2022-2023年江西省萍乡市大学英语6级大学英语六级测试卷(含答案)

2022-2023年江西省萍乡市大学英语6级大学英语六级测试卷(含答案)学校:________班级:________姓名:________考号:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20题)1.

Attheageof40sand50s,peopleshouldemphasizeavarietyofactivitiesfor______.

2.

Amongtheteamofpeopledealingwithanindividualease,themostimportantmemberis________.

3.

Betweengeneticfactorsanddepressionthereisdirectconnection.

A.YB.NC.NG

4.

Onecauseofeyestrainmentionedinthepassageiswearingglassesfortoolong.

A.YB.NC.NG

5.Whatkindofanimalaffectedbyman-madechemicalsisnotreferredinthepassage?

A.Polarbears.B.Mammals.C.People.D.Birds.

6.

NooneknowsexactlyhowGMcropswillaffecttheenvironmentbecausegeneticstructureiscomplexandtherelatedtestsnowmainlystudy______.

7.

TheAIDSvirusisspreadthroughtheexchangeofinfectedbloodorbodyfluidsreleasedduringsexualactivity.

A.YB.NC.NG

8.IfAmericansaren'tcompetitiveinscience,theycannotsurvivetheseverecompetitionbetweendevelopedcountries.

9.

Expertsadvocatethatelderlypeopleshouldemphasizementalhealthaswellas______.

10.Comparedwithbeingliars,itis______todetectaliaraccordingtothestudy.

11.

Whydoesthepassagesayanxietyispartofthe"fightorflight"mechanism?

A.Anxietyisanorganofourbodyorpartofourbody.

B.Anxietyisawarningforyoutofightortoescapefromdanger.

C.Anxietykeptpeoplealivewhenindanger.

D.Anxietyisacarry-overfromourancientancestors

12.

Oneofthetrickstriedbythemoneylaunderswastousetheorganizations'offshorecompaniesto______.

13.

There'slittleagreementonwhatintermarriagewillmeanforU.S.societyinthefutureasthereisalackofofficialnumbers,aheightenedtensionsurroundingracialissues,andthemutualsuspicionthatexistsamongdifferentracialgroups.

A.YB.NC.NG

14.

______weremadeuncomfortableinalmostanyEuropeancountry.

15.

Tocertainextent,GMcropsareregardedas______sincethegeneinsertedintoaplantcannotbeseen,tastedortouched.

16.WorkplaceNegativity

Nothingaffectsemployeemoralemoreadverselythanpersistentworkplacenegativity.Itsaps(消耗)theenergyofyourorganizationanddivertscriticalattentionfromworkandperformance.Negativityoccursintheattitude,outlook,andtalkofonedepartmentmember,orinacrescendo(高潮)ofvoicesrespondingtoaworkplacedecisionorevent.

LearnAboutWorkplaceNegativity

Asamanagerorhumanresourcesprofessional,youarecloselyintouchwithemployeesthroughoutthecompany.Thisallowsyoutokeepyourfingersonthepulseoftheorganizationtosenseworkplacenegativity.Itenablesyoutoestablishandheedearlywarningsignalsthatallisnotwell.Youreceiveemployeecomplaints,doexitinterviewswithemployeeswholeave,andknowthereputationofyourorganizationinyourcommunity.

YouwatchthediscussionsonemployeeIntranets,managetheappraisaland360-degreefeedbackprocess,andcoachmanagersinappropriatestafftreatment.Thisinformationwillhelpyoulearntoidentifythesymptomsofnegativitybeforeitsmorale-bustingconsequencesdamageyourworkplace.Itwillalsoassistyouinpreventingandcuringworkplacenegativity.

DiagnoseWorkplaceNegativity

Negativityisanincreasingproblemintheworkplace,accordingtoGaryS.Topchik,theauthorofManagingWorkplaceNegativity.Hestates,inaManagementReviewarticle,thatnegativityisoftentheresultofalossofconfidence,control,orcommunity.Knowingwhatpeoplearenegativeaboutisthefirststepinsolvingtheproblem.

