考研学堂翻译讲义英语一

课程配套讲义是学习的必备资源，帮帮为大家精心整理了高质量的配套讲多造最科学、最高效、最自由的学台：第一章翻第一章翻 与理论基第一节机械化翻译的介 第二章句子成分的定 第一节主干的定 第二节废话的定位：英文排序基本第三章定状的排 第一节定状的排序1-倒 第二节定状的排序2-倒序的例 第三节定状的排序3-翻译中的应 第四章理想照进现实-“蛋”理 第一节理想照进现实1-双黄 第二节理想照进现实2-单黄 第五 运行的调 第一节运行的调 1-主语（宾语）从句的调整（一 第二节运行的调 2-主语（宾语）从句的调整（二 第三节运行的调整3-同位语从句的调 第四节运行的调 4-强调句和名词性从句的区别（一 第五节运行的调 5-强调句和名词性从句的区别（二 第六节运行的调整6-词同位语的调整（一 第七节运行的调整7-词同位语的调整（二 第一章翻第一章翻 与理论基第一节机械化翻译的介逻辑推理过机械化翻译逻辑推理过程如下语言都可以看做是一个独立的数学集合，它们之间没有交集(外来词的内化是要变成本语的，”。。boo，同注意对称不等于完全相同如语法词语多过汉语如am,is,are,was,红。英语：Thisisa汉语：这是一本我喜欢的书英语：ThisisabookthatI即：不同语言是相同的词按照不同顺序排列而成不好，发音只要不太奇怪就不影响交流。口语不好的本质就是不能快速组织语言，快速翻译模式的本质—两种语言词序的固定转当然有每一种语言，词的排序是规则的。不同顺序的相同词，会导致不同含义。比如，A2+2=4B4+4=8，A、B2。再比方说，综合上述逻辑过程，我们可以得出，假如设英文为x，设中文为y，那么是否可以把这 呢可以。这就是机械化翻译的思想来源第第二章句子成分的定第一节主干的定ThegirlwhoisholdingatoyisNancytoy明显不能birdfishbreadsheitlookingatthepicturepicture不能做主语，从句。句子当然可以做主语形式主语t英文谓语的固定位置—排除从句中的动词。由于没有谓语从句，从句中的动词都不现在分词和过去分词前无助词 或be)的也不是谓语to—do模式，只有在和谓语构成动作过程的词组的时候才是谓语。(同样道理适用于动词形式)以上4种是最常见的排除方式，排除后剩下的动词就是谓语了但是，宾语有特殊性，因为存在没有宾语没有宾语。比如：Hehasleft.这个句子就只有主语he和谓hasleft，同样构成了完整表达。下面对主干的定位做一个练主干定位：(下句粗体部分Although主干定位：(下句粗体部分Althoughnotsoworld-widelyaccepted,people(people是主语，句首的独立名词结构)whoareare在从句中，不是谓语)emotionallyweakindailybusinessareare是不能排除在从句中)notabletofulfill不定式结构排除)anyfruitfulachievementsintheirlifetimethattheyendure.(endure在从句中，不是谓语)所以，这句话的主干提炼出来就是：peopleareloses，人是失败者。它的顺序和中文致第二节废话的定位：英文排序基本英文逻辑排序统一我们的英文运行逻辑基本就定型了(斜体表示可以没有()主()谓(小状)宾((——状2()——英文逻辑统一的价迅速：Overtheyears，toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.这个句子看似很长，但是通过主干定位和定位，我们就能够迅速弄清它的结构了Overtheyears(状语)，toolsandtechnology(主语)asasourceoffundamentalinnovation(定语)havelargelybeenignored(谓语)byhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.(小状语)的第第三章定状的排第一节定状的排序1-倒倒例如：Basedontheconclusionwhichwasmadeafterthediscussionyesterdaymoreattentionshouldbepaidtocurrentfinancialcrisis.画线的部分是主语前的句首状语，我们先对其划分层次Based(1分词结构)/ontheconclusion(2介词短语)/whichwasmade(3从句)/afterthediscussionyesterday(4介词短语)，moreattentionshouldbepaidtocurrentfinancialcrisis.状语部分的中。微课例Socialscienceisthatbranchofinlectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.[参考翻译]Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwithacross-culturalbroughttotheysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.[参考翻译]：对第一手收集到的数据的强调的视角结合起来,的个的国。[参考翻译]Inthemediaindustryfulloffiercecompetition,areporterwithoutclearunderstandingofthebasicfeaturesaboutsculturecannotwritegoodarticlesofthesignificanceaboutthereformandchangeintoday.在过去30多年中在公共教育领域所显示出的对特殊儿童的教育的强烈关注表达了我们社会中成年人对下一代的责任感。[参考翻译]：Thegreatconcerntotheeducationofspecialchildrenshowninpubliceducationinthepast3decadesindicatestheresponsibilitytothenextgenerationfromtheadultsinoursociety.Whilestillcatching-uptomeninsomespheresofmodernlife,womenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory.ForanactionmovieasbigasTheExpendable3withanallstarcastsofamiliartoaudience,launchingalargescalepromotionaltourseemsredundant.[参考翻译]：对于中国观众都熟悉的全阵容扮演的动作“敢死队3”，发起一项Althoughnotsoworldwidelyaccepted,peoplewhoareemotionallyweakindailybusinessareoftenloserswhoarenotabletofulfillanyfruitfulachievementsintheirlifetimethattheyendure.[参考翻译]他一生的光，不能实任何有值就者。