleinBritainthetown-and-countryplanninginBritainthepoliticallifeintoday'sBritainText3"Thereisoneandonlyonesocialresponsibilityofbusiness"wroteMiltonFriedman,aNobelPrize-winningeconomist"Thatis,touseitsresourcesandengageinactivitiesdesignedtoincreaseitsprofits."ButevenifyouacceptFriedman'spremiseandregardcorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)policiesasawasteofshareholders'smoney,thingsmaynotbeabsolutelyclear-act.NewresearchsuggeststhatCSRmaycreatemonetaryvalueforcompaniesatleastwhentheyareprosecutedforcorruption.ThelargestfirmsinAmericaandBritaintogetherspendmorethan$15billionayearonCSR,accordingtoanestimatebyEPG,aconsultingfirm.Thiscouldaddvaluetotheirbusinessesinthreeways.First,consumersmaytakeCSRspendingasa"signal"thatacompany'sproductsareofhighquality.Second,customersmaybewillingtobuyacompany'sproductsasanindirectmaytodonatetothegoodcausesithelps.Andthird,throughamorediffuse"haloeffect"wherebyitsgooddeedsearnitgreaterconsiderationfromconsumersandothers.PreviousstudiesonCSRhavehadtroubledifferentiatingtheseeffectsbecauseconsumerscanbeaffectedbyallthree.ArecentstudyattemptstoseparatethembylookingatbriberyprosecutionsunderAmerican'sForeignCorruptPracticesAct(FCPA).Itarguesthatsinceprosecutorsdonotconsumeacompany'sproductsaspartoftheirinvestigationstheycouldbeinflueneedonlybythehaloeffect.Thestudyfoundthat,amongprosecutedfirms,thosewiththemostcomprehensiveCSRprogrammestendedtogetmorelenientpenalties.Theiranalysisruledoutthepossibilitythatitwasfirm'spoliticalinfluenee,ratherthantheirCSRstand,thataccountedfortheleniency:Companiesthatcontributedmoretopoliticalcampaignsdidnotreceivelowerfines.Inall,thestudyconcludesthatwhereasprosecutorsshouldonlyevaluateacasebasedonitsmerits,theydoseemtobeinflueneedbyacompany'srecordinCSR."Weestimatethateithereliminatingasubstantiallabour-rightsconcern,suchaschildlabour,orincreasingcorporategivingbyabout20%resultinfinesthatgenerallyare40%lowerthanthetypicalpunishmentforbribingforeignofficials."saysoneresearcher.ResearchersadmitthattheirstudydoesnotanswerthequestionathowmuchbusinessesoughttospendonCSR.Nordoesitrevealhowmuchcompaniesarebankingonthehaloeffect,ratherthantheotherpossiblebenefits,whentheycompaniesgetintotroublewiththelaw,evideneeofgoodcharactercanwinthemalesscostlypunishment.TheauthorviewsMiltonFriedman'sstatementaboutCSRwithuncertaintyskepticismapprovaltoleraneeAccordingtoParagraph2,CSRhelpsacompanybyguardingitagainstmalpracticesprotectingitfromconsumerswinningtrustfromconsumers.raisingthequalityofitsproductsTheexpression"morelenient"(line2,Para.4)isclosestinmeaningtolesseontroversialmorelastingmoreeffectivelesssevereWhenprosecutorsevaluateacase,acompany'sCSRrecordcomesacrossasreliableevideneehasanimpactontheirdecisionincreasesthechaneeofbeingpenalizedconstitutespartoftheinvestigationWhichofthefollowingistrueofCSRaccordingtothelastparagraph?ThenecessaryamountofcompaniesspendingonitisunknownCompanies'financialcapacityforithasbeenoverestimatedItsnegativeeffectsonbusinessesareoftenoverlookedlthasbroughtmuchbenefittothebankingindustryText4TherewilleventuallycomeadaywhenTheNewYorkTimesceasestopublishstoriesonnewsprint.Exactlywhenthatdaywillbeisamatterofdebate."Sometimeinthefuture,"thepaper'spublishersaidbackin2010.Nostalgiaforinkonpaperandtherustleofpagesaside,there'splentyofincentivetoditchprint.Theinfrastructurerequiredtomakeaphysicalnewspaper-printingpresses,deliverytrucks-isn'tjustexpensive;it'sexcessiveatatimewhenonline-onlycompetitorsdon'thavethesamesetoffinancialconstraints.Readersaremigratingawayfromprintanyway.Andthoughprintadsalesstilldwarftheironlineandmobilecounterparts,revenuefromprintisstilldeclining.Overheadmaybehighandcirculationlower,butrushingtoeliminateitsprinteditionwouldbeamistake,saysBuzzFeedCEOJonahPeretti.PerettisaystheTimesshouldn'twastetimegettingoutoftheprintbusiness,butonlyiftheygoaboutdoingittherightway."Figuringoutawaytoacceleratethattransitionwouldmakesenseforthem,"hesaid,"butifyoudisccontinueit,you'regoinghaveyourmostloyalcustomersreallyupsetwithyou."Sometimesthat'sworthmakingachangeanyway.PerettigivestheexampleofNetflixdiscontinuingitsDVD-mailingservicetofocusonstreaming."Itwasseenasblunder,"hesaid.Themoveturnedouttobeforesighted.AndifPerettiwereinchargeattheTimes?"Iwouldn'tpickayeartoendprint,"hesaid"Iwouldraisepricesandmakeitintomoreofalegacyproduct."Themostloyalcustomerswouldstillgettheproducttheyfavor,theideagoes,andthey'dfeelliketheywerehelpingsustainthequalityofsomethingtheybelievein."Soifyou'reoverpayingforprint,youcouldfeellikeyouwerehelping,"Perettisaid."Thenincreaseitatahigherrateeachyearandessentiallytrytogenerateadditionalrevenue."Inotherwords,ifyou'regoingtomakeaprintproduct,makeitforthepeoplewhoarealreadyobsessedwithit.WhichmaybewhattheTimesisdoingalready.Gettingtheprinteditionsevendaysaweekcostsnear