Inmyexperience,whenrumblings(抱怨)andnegativityarebeginninginyourorganization,talkingwithemployeeswillhelpyouunderstandtheexactproblemsandthedegreetowhichtheproblemsareimpactingyourworkplace.Youwillwanttoidentifytheexactemployeegroupswhoareexperiencingthenegativity,andthenatureoftheissuesthatsparkedtheirunhappiness.

Perhapstheorganizationmadeadecisionthatadverselyaffectedstaff.Perhapstheexecutivemanagerheldastaffmeetingandwasperceivedtothreatenorignorepeopleaskinglegitimatequestions.Maybestaffmembersfeelinsecurebecauseconcernexistsoverlosingaproductline.

Perhapsundergroundrumorsarecirculatingaboutanimpendinglayoff.Peoplemayfeelthattheygivetheorganizationmorethantheyreceiveinreturn.Theymayfeelthatacoworkerismistreatedordeniedadeservedpromotion.

WhenYouAreNotinControloftheNegativity

Negativityoftenoccurswhenpeopleareimpactedbydecisionsandissuesthatareoutoftheircontrol.Examplesoftheseinclude:corporationdownsizing;understaffingthatrequirespeopletoworkmandatoryovertime;budgetreductions;andupper-managementdecisionsthatadverselyimpactmembersofyourstaff.Underthesecircumstances,asahumanresourcesprofessional,trysomeofthefollowingideas.

?Identifyanyaspectsofthesituationthatyoucanimpact,includingprovidingfeedbackinyourorganizationaboutthenegativeimpactthatisoccurring.(Sometimesdecisionsaremadeandnooneunderstandsorpredictstheiroutcome.Sometimesyoucaninfluenceanissueoradecisionifyoupracticepersonal,professionalcourageandspeakyourmind.)

?Listen,listen,listen.Oftenpeoplejustneedasoundingboard.Bevisibleandavailabletostaff.Proactively(积极地)schedulegroupdiscussionsessions,townmeetings,"luncheswiththemanager"orone-on-oneblocksoftime.

?Challengepessimisticthinkingandnegativebeliefsaboutpeople,thecompany,andtheworkarea.Don'tletnegative,falsestatementsgounchallenged.Ifthestatementsaretrue,providetherationale,thecorporatethinking,andtheeventsthatareresponsibleforthenegativecircumstances.Shareeve

A.YB.NC.NG

17.

Themaindifficultiesofspaceflightareneither______nor______.

18.

Glaciersaremuchthickerthanpreviouslythought,whichmeans______intotheocean.

19.Whenpeoplemanagetogetawaywithlying,manyofthem______.

A.areproudofthemselves

B.willmakelyingahabit

C.feelashamedandguilty

D.areheldingreataffection

20.TimeintheAnimalMind

Humansareborntimetravelers.Wemaynotbeabletosendourbodiesintothepastorthefuture,atleastnotyet,butwecansendourminds.Wecanreliveeventsthathappenedlongagoorimagineourselvesinthefuture.Newstudiessuggestthatthetwodirectionsoftimetravelareintimatelytwistedtogetherinthehumanbrain.Butsomeexpertsonanimalbehavior.donotthinkweareuniqueinthisrespect.Theypointtoseveralrecentexperimentssuggestingthatanimalscanvisitthepastandfutureaswell.

Thefirstcluesaboutthetwistsandturnsofmentaltimetravelcamefrompeoplewithcertainbraininjuriesthatcausedthemtoforgetautobiographicaldetailswithoutforgettingtheinformationtheyhadpickedupalongtheway.AmanknownasK.C.,forinstance,couldplaychesswithnomemoryofhavingeverplayedit.K.C.couldremembersentencespsychologiststaughthimwithoutanymemoryofthelessons.K.C.hadlostwhatpsychologistsnowcallepisodicmemory.EndelTulving,aCanadianpsychologist,definedepisodicmemoryastheabilitytorecallthedetailsofpersonalexperiences:whathappened,whereithappened,whenithappenedandsoon.Dr.Tulvingarguedthatepisodicmemorywasdistinctfromotherkindsofmemorythatdidnotinvolvepersonalexperience.Peoplecanrememberhowtogettoasubwaystop,forexample,withoutrecallingthefirsttimetheywerethere.