Themethodofscientificinvestigationisbasicallynothingbuttheexpressionofthenecessarymodeofworkingofthehumanmindinpractice.[参考翻译]：科学研究的方法只不过是在实践中人类思维工作的必要模式Studiesofbothanimalsandhumansinhisrecentresearchhaveshowntheimpactofhormonesonstressresponseunderthesameconditions.[参考翻译]性。Underasystemdeployedonthewhitehousewebsiteforthefirsttimeatlasttime，thosewhowanttosendamessagetoBushmustfilloutadetailedformthatstartsbyaskingwhetherthesenderofthemessagesupportsthewhitehouse.的给统详表AdvertisingdoesmoreforthematerialbenefitofthecommunitythananyotherIcanthinkof.[参考翻译]：比我能想到的任何其他力量给这个社会带来的实际好处都多一些第二节定状的排序2-倒序的倒序的主要例外-并列不变先明确几个概念Afteritwasdfrompoliticsandfromreligion,sciencebecameanindependentareaforscientistsandscholars.在这个例子中，句首状语“Afteritwasdfrompoliticsandfromreligion”是由三个层Afteritwasd(1从句)/frompolitics(2介词短语)/andfromreligion(3介词短语32123是并列的，即“frompolitics”和“fromreligion”是并列的。所以，根据倒序基础之上并列不变序的规则，就应该231，即，这个句首状语的中文模我们用简单的模型来解释，就是当有一组英文状123，根据倒序基本原则中文状语应321，但232and323不用倒231。以上所介绍的就是状语倒序的主要例外——并列不变序微课例在工作中没有也没有想法的人不会有进步在一生当中，当你有的时候帮助你和当你成功的时候离开你的人才是真的朋友[参考翻译]：Inyourlife,peoplewhohelpyouwhenyouareintroubleandwholeaveyouwhenyouaresuccessfularetruefriends.Manyresearchersareworkingonthewaysofreducingthenumberofanimalexperimentsneededinbio-studyandofmakingthosehappeningtobeconductedinamoreeffectiveway.[参考翻译]Sciencemovesforward，theysay，notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.Linguiststrytoclarifytheessenceoflanguagewithoutmakingvaluejudgmentofthedailyapplicationinpracticeorattemptingtopredictthedevelopmenttrendoflanguageinthe[参考翻译]Science,inpractice,dependslessontheexperimentitpreparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.[参考翻译]Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentoizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstoizetheires,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.[参考翻译]：所以在经济体系中，个人消费者的需求，和最大化利润的商人的和Sciencehastodowithdiscoveringthefactsandrelationshipsbetweenobservablephenomenoninnatureandwithestablishingtheoriesthatservetoorganizethesefactsand[参考翻译]Proper,scientificstudyoftheimpactsofdamsandofthecostandbenefitsofcontrollingwatercanhelptoresolvetheses.[参考翻译]：对大坝可能带来的影响，对治水的成本和收益进行合理的、科学的分析这样做有利于解决这些Asmyownstudieshaveadvanced，Ihavebeenincreasinglyimpressedwiththefunctionalsimilaritiesbetweeninsectandvertebratesocietiesandlesssowiththestructuraldifferencesthatseem，atfirstglance，toconstitutesuchanimmensegulfbetweenthem.[参考翻译]：随着我研究的深入，我越来越被脊椎动物和昆虫之间功能的相似性所打动而少一些被在它们之间构成巨大鸿沟的结构差异性而打第三节定状的排序3-翻译中的应1.定状排序在翻译中的应例句演练老。[参考译文]：Scientificdevelopmenthas eaninlectualdisciplinebasedonindependentresearchthatsuccessfullyliberateditselffromthementalconstraintsofancientreligionandfromthephysicalconstraintsofmodernpoliticalsystem.Bothtwoversionsofthemyths,thewestasaceofescapefromthesocietythatconstrainsinnersoulandthewestasastageonwhichthemoralsconfrontingthesocietycanbeyedoutvividly,figuredprominentlyinthehistoriesandessaysofyoungThreRoosevelt,thepaintingsandsculpturesofFredrickRemington,andtheshortstoriesandnovelsofAdamReeze.[参考译文]：神话的两种版本，即作为逃避束缚内在的社会场所，以及作为生动展现社道德的舞台，在年轻的•的短片小说和故事中，在艺术家弗•的绘画和雕塑中以及在•利兹的短片小说当中，被突出的展现出来Istillcannotacceptthosewhocareonlythemselvesintroubleandwhonevergiveanycompassiontoothers’pains.