现代大学英语中级写作(上)-Unit1

WeLearnasWeGrowUnit1EnglishWriting3

Lecture1IntroductionRequirementsofthecourseTask1TeachingObjectivesCultivatestudents’interestinEnglishwriting

andhelpthemformagoodhabitofthinkingandoutliningbeforewriting.Assiststudentsinmasteringthetechniquesofwritingexpositionthissemestersothattheycanwriteanexpositoryessayonsomehottopicsonandoffcampus.Enablestudentstolearnandusethekeyelementsincomposinganessayandtowritejournalshabitually.TeachingFocusEncouragingandarousingthestudents’interestinwritingsothattheywillberesponsiblefortheirownlearningIntroducingtheteachingscheduleforthecourseinthissemesterandtherequirementsIntroducingtherequirementsforthewritingtasksinTEM-4,whichwilltakeplaceinAprilnextterm.TeachingApproachandProcedureStep5Self-revisionStep4SampleCommentaryStep3GuidedWritingStep2ClassroomDiscussionStep1Pre-writingStep6AfterClassPracticeandGroupEvaluationStep7Teacher’sCorrectionandCommentsProcess-genreanalysisapproachTeachingScheduleforThisTermWearegoingtoteach7genresofwriting:4periodsperunitExemplificationexpositoryessaywriting;Processanalysisexpositoryessaywriting;Causeandeffectexpositoryessaywriting;Comparisonandcontrastexpositoryessaywriting;Classificationexpositoryessaywriting;Definitionessaywriting;Analogy;

TeachingRequirementsfor

Term3Youshouldbeabletowrite8essaysof200wordsforeachoftheabove7genresinthreeparts/sectionsinclassandoutsideclass.Youshouldreadcarefullythroughthewritingtextbookaswellastheteachingnotesandpower-pointsofeachlecturesothatwecancommandthewritingguidelinesfordifferentessays.Everystudentisrequiredtoread3simplifiedEnglishnovelswithinthistermsothatyoucanwriteabookreport.Everystudenthadbetterspendtwohoursaweekinpracticingwritingdifferentgenreswhichwehavelearnedsofar.(Learninganylanguageisaprocess.Manystudieshaveproventhattheeasiestandbestwaytolearnistostudyandpracticewhatyouwanttolearneverydayinsteadofonceaweekorjustbeforeanexam.)DefinitionKindsofexamplesSourcesofexamplesUnit1Task1ExamplificationWeLearnasWeGrowTask1Guildlines1.Whatisexposition?2.Doyouknowabouttheusualpatternsofexposition?3.Whatisexemplification?4.Whatkindofexamplesshouldwechoose?5.Wherecanwefindappropriateexamples?6.Howtoorganizeandwriteanexemplificationessay?Task1Guildlines1.Whatisexposition?Whatisanessay?Expositionisexplanatorywriting.Itspurposeistoexplainorclarifyapoint.Anessayisarelatedgroupofparagraphswrittenforsomepurpose.Task1Guildlines2.Doyouknowabouttheusualpatternsofexposition?Exemplification举例Processanalysis过程分析Cause-Effectanalysis因果分析Comparisonandcontrast比较和对比Classification分类Definition定义Analogy类比Analogy:Acomparisonbasedonsuchsimilarity.比拟，类比：基于这种相似性的比较e.g.drawananalogybetween把(二者)加以相比;指出...之间的相似处Task1Guildlines3.Whatisexemplification?

Examplificationisamethodofsupportingathesisstatementwithaseriesofspecificexamplesor,sometime,withasingleextendedexample.Itisoneofthemostcommonandmostusefulmeansofdevelopingaparagraphoranessay.Task1Guildlines3.Whatisexemplification?

Anexemplificationessayusesexamplestoelaborateorsupportacertainclaim.Itisawayofexpressingageneralizationsupportedwithexampleswhereinyoucanuseacollectionofideasinrelevancetoyoursubject.Youwillneedexamplestobeabletoexplain,elaborate,andproveyourpointorargument.Itcanbebrief,comprehensive,orboth.Byhavingenoughdetailsandusingspecificexamples,youwillhaveagoodessay.Task1Guildlines4.Whatkindofexamplesshouldwechoose?Chooserelevantexamples相关的Choosestrikingexamples让人印象深刻的Chooseavarietyofusefulexamples各种有用的Chooserepresentativeexamples有代表性的Chooseaccurateexamples准确的Striking:

惹人注目的astrikingcontrast鲜明的对照Task1Guildlines5.Wherecanwefindappropriateexamples?►

Fromyourpersonalexperience.►Fromyourpersonalobservations.►Fromshortstories,novels,television,ormovies.►Fromauthoritativesources:facts,statisticsorreports.Task1Guildlines6.Howtoorganizeandwriteanexemplificationessay?

