精选江苏大学研究生英语总结-下学期

考试题型stylisticfeatures:subjective(主观的)/objective(客观的---textualdevelopment四．语篇改 句子和句子之间衔接词语少Therearenumerousreasonsfor……atfirst,…….secondly,….Inaddition,/furthermore,…/whatisUnit1GeneralIntroductiontoProfessionalPaperClassificationofprofessionalAprofessionalpaperisaformalprinteddocumentinwhichprofessionalspresenttheirviewsandresearchfindingsonanydeliberatelychosentopic.Reportpaper读书报 2)Researchpaper研究论3)Coursepaper课程论 4)Thesispaper(Dissertation)学术论GeneralCharacteristicsofEnglishAcademicWritingGenerally,EnglishAcademicwritingcomplex(复杂)--Writtenlanguageisrelativelymorecomplexthanspokenformal(正式)--Academicwritingisrelativelyformal.Formalwritingdoesn’tusecontractions,colloquialismsandslang.impersonalandobjective(客观)--Writtenlanguageisingeneralobjectiveratherthanpersonal.Itthereforehasfewerwordsthatrefertothewriterorthereader.Thismeansthatthemainemphasisshouldbeontheinformationthatyouwanttogiveandtheargumentsyouwanttomake,ratherthanyou.explicit(清楚)--Academicwritingisexplicitabouttherelationshipsinthetext.Furthermore,itistheresponsibilityofthewriterinEnglishtomakeitcleartothereaderhowthevariouspartsofthetextarerelated.accurate(准确)--Academicwritingusesvocabularyaccurately.Mostsubjectshavewordswithnarrowspecificmeanings.cautiousortentative(用词谨慎responsible(负责)---Academicwritingreferstoinformationfromarangeofprint,digitalandothersources,allofwhichmustbeclearlyreferencedinyourtextreferencesotherwriters’Question&Exercises：ReadthefollowingtwopassagesandtrytofindoutthefeaturesofComparedwiththesetwopassages,Ifindthattherearedifferencesinstyles,passage1isinformal,subjective,forexample:“I’m......〞，“don’t. Whilethesecondpassageisascientificresearchpaper,it’sformal,objectiveandcomplex,for(subjective---objective,simple---complex,for Unit2Title,Author/AffiliationandGeneralGeneralizingtheText总结全文AttractingtheReader吸引读者FacilitatingtheRetrieval方便检索UsingMoreNounsNounPhrasesandGerunds(使用名词、名词短语和动名词Thewordsorphrasesusedinatitleareveryoftennouns,nounphrasesorgerunds,nominalization,whichusuallyarekeywordsforthepaper,havingtheabilitytosumupthewholeForexamplewemayeasilyfindsuchtitlesas:句子背不下来就不要WorkingmechanismapplicationofCivilization'sSourceandItsAMulti-perspectiveAccountofMetlinguisticResearchontheMotivationsofLexisandVocabularyLearningUsingIncompleteSentences(使用不完整的句子Atitleisjustalabelofappellationofthepaper,reflectingthemainideaofthecontent,soevenwhenthereisaneedtogiveatitleintheformofasentence,itdoesnotneedtobeacompleteForexample,“意识形态是文化的特殊样态〞GeneralA.EasinessofRetrieval(检索方便 B.EasinessofHighlighting(突出醒目2.3.1LinguisticNominalization(名词化):Keywordsareusuallyusedintheformofnouns,notverbs.Forexample,investigate--investigation;fabricate--fabrication;educate--education.LimitedNumber(关键字数目有限):Thenumberofthekeywordsforapapershouldbelimited.Min–max(2-8),average(4-6).DesignatedChoice(不能随意选择):Thekeywordsofapaperusuallycomefromthetitleand/ortheabstract.Correctthemistakesinthefollowingtitlesaccordingtothewritingrequirementsyou'velearntinthisunit.DigitalLaserMicrointerferometerandItsApplying. MeasuringofSurfaceShapeandDeformationbyPhase-shiftingImageDigitalHolography. TheEffectsofthePatientAgeandPhysicianTrainingontheChoiceandDoseofAnti-melancholicDrugs.(去掉所有的“the〞)ScopeoftheInvestigations:theFirstPhase去掉第一个“the〞ANewBroadbandUniformAccuracyDOAEstimator. 标题不具体，太宽泛Unit3〔1〕Commentonthefollowing〔2〕AnalyzethefollowingAnswer:a,Complex(复杂)--sentences’structureb,Objective(客观)--nopersonalpronounisusedintheabstractabove.c,Theactivevoiceiscommonlyusedinit.