[参考译文]：我依然无法接受那些在中只考虑自己，以及对他人的痛苦毫不同情人第四章理想照进现实第四章理想照进现实-第一节理想照进现实1-双黄“双黄蛋”理IloveyouandIhateyou,下面看一个长一些的例句，体会双黄蛋不变的HisthesisworksrelativelywellwhenappliedtodiscriminationagainstBlacksintheUnitedStates,buthisdefinitionofracialprejudicealsoincludeshostilitytowardsuchethnicgroupsastheJewsinmedievalEurope.bushesoshsdenonncudeshosty第二步：既然前后是完整的句子，那么再按对句子的操作规则分别处前句：Histhesisworksrelativelywellwhenapplied(1todiscrimination2)/against(3)/intheUnitedStates(4)/，“well”是副词，本句无宾语，所以括号内为小状语后句：Hisdefinition(主)(ofracialprejudice定)alsoincludes(谓)hostility(宾)(towardsuchethnicgroups(1)/astheJews(2)/inmedievalEurope(3)/定)可见，本句只用处理主语和宾语后面的定语。按照倒序前置的规则，结果如下微课例Whileitiseasytoignoreinourcontactwiththemtheeffectofouractsupontheirdisposition,itisnotsoeasyasindealingwithadults.[参考翻译]Themethodofscientificinvestigationisnothingbuttheexpressionofthenecessarymodeofworkingofthehumanmindanditissimplythemodebywhichallphenomenaarereasonedaboutandgivenpreciseandexactexnation.[参考翻译]：学的方只过是人思工作必模的表达并它只是种第二节理想照进现实2-单黄“单黄蛋”理单黄蛋模型的句子是和双黄蛋相对应的Iloveandhate下面看一个长一点的单黄蛋并列的句子Underasystemdeployedonthewhitehousewebsiteforthefirsttimeatlasttime,thosewhowanttosendamessagetoBushmustnownavigateasmanyasninewebpagesandfilloutadetailedformthatstartsbyaskingwhetherthemessagesendersupportsthewhitehouseordifferswithit.第一步：并列模式。这个句子有两个并列，第一个是第三行的“andfillout”，和前面我们把整个whether…or部分看作整体即可。第二步：根据划分句子的主干和定状层次(Underasystem(1)/deployed(2)/onthewhitehousewebsite(3)/forthefirsttime(4)/atlasttime(5)/,状)those(主)(whowanttosendamessage(1)/to Bush(2)定)mustnownavigate(谓)asmanyasninewebpages(宾)andfillout(谓2)adetailedform(宾2)(thatstarts(1)/byasking(2)/whetherthemessagesendersupportsthewhitehouse(3)/ordifferswithit(4)/.定)也就是说，这个句子的并列，是两个谓语“navigate”和“fillout即：本句呈现出来以下的局(12345)+主+(12)+谓语+宾语+2+2+(按照状语倒序和定语倒序前置的规则，并且第二个宾语后面的定语(1234)的内部关系为2+3=动词+从句(asking+whether)，23不变序；3+4=并列，34不变序。所以排序完成以后的(54321)+(21)+主+谓语+宾语+2+(2341)微课例Thecomingofageofthepostwarbabyboomandanentryofwomenintothemaledominatedjobmarkethavelimitedtheopportunitiesofteenagerswhoarealreadyquestioningthe alsacrificesinvolvedinclimbingJapan'srigidsocialladdertogoodschoolsandjobs.[参考翻译]：战后的一代步入成年，以及女性打入主导的劳动力市场，这Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofessionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.[考]：个化满足采新技术新代的要，且导普遍毁的率下滑，是在充的创立之的二三继者手中业的。Undermodernconditions，thisrequiresvaryingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrolandthehelpofspecializedscientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearchexperts.Thesecomments,whetheraccepted,clarifiedthenormsandrequirementsofthecovenantwhichwasalreadyinpowerinpracticeandenabledthecommitteetomakeasignificantcontributiontothejusticepromotioninaparticularrightorissue,whileotherarticleshavefailedtofunctionashasbeenexpectedinthosemeetingswhichwereheldwithgreathope.运运行的调第五第一节运行的调 1-主语（宾语）从句的调整（一主语（宾语）从句的调整办tsuehatnoonecanuceedhouthep为什么名词性从句需要对的运行进行调整？我们仔细观察Ithinkthatthemaninthecaris这个句子主语是I，谓语是hnk，宾语是画线部分的句子。也就是说，根据操作为中英文主干是一致的个完整的句子，比如这句话中的“themaninthecarisTom能这句话看起来非常简单，所以，名词性从句的操作调整规则就出来了：先把作为宾语或者主语的从句部分一个单独的句子翻译，完成后，代入原句即可。比如上面例句，尽管简单，但我们内心的themaninthecar定)isTom,Tom。第二步：代入原句。我认为在车里的那个人是Tom。