Episodicmemorywasalsouniquetoourspecies,Dr.Tulvingmaintained.Foronething,hearguedthatepisodicmemoryrequiredself-awareness.Youcan'trememberyourselfifyoudon'tknowyouexist.Healsoarguedthattherewasnoevidenceanimalscouldrecollectexperiences,evenifthoseexperiencesleftanimpressiononthem.

Manyanimalbehavior.expertsagreedwithDr.Tulving,eventhoughtheyhadnotactuallyrunexperimentstestingtheidea.ButwhenNicolaClayton,acomparativepsychologist,firstheardabouttheclaim,shehadadifferentreaction.Dr.Claytonbegantotestwesternscrubjays(灌丛鸦)toseeiftheymetanyofthecriteriaforepisodicmemory.Thejayscanhideseveralthousandpiecesoffoodeachyearandrememberthelocationofeachone.Dr.Claytonwonderedifscrubjayssimplyrememberedlocations,oriftheyrememberedtheexperienceofhidingthefood.

Sherananexperimentusingtwokindsoffood:mothlarvae(幼虫)andpeanuts.Scrubjayspreferlarvaetopeanutswhilethelarvaearestillfresh.Whenthelarvaearedeadforafewhours,thejayspreferpeanuts.Dr.Claytongavethebirdsachancetohidebothkindsoffoodandthenputtheminanothercage.Shelaterreturnedthebirdstotheirhiding-places,insomecasesafterfour,hoursandinothercasesafterfivedays.Thetimethescrubjaysspentawayfromtheircacheshadabigeffectonthetypeoffoodtheylookedfor.Thebirdsthatwaitedfourhourstendedtodiguplarvae,andthebirdsthathadtowaitforfivedayspassedthelarvaebyandduguppeanutsinstead.

In1998,Dr.Claytonandhercolleaguespublishedtheresultsoftheirexperiment,declaringthatscrubjaysmetthestandardsfor"episodic-like"memory.OtherscientistshavefollowedDr.Clayton'sleadandhavesearchedforsignsofepisodic-likememoryinetheranimals.Whenratsareexploringamaze,forexample,theyseemtobeabletorecallwhichkindsoffoodtheyencounteredalongtheway.Hummingbirds(蜂鸟)seemtorememberwhereandwhentheyvisitedindividualflowersfornectar.Rhesusmonkeys(恒河猴)canrememberwheretheyputfood,butnothowlongagotheyputitthere.

Someresearchershavenotbeenpersuadedbythesestudies,however."Animalsseemtobelivingverymuchinthepresent,"saidThomasSuddendorf,acomparativepsychologistattheUniversityofQueenslandinAustralia.Dr.Suddendorfarguesthatascrubjaycouldremembertypeof

A.YB.NC.NG

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20题)21.(29)

A.Itbecomesbigger.

B.Itbecomesmoreexpensive.

C.Itbecomescheaper.

D.Itbecomesmuchsafer.

22.(24)

A.Theyneedtolistentotheirkidswithgreatinterestandattention.

B.Theyshouldtellwhetherit'stheirkidsmistake.

C.Theyshouldexchangealltheirlifestorieswiththekids.

D.Theyshouldgiverewardtotheirkidsoften.

23.(44)

24.听力原文：W:Tonyhasreallyroileduphissleevesandgonetowork.

M:I'llsay!Ineverseehimanymore.

Q:WhatcanbeinferredaboutTony?

(18)

A.Hehasbeenworkingveryhard.

B.Hedoesn'tlikehisjob.

C.Hemovedwithouttellinghisfriends.

D.Hestaysathomemostofthetime.

25.(35)

A.BecomingaUScongresswoman.

B.Addressinganationaltelevisionaudience.