(主动语态)d,Theinformationofanabstractisarrangedinoneparagraph一个段落〔3〕AnalyzetheproblemsexitinginthefollowingAnswera,Informal(不正式Forexample,〞Ithink〞.b,Over-simplifiedStatements(表述过分简单〕c,MonotonousExpression〔单一的表达〕d,Mixedwriting3.1.DefinitionofAnabstractisabriefandself-containedsummaryandanaccuraterepresentationofthecontentsofadocumentsuchasaresearchpaper,ajournalarticle,thesis,review,conferenceproceeding,andotheracademicdocuments.Thepurposeofanabstractistoprovideprospectivereaderstheopportunitytojudgetherelevanceofthelongerworkoftheirprojects.3.4.ClassificationofDependingonwhichinformationtheycontain,abstractscanbeclassifiedintomajortypes:indicative(ordescriptive)abstracts,informativeabstracts,indicative-informativeabstractsandauthorabstracts.descriptiveabstract把问题进行了概述但对研究结果未提及，而在informationalIndicative(ordescriptive)abstracts〔指示性摘要〕：Anindicativeabstractordescriptiveabstractisonethatdescribesthetypeandnatureoftheworkabstracted,indicatingtheprincipalsubjectscoveredandprovidingabriefdescriptionofthewaythefactsaretreatedandthemethodsortechniquesthatarebeingreported.Informativeabstracts〔信息类摘要〕：Aninformativeabstractsummarizesasmuchastheessentialelementsofthedocumentaspossible,presentingandexplainingallthemainmaterialcontentsinthecompletearticle/paper/book.indicativeinformativeabstracts(综合性摘要)Itpresentsasummaryoftheessentialargumentsandfindingsoftheoriginal,whilstthoseaspectsofthedocumentthoseareofminorsignificancearetreatedindicatively.Authorabstract：Authorabstractsareabstractspreparedbyauthorsofthedocumentthathasbeensubjectedtoabstracting.SlantedabstractTelegraphicAfinding-orientedabstractismostoftenusedwhen:(1).applyingforresearchgrants(2).completingthePhDdissertationorM.A.thesis(3).writingaproposalforaconferencepaperHighlight3.5.BasicComponentsoftheAnabstractusuallyincludesthefollowingBackground(背景)StatebrieflythetopicandscopeofthePurpose/Objective/Aim(目的(WhatIwanttodo?)DefinetheresearchquestionstobeApproach/ProceduresMethods/Design(方法(HowIdiditProvideanoverviewoftheresearchdesign,methodsofdatacollection,andanalysis.ResultsFindings(结果SummarizethekeyfindingsinthecourseofConclusions/Implications(总结(WhatresultsdidIgetandwhatconclusionscanIdraw?):Statethekeyconclusionsandpracticalimplicationsbasedthefindings..Originality(独创之处(Whatisnewandoriginalinthis3.6“5Steps〞forAbstractUnderliningKeyWordsandSentences(画出关键的词和句子ListingEssentialPointsofthePaper(列出全文的重点BoilingdownEachSectiontoaSentenceorTwo(归结每个局部的大意DraftingtheAbstract(起草摘要CheckingtheFinalDraft(最终校对3.7“5AStrategyquestionstobeansweredbeforewritingQ1:Whatisthegeneralknowledgeofyourtopicintheacademicfield?Q2:Whatresearchtopicisthepapertofocuson?Q3:Whatmethodormaterialdoyouusetosupportyourmainpointofview?Q4:Whatconclusionwillyoudraw?Q5:WhatisthemaincontributionoftheA1:SentenceA2:mainSentenceA3:A1:SentenceA2:mainSentenceA3:specificSentences(3)(4)A4:result&SentenceAs:conclusion&Sentence3.8.LikelyMistakes/CommonErrors(一般出题形式是GiveyourcommentsonthefollowingInformal(不正式Forexample,〞Ithink〞MonotonousExpressionMixedwritingIncompletecontents(内容不完整Displacementofinformation(摘要各成分之间顺序混乱，篇幅不合理3.10.5SimplifythefollowingbynounThisisabridgemadeofstone(stoneIntheteachingofmathematics,thedominantmodeofinstruction(instructionmode)isgenerallytraditional.Studentsareexpectedtomeetadeadlineforthesubmissionofapaper(thepaperTheintroductionofmechanismofcompetition(competitionmechanism)broughtvigorandvitalityintotheenterprise.Therearesignsthattherateofbirth(birthrate)intheworldisUnit4GeneralFunctionsofIntroducingtheSubject(介绍主题LimitingtheResearchScope缩小搜索范围StatingtheGeneralPurpose简要说明目的ShowingtheWritingArrangement展示写作的安排4.2.StructuralFeaturesofIntroductionandSomeIdiomaticExpressions(结构特点和惯用表TherearethreestructuralfeaturesofStartingwiththeResearchBackground(以研究背景开始HerearesomeexpressionsusedtointroducethebackgroundofthesubjectinanOverthepastseveralSomebodyThepreviousworkon...hasindicatedRecentexperimentsby...haveSeveralresearchershavetheoreticallyInmoststudiesof.......hasbeenemphasizedwithattentionbeinggivenIndustrialuseof...isbecomingincreasinglyTherehavebeenafewstudiesItiswellknownTransitingtotheExistingProblem(指出前人的研究工作存在的问题)Thefollowingareanumberofexpressionsusedtopresentexistingproblems:Greatprogresshasbeenmadeinthisfield,but(however/Also,theconsiderationof...alonecannotexplaintheobservedfactApartoftheexplanationcouldliein...,howeverThestudyof...givesrisetotwomaindifficulties:oneis...;theotherDespitetherecentprogressreviewed ,thereisnogenerallyacceptedFromtheabovediscussion,itappearsthatatpresentneither..,nor..,areFocusingonthePresentResearchTherearealsoanumberofexpressionsusedtointroducethepresentInthis isinvestigated(studied,discussed,presented,ThepresentworkdealsmainlyWereporthere..,inthepresence4.3.2.Analyzethefollowingintroductions,followingthedirectionsifUnderlinethepartstatingtheresearch Parenthesizethepartpointingtotheexistingproblem.“ 〕Drawaboxaroundthepartfocusingonthepresentresearch. TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese,payingattentiontothesentencestructureofeach.StrategyisanartofplanningthebestwaytogainanadvantageortoachieveHerethepointofviewisthetermgenerallyusedtoindicatethepointfromwhichthepaperisSubordinationisthetechniqueofplacingthelessimportantthoughtinasubordinatepositionThisformulaisdevelopedonthebasisofthepreviouslydiscussedItisconcludedthatsomeoftheparameterscannotbeobtainedbyusingthemethodshowninConnecttheequipmenttothemachine.Turnofftheswitch.Adjustinputvoltageto10V.Anddowntheoutput10VPutthefollowingintoItcanbeseenfromtheexampleabovethat一般认 Itisgenerallyacceptedthat....../Itisuniversallyacknowledged希望 Itishopedthat....../ItisanticipatedthatUnit5LiteratureReview(文献综述IntegrationandCaseTheskillstodoathoroughFirst,youneedknowledgeaboutthestructureandfunctionofanintegrativeNext,criticalthinkingskillsarerequiredtonotonlysimplyreviewliteraturebutalsounder-standanddiscusstheliterature.Finally,integrativewritingskillsarerequiredtoestablishacogentrationaletobuildacasefortheimportanceofyouruniquestudythatbuildsonthepreviousliteratureinalogicalway.ThedefinitionofliteratureReviewarticlesarecriticalevaluationsofmaterialthathasalreadybeenStructuralElementsinWritingaLiteratureAliterature-reviewchapterrequiresanumberofstructuralelements,whichhelpguidethereaderfromonesentenceandparagraphtothenextinalogicalandseamlessfashion.ThechapterstartswithanintroductoryparagraphthatfocusesontheAroadmapshouldbeincludedasanadvancedorganizer〞ThechaptershouldbedividedintosectionsandEachparagraphshouldbeginwithaclearandexplicittopicEachmajorsectionshouldclosewithaFinallyasummaryandconcludingsectionshouldbringthereviewtogetherattheTheFunnel(漏斗结构Aliteraturereviewforathesisordissertationshouldalsobeconstructedintheshapeofafunnel---startingverybroadlybyintroducingthetopicthenmovingintothefocusofthereview,and,towardtheend,developingarationale(根本原理)foryourhypotheses.5.4.IntroductionandFocusoftheThechaptershouldimmediatelyintroducethetopicandclearlyindicatethepurposeofthepaper,thescopeand/orlimitationsofthereview,andessentialdefinitionsifappropriate.5.5.RoadAveryclearstructureofwhatistocomeinthereviewisrequiredtoorientthereader,awayofcommunicatingwhatinformationwillfollow,andevenhowtherestofthepaperisstructuredordividedintosections.Aroadmapshouldbepartoftheintroductionofyourliteraturereview. SummaryandThesummaryprovidestheconcludingremarksthatcapturetheessentialpartsofwhatyouwantthereadertotakeawayfromthesection.Description,AnalyzingandSynthesizingtheCleartopicofeachparagraph.Summary,concludingparagraph.Unit6Textual(语篇)DevelopmentMethodsofTwobasicapproachestoRequirementsforresearchLogicmethodsof6.1TypesofWiththecharacteristicsofwritingtherearefourkindsofwriting:narrations(表达),descriptions(说明),expositions(展示)andargumentations(辩论).Narrationsarethearticlesthattellstories,givingaccountsofevents,e.g.thetime,place,hero,whathashappenedandtheoutcomes,etc.Descriptionsarearticlesthatgivepicturesofsomething,e.g.ascenery,apsychologicalExpositionsarearticlesthatexplainwhatisdifficulttounderstand,e.g.functionsofprocessesofcarryingoutplans,Argumentationsarearticlesthatargue,reason,prove,inferorpersuade,ResearchTherearetwobasicapproachestodescription:objectiveandGeneralRequirementsforResearchPresentingapictureoftheobject(图片Aresearchdescriptionisintendedtopresentapictureoftheappearanceofanobjectorthedetailsorprocessofaninvestigation.Illustratingtheobjectinartificiallanguage(描述Aresearchdescriptionisoftenaccompaniedbyoneormorefigures,graphs,picturesorMakingnecessarycomparison(比照Itisoftenpossibletomakethedescriptionclearerbymeansofcomparinganobjectoraprocess,say,anexperiment,withsomethingthatthereaderisfamiliarwith.Sizingtheobjectspecially(定量Indescribingsize,anexperiencedprofessionalwriterusuallytriestoavoidsuchgeneralwordsas“large〞,“small〞or“quitebig〞.Instead,hepreferstosay3cm2squared,or10meters’high.Locatingtheobjectcorrectly(解释清楚Thepositionsofvariouspartsofanobjectoraplacemustbeindicatedwithcareunlessthefigureorpictureitselfalreadyshowsthepositionofeachpartclearly.Generalizing/systematizingtheobservationcarefully(总结Aresearchdescriptionhasalsotoindicatehowthenewobservationsandideasbeingadvancedmayrequireachange---byfurthergeneralizationorsystematization---intheconceptualstructureofagivenscientificfield.Logicpatternsaremodestodevelopideasandtoconcludeconclusions.Generallyspeaking,thereare9commonlyusedlogicpatternsofarguments.(9种方法)1〕Directstatement(直接证明directstatement，然后对其下定义(Directstatementisthelogicpatternbywhichtheauthordevelopshisideabydirectstating.)FOREXAMPLE:IntheGreatTransitiontheauthorChinaisattractingenormousattentionforverygoodreason.ThereasonisnotjustthatChinaisbigorthatitseconomyistheonlyonethatisbeenabletosustainrapidgrowthoverthelastthreeyears.....2〕InductionInductionisthelogicpatternbywhichtheauthordevelopshisideabyobtaininggenerallawsfromparticularfactsorvariousstudies.FOREXAMPLE:Theoftentakenmodelis:previousstudies..,ourstudy..,weconclude....Thusinacademicarticlesthenormalinductionis:Theproblemsinpreviousstudies...ourstudies...weconclude...thereasons(orcauses)forthedifferencesbetweenourstudyandpreviousstudies.3〕DeductionDeductionisthemethodbywhichtheauthordevelopshisideabygettingtheconclusionforaparticularcasefromgenerallaws.Analogyisthelogicpatternbywhichtheauthordevelopshisideasbydrawingsimilaritiesbetweenparallelcases.5〕CauseandEffect(因果Causeandeffectisthelogicpatterninwhichtheauthordevelopshisidea(s)bygivingwhysomething6〕Quotation(引证Quotationisthelogicpatterninwhichtheauthordevelopshisidea(s)byrepeatingorwritingwordssaidorwrittenbyothersorfromabook,anauthor,etc.,esp.Unit7TextualTypicalFeaturesofPapersofExperimentalThefunctionsofexperimentdescriptionareConvincereaders(能说服读者)—experimentalresultshouldbereliableandBenefitreader(能使读者收益)---theintroductionofexperimentalandinspiration,andshouldfacilitatefurtherdeliberationsandresearchforthereaders;Allowreaderstoduplicatetheexperiment(读者能再现)–theprocessandmethodofexperimentshouldhavereproducibility,andthedescribedexperimentshouldbeduplicatedbysameothersundertheconditions.Thedescriptionofanexperimentusuallyincludestheexperimentalprocessundertaken,technologyinvolved,materialsused,equipmentintroduced,conditionsprovided,etc.ProcessUndertakenintheExperiment(实验过程ProcessIntroduction(步骤介绍StepsTakentoCompletetheExperiment(步骤Summing-uporConclusiveIdeasoftheProcess(总结ReflectionsandPracticeHowdoyouunderstandthefunctionoftheexperimentaldescription?〔7.1Whatmaybeinvolvedinwritingtheexperimentalprocess?〔7.2Listtheitemswhichmaybeincludedinthesectionofequipmentdescriptionofa1〕.TechnologyInvolvedintheExperiment2〕.MaterialsUsedintheExperiment3〕.EquipmentIntroducedintheII.Findanoriginalexperimentalpaperfromamajorjournalinyourfieldandstudyhowthedevelopmentofitsbodyisdone.III.RevisethebodyofyourpaperofexperimentalnaturewiththeskillillustratedinthisUnit8Result,DiscussionandSectionofThesectionofresultsisoneofthemostimportantelementsinaprofessionalpaper,becauseanyresearchshouldhaveanoutcome,nomatterwhatitmaybe.Itisinthissectionthatthefinalresultofthepaperispresented.GeneralFunctionsofThevalueofaresearchliesinthevalueofitsfinalresultsandtheauthor’sinterpretationoftheresults.Iprecedingsectionsaredesignedtoexplainhowtheauthorobtainstheresults,sectionsofthepaper(Analysis,Discussion,SummaryorConclusion,etc.)aretotellwhattheresultsshouldmean.Then,inthesectionofresults,theauthor(s)shouldbringaboutasolidfoundationonwhichthewholepaperrests,byboilingdowntoallthefactsanddatahehasgained.WritingRequirementsforFirst,anydatashowninthissectionmustbeSecond,thepresentationofresultsshouldbeshortwithoutverbiageandbeofcrystalSectionofGeneralFunctionsandMainElementsofThepurposeofthesectionofdiscussionistoexpoundtheinterrelationsamongtheobservedfacts.Thereforetheprimaryobjectiveinwritingthissectionistoshowtherelationshipbetweenthefacts,theirunderlyingcauses,theireffects,andtheirtheoreticalimplications,aswellastoexplainthefactsdenotedbysymbolsorsignsofmathematics.TheconsequentstepsandessentialelementsofdiscussionusuallyAnalyzingtheData(数据分析PointingoutDoubts(指出疑心ExpoundingViewpoints(解释观点StatingtheSignificance(阐述重要意义ArrivingataConclusion(得出结论WritingRequirementsforDiscussionFirstly,youshouldsufficientlyanalyzethepresenteddataandpointoutthefactualSecondly,sincethepurposeoftheprofessionalpaperistoconfirmthe’author’sresearchwork,itisbeneficialforhimtofullyreviewwhathehasdoneinhiswork.Thirdly,thewriterhastoadmithisweakpointsorfailureFourthly,briefandforcefulexpressionsshouldbeusedinthesectionofdiscussion.Finally,keepinmindnevertowritemorewordsthannecessary.SectionofGeneralFunctionsofMainElementsofTypicalfunctionsoftheconclusionofaresearchpapermaySummingSummingupislikelytobeapartwithitsmainfunctionofsummarizingthechiefpiecesofpurefacts,dataandinformationinthepaper,whereformalconclusionsorrecommendation