微课例Itmaybesaidthatthemeasureoftheworthofanysocialinstitutionisitseffectinenlargingandimprovingexperience;butthiseffectisnotapartofitsoriginalmotive.[参考翻译]Infact,itisdifficulttoseehowjournalistswhodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories.[参考翻译]：实，很难出，对的基特没有清理的何够事于胜任工。Along-heldviewofthehistoryofEnglishcoloniesthatbecametheUnitedStateshasbeenthatEngland’stowardthesecoloniesbefore1763wasdictatedbycommercialinterestsandthatachangetoamoreimperial,dominatedbyexpansionistmilitaristobjectives,generatedthetensionsthatultimayledtotheAmericanRevolution.[参考翻译]：对构成的那些英国殖民地历史的一个长期的观点认为，在1763 加致 第二节运行的调 2-主语（宾语）从句的调整（二1.主语（宾语）例句演练Youhaveallhearditrepeatedthatmenofscienceworkbymeansofinduction(归纳法)anddeductionandthatbythehelpoftheseoperations,they,inasortofsense,managetoextractfrombehindthecoverofmysteriousNaturecertainnaturallawsthatruletheworldwithcertainty.[]整Ithaslongbeenunderstoodthatnaturalselectionoperateswithinachannelofpossibilitiesestablishedbynaturallaw,andthatthenatureofanorganismcannottrulybeunderstoodwithoutanaccount(解释)ofhowthelawsofnatureenterintodeterminingitsstructures,formandFurthermore,itisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry’seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.[参考译文]Hebelievesthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentence,andthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.[参考译文]：他相信这种可能会有一种对每个问题都强迫他仔细推AcritiqueofHandlin’sinterpretationofwhylegalslaverydidnotappearuntilthe1660’ssuggeststhatassumptionsabouttherelationbetweenslaveryandracialprejudiceshouldbereexamined,andthatexnationsforthedifferenttreatmentofBlackslavesinNorthandSouthAmericashouldbeexpanded.[参考译文]：对为何直到1660 年合法的制度才出现的哈德林的解释之批评认为，Whethertheernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversa（反之）oftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedriving.[参考译文]：是否应当以技术为代价增加对纯科学的资助或者是反过来做，通常决于把哪一个看做是驱动力Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted. 第三节运行的调整3-同位语从句的调下面我们看一个长一点儿的例子Thegreatinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthreedecadesindicatesthestrongfeelinginoursocietythatallcitizens,whatevertheirspecialconditions,deservetheopportunitytofullydeveloptheircapabilities.个子没有列现，所我直接越并模式的讨进入主。一：根据立句子主和定状。Thegreatinterest(主语)(inexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthreedecades定语)indicates(谓语)thestrongfeeling(宾语)(inoursociety定语)(thatallcitizens,whatevertheirspecialconditions,deservetheopportunitytofullydeveloptheircapabilities.这个Allcitizens(),whatevertheirspecialconditions(),deserve()theopportunity(宾语)tofullydeveloptheircapabilities.(定语)根据定语倒序前置的规则，本句结论如下Thegreatinterest(主语)(inexceptionalchildren/shown/inpubliceducation/overthepastthreedecades定语)indicates(谓语)thestrongfeeling(宾语)(inoursociety定语)+(thatallcitizens,whatevertheirspecialconditions,deservetheopportunitytofullydeveloptheir根据定语倒序前置的规则，结合已有的对同位语的处理结果，结论如“在过去三十多年中在公共教育领域显示出来的对智障儿童的巨大表明了我们社微课例Beinginterestedintherelationshipofthelanguageandthought，Whorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureofthelanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.Thegreatinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthreedecadesindicatesthestrongfeelinginoursocietythatallcitizens,whatevertheirspecialconditions,deservetheopportunitytofullydeveloptheircapabilities.