理学中国地质大学武汉环境化学

理学中国地质大学武汉环境化学第1页/共40页OutlineIntroductionDefinitionsSourcesDistributionSolutionsRegulationDisposalTreatmentReduce,RecycleSantaClara:HazardousWasteSites第2页/共40页第3页/共40页Whatwaslearned?Wecan’tthrowaway(丢弃)

wasteWastedoesnotstayput(原位不动)Prevention(预防)ischeaperthancleanup第4页/共40页Definition:SolidWasteUnwantedordiscardedmaterialthatisnotaliquidorgasMunicipalsolidwasteis506billionpoundsperyear(Tyler2003)–twiceasmuchas1970Approx.12billiontonsofsolidwaste第5页/共40页SourcesofMunicipalsolidwaste(MSW)SecondarysubstancesLeachate–breakdownofprimaryandsecondarysubstancesLeachate沥出物(液)第6页/共40页Definition:HazardousWasteDiscardedsolidorliquidmaterialContainingatleastoneof39compoundsCatchesfireeasilyReactive;canexplode;releasetoxicfumes(烟)Corrosive(腐蚀)–

metalcontainers第7页/共40页Definition:HazardouswasteWhat’sofficiallyexcluded?About95%ofhazardouswasteRadioactivewasteMiningwasteSmallcompanies–

>220poundsHouseholdhazardouswaste第8页/共40页HazardousWasteSources75%ofHazardouswaste:ChemicalmanufacturingPrimarymetalmanufacturingPetroleumrefining第9页/共40页SixmaincategoriesHeavymetalsSyntheticorganiccompounds–PCBs,DDT,DioxinPetroleumproductsAcidsBiologicalRadioactive–nuclearfuelrods,nuclearmedicalmaterial第10页/共40页PCBsPolychlorinatedBiphenyls(Aroclor)ManufacturestoppedinUSin1977EnteredecosystemsDonotbreakdowneasilyBioaccumulation第11页/共40页第12页/共40页PCBsandSalmon第13页/共40页PCBs:HealthAsevereformofacnecalledchloracneSwellingoftheuppereyelidsNumbnessinthearmsand/orlegsWeaknessDiscoloringofthenailsandskinMusclespasmsChronicbronchitisProblemswiththenervoussystem??Cancer–liverandkidney第14页/共40页Source:/reports/farmedPCBs/es.php第15页/共40页RecommendationsCongresspassafundingincreaseforFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)tosupporttestingoffarmedsalmonandotherproteinsourcesforPCBs.TheFoodandDrugAdministrationmovequicklytoconductadefinitivestudyofPCBcontaminationinfarmedsalmon,andmakeallresultspublic.Thistestingiscritical,becauseFDAwillbeunabletoupdateitsregulationonPCBsinfarmedsalmonuntiltheagencyconductsitsownlaboratorystudies.TheFDAissueaPCBhealthadvisoryforseafoodconsumptioninlinewithcurrentPCBhealthguidanceissuedbytheEPA.Policy-makersdomoretopreservesalmonhabitatinAlaska,where,preliminaryindicationsare,fisharenaturallylowinPCBcontamination.ThesalmonfarmingindustrymonitorsalmonfeedforPCBcontaminationandshiftorrefinefeedsourcestoproducefishlowerinPCBsandotherpollutants.第16页/共40页DistributionSolidwaste–pointHazardouswaste-dispersed第17页/共40页DisposalMethods:SolidwasteOpendumps–lowvaluelandSanitarylandfillsLeachatefromopendump(露天垃圾场)卫生填埋第18页/共40页DisposalMethods:HazardouswasteMidnightdumping–waterbodies,abandonedfarms;privatedepotsOpenlagoons–liquidwastedumpedintouncovered,unlinedpits;until1970inUSSurfacestorageindrumsBurialincontainers第19页/共40页GeographyofhazardouswasteEasternseaboardGreatlakesSouthernCAGulfcoast第20页/共40页SomeconsequencesLovecanal,NiagaraFalls,NYElizabeth,NewJersey–HudsonRiverBhopal,India-1984Chernobyl-1986HudsonRiver第21页/共40页HealtheffectsAcutetoxicity(剧毒)Chronictoxicity(慢毒)Carcinogens(致癌)Mutagens(致突变)Teratogens(致畸)Infectedsubstances(致感染)第22页/共40页RiskAssessmentPublicinformation-labelingLabtests,casestudies,statisticalapproximationsProblemswithriskassessmentUncertaintyinlowdosage(剂量)conditionsEmergenceofnewchemicalsfasterthanevaluationcanbeperformedHealthandenvironmentalcostsvseconomicbenefits第23页/共40页HazardousWasteRegulation1976ResourceConservationandRecoveryAct(RCRA)ProvidesthelegaldefinitionEstablishesguidelinesformanaging,storinganddisposing第24页/共40页1980ComprehensiveEnvironmentalResponseCompensationandLiabilityAct-SuperfundCleaninguphazardouswastesitesEmpowersfederalgovernmenttoprovidefunding–severecontaminationAbout2300superfundsites(aboutone-thirdhavebeencleaned)10,000sitesawaitingevaluation$13.5billionuntil2001–10%actuallyusedforclean-up第25页/共40页第26页/共40页EPARegion9

City:SanFrancisco

County:SanFrancisco

OtherNames:TreasureIslandHuntersPointAnnex

TripleAShipyard-HuntersPoint

Division

HuntersPointNavalShipyard

Groundwater,sediments,soil,andsurfacewaterarecontaminatedwithfuels,pesticides,heavymetals,PCBs,andvolatileorganiccompounds(VOCs).Soilalsocontainsasbestos.NationalPrioritiesLists(NPL)第27页/共40页PolluterPaysLawsStatelevellawsPeopleunderwhoseownershipwastewasdisposed第28页/共40页ManagingHazardousWaste:Disposal(处置)Securelandfill(安全填埋)Confine(限制)thewasteAppropriatesiteLandfilldesignClaylinerunderlainbyplasticlinerClaycapLeachatecollectionanddrainagesystemMonitoringwells第29页/共40页SecureLandfill第30页/共40页ManagingHazardousWaste:DisposalDeepwellinjection(深井灌注)11%ofhazardouswasteinUSWastepumpedbeneathaquiferPlanning,construction,operationsMalfunctions(故障/出现的问题)Blow-outs(流出来)Rockslippage(岩层滑动)Groundwatercontamination(地下水污染)第31页/共40页ManagingHazardousWaste:DisposalOceandumping(海洋倾倒)Radioactivewaste-until1993SewagesludgeSpoilsfromharbor/riverdredgingHazardouswaste用于港口和航道清淤的工程第32页/共40页ManagingHazardousWaste:DisposalRadioactivewastedisposalLow-levelradioactivewaste–notconsideredaseriousthreat;buriedat15sites;monitoringHighlevelradioactivewaste–shippedtoasite;sealedaswasteundergoesradioactivedecay(250,000yearsforplutonium239)Nuclearwastepolicyact–selectfirstpermanentsafedisposalsite:YuccaMts,Nevada第33页/共40页Locationoflowlevelradioactivewastedisposalsites第34页/共40页ManagingWasteDisposal:TreatmentLandapplicationBiodegradablewasteHalfofUSoilywastes第35页/共40页ManagingHazardousWaste:TreatmentProcessingPhysica