C.Communicatingherideastocitizens.

D.Takingherspeechmakingtoanewlevel.

26.(46)

27.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

(12)

A.Torunthecommitteehisway.

B.Tomakehimselfthecommitteechairman.

C.Todowhateverthecommitteeaskshimto.

D.Tomakedecisionsinagreementwiththecommittee.

28.(34)

A.Theycannotbetreated.

B.Someofthemarelinkedtofamilygenetics.

C.Forwomen,coloncanceristhemostcommon.

D.Ahealthydietcanlowertheriskofcancer.

29.听力原文：Hiddenpassengerstravelinginships,trains,orevencarscanbeaterriblenuisance,especiallywhentheyareinsects,Inthisrespect,thereisagreatdifferencebetweenhumanbeingsandinsects.Theformermakeeverypossibleefforttoavoiddiscovery,whilethelatterquicklydrawattentiontothemselves.

WecanonlysympathizewiththeunfortunatemanwhohadtostophisearsoonaftersettingoutfromacountryvillagetodrivetoLondon.Heatingastrangenoisefromthebackofthecar,henaturallygotouttohavealook.Heexaminedthewheelscarefullybutashefoundnothingwrong,hecontinuedonhisway.Thenoisebeganalmostimmediatelyandnowitwaslouderthanever.Quicklyturninghishead,themansawwhatappearedtobeagreatblackcloudfollowingthecar.Whenhestoppedatavillagefurtheron,hewastoldthataqueenbeemustbehiddeninhiscarastherewerethousandsofbeesnearby.

Onlearningthis,themanrealizedthattheonlywaytoescapewouldbetodriveawayasquicklyaspossible.Afteranhour'sharddriving,hearrivedinLondonwhereheparkedhiscaroutsideahotelandwentintohaveadrink.Itwasnotlongbeforeacustomerwhohadseenhimarrivehurriedintoinform.himthathiscarwascoveredwithbees.Thepoormotoristtelephonedthepoliceandexplainedwhathadhappened.Thepolicedecidedthatthebestwaytodealwiththesituationwouldbetocallabee-keeper.Inashorttime,thebee-keeperarrived.Hefoundtheunwelcomepassengerhiddennearthewheelsatthebackofthecar.Verygratefultothemotoristforhisunexpectedgift,thekeepertookthequeenandherthousandsoffollowershomeinalargebox.Equallygrateful,themotoristdroveawayinpeace,atlastfreefromthe"blackcloud"whichhadhungoverhiscar.

(30)

A.Abignoise.

B.Astrangenoise.

C.Astranger'snoise.

D.Achild'snoise.

30.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

听力原文：W:Thereisadirectflightat10o'clockoraflightat2thisafternoonthatstopsoverinSanFrancisco.

M:IthinkI'dratherhavetheearlieronesoIcangotoworktomorrow.

Q:Whatrelationshipdothesepeoplehave?

(12)

A.Husbandandwife.

B.Doctorandnurse.

C.Salesclerkendcustomer.

D.Airlineagentandcustomer.

31.

【B10】

32.(28)

A.Stricterstandardsforfoodpreparation.

B.Moredetailedlabelsonfood.

C.Removingcertainfoodsfromthemarket.

D.Regulartestingoffoodproducts.

33.听力原文：M:Hello,Cindy.Congratulations!Ihearyou'regettingmarried,When'sthebigday?

W:Thankyou.We'replanningaJunewedding,butwehaven'tpickedadateyet.

Q:Whatdowelearnaboutthewoman?

(13)

A.Shewillgetmarriedwiththemalespeaker.

B.Shewillgetmarriedthiswinter.

C.Shehasgotmarriedforaboutsixmonths.

D.ShehasdecidedtomarryinJune.

34.(13)

A.Shewouldlikethemantocompensateherforthebrokenvase.

B.Shewillnotgivethemanherforgivenessforherbrokenvase,

C.Shethinksthevasewasalreadybrokenwhichdoesn'tmattermuch.