[参考翻译]：在过去三十多年中在公共教育领域显示出来的对智障儿童的巨大表Thatexperiencesinfluencesubsequentbehavioristheevidenceofanobviousbutneverthelessremarkableactivitycalledremembering.[参考翻译]：过去的经历会影响日后的行为，这就表明存在着一种明显但却非凡的活动—第四节运行的调 4-强调句和名词性从句的区别（一但是，请看下面一个例子，问题就出现了Itisthedemandfordomthatmakespeoplefightt…hatsha”山。Thedemandfordommakespeoplefighthard.意为“对自由的渴求使得人们努力战两种容易的句子之区别特征。主语从句的特征：at从句后面是完整的句子，这也是为什么把主语从句的从句部分单句处理的原因。强调句的thattsnhseeshatIseecondeneIseecondene微课例Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentoizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstoizetheires,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.[参考翻译]：所以在经济体系中，个人消费者的需求，和最大化利润的商人的Itwasnotthechangeinofficetechnology，butrathertheseparationofsecretarialwork，previouslyseenasanapprenticeshipforbeginningmanagers，fromadministrativeworkthatinthe1780’screatedanewclassof"dead-end"jobs，thenceforthconsidered"women’swork."[参考翻译]在1880年从行政工作中工作的分离(们之前被认为是初级经理的学徒)，产生一个没有前途的新阶层，后来被认为是女性专属行IthasthusgenerallybeenbywayoftheemphasisonorallirycreativitythattheseChicanowriters，whoseEnglishlanguageworksaresometimesuninspired，developedthepowerfulandarrestinglanguagethatcharacterizedtheirSpanish-languageworks.第五节运行的调 5-强调句和名词性从句的区别（二强调句和名词性从句例句演例句演练IntheearlyindustrializedcountriesofEurope,theprocessofindustrialization—withallthefar-reachingchangesinsocialpatternsthatfollowed—wasspreadovernearlyacentury,whereasnowadaysadevelonationmayundergothesameprocessinadecadeorso.[参考译文]：在欧洲早期工业化国家中，工业化的进程，包括随后在社会结构上带Untiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,andwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblem.[参考译文]：直到这些问题被解决，一个行为方面的技术将会依然被我问的唯一法会被。Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,andtheirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.[]第六节运行的调整6-词同位语的调整（一词同位语的翻译方个：Tom,mybrother, )这是我们在中学时代常见的考试题目，这个空明显只能填单数的谓语，比如“saem和yboherybohe。Tommybrother是一回事，那么Tom,mybrotherfromHongKong,is“，即来自的我的兄弟，马上就来了”的原因，是因为根据，插入语的判断也是在句子中被逗号或者破折号等符号断开的部分Themostimportantthinginlife,Ithink,is可同位语的区别性特征：同位语一定是标点符号名词性结构定语可以没有构成的。之入语则是状语Wearethusledtodistinguish,withinthebroadeducationalprocesswhichwehavebeensofarconsidering,amoreformalkindofeducation—thatofdirecttuitionorschooling。第一步：本句子没有并列出现，所以直接看到主干和定状的结构We(主语)arethusledtodistinguish(谓语)(谓语词组),(withinthebroadeducationalprocesswhichwehavebeensofarconsidering插入语),amoreformalkind(宾语)ofeducation(定语)—(thatofdirecttuitionorschooling.同位语)“withinthebroadeducationalprocesswhichwehavebeensofarconsidering”是插入语，第二个“thatofdirecttuitionorschooling”是同位语(that+定语结构，that代词也是名词结构，指代破折号前面的名词)。所以，先不看这两个插入语和同位语，句子原来的主干就很清晰了。在，hat)微课例Wearethusledtodistinguish,withinthebroadeducationalprocesswhichwehavebeensofarconsidering,amoreformalkindofeducation—thatofdirecttuitionorschooling.[参考翻译]：在在考广义教过中，我被导去鉴一更加正的InEurope,aselsewheremulti-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful：groupswhichbringtogetherevision,radionewspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.联运行的电视、广播、报纸、和在一起的 Mypointisthatitscentralconsciousness—itsprofoundunderstandingofclassandgenderasshainfluencesonpeople’slives—owesmuchtothatearlierliryheritage，aheritagethat，ingeneral，hasnotbeensufficientlyvaluedbymost