D.Shelikesthevaseverymuchwhichwasalreadybrokenbytheman.

35.SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthe

听力原文：MildweatherhasbroughtJapan'smuch-lovedcherrytreesintobloomtwoweeksearlythisyear,butnoteveryoneisthrilledtoseetheblossomsaheadoftime.Someintheleisureandretailindustriesarewatchingcarefullylaidplansfallapart.Theemergenceofthepalepinkflowersisanationalabsentee,withTVnetworksfrequentlyairingblossomupdatesontheirnewsprograms.Families,companiesandfriendspackTokyo'sparksduringtheseasontopicnicunderthefloweringtrees,Thesepartiescanbeorganizedatthelastminute,butforbusinessesthatarrangeflower-viewingtours,timingiseverything."Ifitturnsoutthatpeoplewon'tbeabletoseecherryblossomsatall,we'dhavetocancelthetours,"aspokeswomanfortravelagentNihonRyokosaid."Actually,someofourteamhavenobookingsanyway,becausecustomerscanseethesituationforthemselvesontelevision."AgroupofretailersinChiyodawardincentralTokyohasalsocalledoffacherry-blossomfestivalscheduledfornextmonth,whentheflowerswillbegone.Oneofficeworker,however,sawtheearlyblossomsasagoodomenfortheailingeconomy."Forthepast10yearsJapan'seconomyhasbeenalateblamer.Nowitwillfinally.

MildweatherhasbroughtJapan'smuch-lovedcherrytreesinto(36)______twoweeksearlythisyear,butnoteveryoneis(37)______toseetheblossomsaheadoftime.Someinthe(38)______andretailindustriesarewatchingcarefullylaidplansfallapart.The(39)______ofthepale.pinkflowersisanationalobsession,withTVnetworks(40)______airingblossomupdatesontheirnewsprograms.Families,companiesandfriends(41)______Tokyo'sparksduringtheseasonto(42)______underthefloweringtrees.Thesepartiescanbe(43)______atthelastminute,butforbusinessesthatarrangeflower-viewingtours,timingiseverything."If(44)____________,we'dhavetocancelthetours,"aspokeswomanfortravelagentNihonRyokosaid."Actually,someofourtourshavenobookingsanyway,because(45)____________."AgroupofretailersinChiyodawardincentralTokyohasalsocalledoffacherry-blossomfestivalscheduledfornextmonth,whentheflowerswillbegone.Oneofficeworker,however,(46)____________."Forthepast10yearsJapan'seconomyhasbeenalatebloomer.Nowitwillfinallyblossom,"hetoldFujiTelevision.

36.【B9】

37.

【B3】

38.【B6】

39.听力原文：M:Hello,Iwaswonderingifpostgraduatestudentsareallowedtousethecopymachineinthefacultyresourceroom?

W:I'mnotsure,butifyouleavemeyournameandnumber,I'llfindoutandgetbacktoyou.

Q:Whatwillthewomanprobablydo?

(15)

A.Showthemanhowtousethecopymachine.

B.Copythemessagefortheman.

C.Inform.themanaboutthepolicy.

D.Callthemanaftershetalkstothestudents.

40.听力原文：W:45-21-64.Bonjour(French).

M:IsthattheSaint-MartineHotel?

W:Oui(French).Yes,itis.CanIhelpyou?

M:Haveyougotadoubleroomforthenightof23rdJuly?

W:Onemomentplease.I'lljusthavealook.Yes,wehavegotadoubleroomonthatdate.

M:Hasitgotadoublebedortwosingles?

W:Twosingles,monsieur,

M:Andisthatwithorwithoutbath?

W:It'saroomwithshowerandtoilet,monsieur.

M:Thatsoundsfine.IsthereaTV?

W:Couldyourepeatthat,please?

M:Isthereacolortelevisionintheroom?

W:Yes,butofcourse.Andavideo,ifyouchoose.

M:Howmuchwillitbeforonenight?

W:Aboutfourhundredfrancs.

M:Andwhatdoesthatinclude?

W:Itincludesmorningnewspapercontinentalbreakfastandservice.

M:Whereisthenearestmetro?

W:Opera,monsieur.It'sonlyfiveminutesfromhere.

M:Andisthereanextrachargeforchildren?

W:Ifthechildisundersixteenandweputanextrabedinyourroom,thechargeisseventy-fivefrancs.Doyouwanttheroom?

M:Yes,foronenight-23rdJuly.

W:Oui,monsieur.MayIhaveyourname,please?

M:Actually,it'sformywifeandtwodaughtersMrs.JeanGordon,LindaandMaggie.W:Yes,monsieur.Soyouneedanextrabed.

(23)

A.Aroomwithasinglebed.

B.Adoubleroomwithtwosinglebeds.

C.Aroomwithadoublebedandasinglebed.

D.Adoubleroomandtwodoublebeds.

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20题)41.Foraboutthreecenturieswehavebeendoingscience,tryingscienceout,usingsciencefortheconstructionofwhatwecallmodemcivilization.Everydispensableitemofcontemporarytechnology,fromcanallockstodialtelephonestopenicillin,waspiecedtogetherfromtheanalysisofdataprovidedbyoneoranotherseriesofscientificexperiments.Threehundredyearsseemsalongtimefortestinganewapproachtohumaninterliving,longenoughtosettlebackforcriticalappraisalofthescientificmethod,maybeevenlongenoughtovoteonwhethertogoonwithitornot.Thereisanargument.

Voiceshavebeenraisedinprotestsincethebeginning,risinginpitchandviolenceinthenineteenthcenturyduringtheearlystagesoftheindustrialrevolution,summoningurgentcrowdsintothestreetsanydaythesedaysontheissueofnuclearenergy.Giveitback,saysomeofthevoices,itdoesn'treallywork,we'vetrieditanditdoesn'twork,gobackthreehundredyearsandstartagainonsomethingelselesschancyfortheraceofman.

Theprinciplediscoveriesinthiscentury,takingallinall,aretheglimpsesofthedepthofourignoranceaboutnature.Thingsthatusedtoseemclearandrational,mattersofabsolutecertainty-Newtonianmechanics,forexample-haveslippedthroughourfingers,andweareleftwithanewsetofgiganticpuzzles,cosmicuncertainties,ambiguities;someofthelawsofphysicsareamendedeveryfewyears,somearecanceledoutright,someundergorevisedversionsoflegislativeintentasiftheywereactsofCongress.

JustthirtyyearsagowecallitabiologicalrevolutionwhenthefantasticgeometryoftheDNAmoleculewasexposedtopublicviewandthelinearlanguageofgeneticswasdecoded.Forawhile,thingsseemedsimpleandclear,thecellwasaneatlittlemachine,amechanicaldevicereadyfortakingtopiecesandreassembling,likeatinywatch.Butjustinthelastfewyearsithasbecomealmostunbelievablycomplex,filledwithstrangepartswhosefunctionsarebeyondtoday'simagining.

Itisnotjustthatthereismoretodo,thereiseverythingtodo.Whatliesahead,orwhatcanlieaheadiftheeffortsinbasicresearcharecontinued,ismuchmorethantheconquestofhumandiseaseortheimprovementofagriculturaltechnologyorthecultivationofnutrientsinthesea.Aswelearnmoreaboutfundamentalprocessesoflivingthingsingeneralwewilllearnmoreaboutourselves.

Whatcan'tbeinferredfromthe1stparagraph?

A.Scientificexperimentsinthepastthreehundredyearshaveproducedmanyvaluableitems.

B.Forthreehundredyearstherehavebeenpeopleholdinghostileattitudetowardscience.

C.Moderncivilizationdependsonsciencesomansupportsscientificprogressunanimously.

D.Threehundredyearsisnotlongenoughtosettlebackcriticalappraisalofscientificmethod.

42.

Asampleofapopulationisoftenexaminedforthefollowingpurposesexcept______.

A.tomakeamoreaccuratepredictionoftrend

B.toimproveefficiencyandavoidunnecessarywork

C.tosavethetroubleofapproachingeverymember

D.topredictcharacteristicsoftheentirepopulation

43.

Failuretoeffectivelydealwithinterpersonalconflictintheworkplacecould______.

A.leadtogettingfired

B.forceyoutomovetothewilderness

C.stallthedevelopmentofaperson'scareer

D.preventapersonfromenjoyinghisorherjob

44.TheUKprovideda$3.3billionloantoIcelandinorderto______.

45.Acontroversyeruptedinthescientificcommunityinearly1998overtheuseofDNA(deoxyribonucleicacid)fingerprintingincriminalinvestigations.DNAfingerprintingwasintroducedin1987asamethodtoidentifyindividualsbasedonapatternseenintheirDNA,themoleculeofwhichgenesaremade.DNAispresentineverycellofthebodyexceptredbloodcells.DNAfingerprintinghasbeenusedsuccessfullyinvariousways,suchastodeterminepaternity(父亲的身份)whereitisnotclearwhothefatherofaparticularchildis.However,itisintheareaofcriminalinvestigationsthatDNAfingerprintinghaspotentiallypowerfulandcontroversialuses.

DNAfingerprintingandotherDNAanalysistechniqueshaverevolutionizedcriminalinvestigationsbygivinginvestigatorspowerfulnewtoolsintheattempttoproveguilt,notjustestablishinnocence.Whenusedincriminalinvestigations,aDNAfingerprintpatternfromasuspectiscomparedwithaDNAfingerprintpatternobtainedfromsuchmaterialashairsorbloodfoundatthesceneofacrime.AmatchbetweenthetwoDNAsamplescanbeusedasevidencetoconvictasuspect.

Thecontroversyin1998stemmedfromareportpublishedinDecember1991bypopulationgeneticistsRichardC.LewontinofHarvardUniversityinCambridge,Mass,andDanielL.HartlofWashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicineinSt.Louis,Mo.LewontinandHartlcalledintoquestionthemethodstocalculatehowlikelyitisthatamatchbetweentwoDNAfingerprintsmightoccurbychancealone.Inparticular,theyarguedthatthecurrentmethodCannotproperlydeterminethelikelihoodthattwoDNAsampleswillmatchbecausetheycamefromthesameindividualratherthansimplyfromtwodifferentindividualswhoaremembersofthesameethnicgroup.LewontinandHartlcalledforbettersurveysofDNApatterns.

Inresponsetotheircriticisms,populationgeneticistsRanajitChakrabortyoftheUniversityofTexasinDallasandKennethK.KiddofYaleUniversityinNewHaven,Conn.,arguedthatenoughdataarealreadyavailabletoshowthatthemethodscurrentlybeingusedareadequate.InJanuary1998,however,theFederalBureauofinvestigationandlaboratoriesthatconductDNAtestsannouncedthattheywouldcollectadditionalDNAsamplesfromvariousethnicgroupsinanattempttoresolvesomeofthesequestions.And,inApril,theNationalAcademyofSciencescalledforstrictstandardsandsystemofaccreditation(鉴定合格)forDNAtestinglaboratories.

BeforeDNAfingerprintingisused,suspects______.

A.wouldhavetoleavetheirfingerprintsforfurtherinvestigations

B.couldeasilyescapeconvictionofguilt

C.wouldhavetosubmitevidencefortheirinnocence

D.couldbeconvictedofguiltaswell

46.Fromthepassage,whichisthemaininfluencefactorinthefuture?

A.Theinfluenceofagingproblem.

B.Theshrinkingofyoungerpopulation.

C.Thechangingofworkingstyle.

D.Thechangeofconsumingpattern.

47.

Thejailsandcourtswouldbeoverloadedwith______.

48.Before1965manyscientistspicturedthecirculationoftheocean'swatermassasconsistingoflargeslow-movingcurrents,suchastheGulfStream.Thatview,basedon100yearsofobservationsmadearoundtheglobe,producedonlyaroughapproximationofthetruecirculation.Butinthe19