PatternA:Generalization(thesis)→Specifics(supportingexamples)PatternB:Specifics(supportingexamples)→Generalization(thesis)Task1Guildlines6.Howtoorganizeandwriteanexemplificationessay?Beginwithaclearintroduction.Providesufficientexamplesandusevividlanguage.UseLinkingsentencesandtransions.Endwithaneffectiveconclusion.Activity1PracticingGuidelinesActivity2ReadingonthesubjectUnit1Task1WeLearnasWeGrowActivity1

Practicingguidelinesonexemplification1.Thesisstatement:“EverythingboresmyfriendXiaoLininthesummervacation.”

Bore:

Tomakewearybybeingdull,repetitive,ortedious令人厌烦：因为单调、罗嗦或乏味而使人厌烦

E.g.Theplayboredus.

这出戏剧令我们感到厌烦

Usefulexpressions：forinstance,onanotheroccasion,onstillanotheroccasion2.Topicsentence:Duringhis(StephenHawking’s)firsttwoyearsatCambridge,theeffectofthediseaserapidlyworsened.Supportingexamples:Difficultyinwalking:

(1)Hehadtouseastickinordertomoveafewfeet.(2)Withthesupportofwallsanobjects,aswellassticks,hewouldmanage,veryslowly,tomoveacrossroomsandopenareas.(3)Heoftenarrivedintheofficewithinjuriesfrombadbumpshehadreceivedwhenhefellheavily.Worseningspeech:Hisspeechbecamedifficulttofollowevenforthoseclosetohim.Theparagraphconcludeswiththelastexample.3.Topicsentence:…collegestudentsdevelopnewwaystoorganizeanduseknowledge.Linkingsentence:Forsome,thiswillbeapainfulexperience,butforallitwillbeagrowingexperience.Supportingexample:anextendedexamplethatbeginswith“Onestudent…”andendswiththelastbutonesentenceintheparagraph.Theparagraphconcludeswitharestatementofthethesis.

Affirm:1.Todeclarepositivelyorfirmly;maintaintobetrue.

断言：肯定地或坚定地声明；证实正确

2.Tosupportorupholdthevalidityof;confirm.证实，确实：支持或维护…的正确性；坚持认为affirmone'sloyaltytoone'scountry声言忠于祖国affirmajudgementofthelowercourt维持下级法庭的判决NewWords:4.Topicsentence:Letusimagineacountryinwhichreadingisapopularvoluntaryactivity.Supportingexamples:(1)Parentsreadbooksandareseenatreadingbytheirchildren.(2)Theseparentsreadtotheirchildrenandsupportthecountry’spubliclibrarysystemwiththeirtaxes.(3)Inschoolthechildrenreadbothinandoutsidetheclassroom.(4)Incollegetheybegintoreadextensively,abouttheirowncountryandaboutothercultures.(5)Aftergraduationtheycontinuetoreadandbringupchildrentobeavid(渴求的)readers.Theparagraphconcludeswiththewriter’swish:Itwouldbefortunetobeabletoliveinsuchacountry.Newwords:Edification:Intellectual,moral,orspiritualimprovement;enlightenment.启迪：智力、伦理或精神上的提高；启蒙E.g.Goodbooksgiveedification.好书给人以启迪。Underwrite:Toassumefinancialresponsibilityfor;guaranteeagainstfailure:承担财政责任；对破产给予保险：Invariable:Notchangingorsubjecttochange;constant.不变的：不变的或不易变的；始终如一的inthefullnessoftime在适当的时候;在预定的时候;时机成熟的时候5.Topicsentence:Theyturnedsurvivalskillsintoatypeofartthatwaspasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration.Supportingexamples:1)makingbricks;2)makingclothes;3)makinglacebyhand;4)makingbeefjerkytopreservemeat;5)makingsoapandcandlesIrrelevantdetails:1)Evenbuyingmaterialforclotheswasaluxuryfewknew2)Thewomenenjoyedgrowingflowerstomakethehomelookmoreattractive.3)Peoplelovedtogettogetherintheeveningsandhavedances.4)Sometimesthemenandwomenwouldworkfromsunuptosundownsotheycouldtakeadayoffforcelebration.Newwords:Ingenuity英[,indʒi‘nju:iti]美[,ɪndʒə’nuətɪ]:Inventiveskillorimagination;cleverness.设计的能力：创造性能力或想象力；聪明才智e.g.Theboyshowedingenuityinmakingtoys.那男孩在制作玩具方面有独创性。Sturdy:Substantiallymadeorbuilt;stout坚固的，耐用的：Adobe:1.Asun-dried,unburnedbrickofclayandstraw.风干土坯：风干且未烧过的粘土与稻草做成的砖2.美国Adobe公司,是著名的图形图像和排版软件的生产商Shearingsheep

剪羊毛cardingwool

粗疏羊毛spinningyarn

纺纱walnutshell

胡桃壳tatting

梭织beefjerky

牛肉干Activity2ReadingonthesubjectNot

AlwaysBad1.Whatdidthewritermajorinatcollege?Hemajoredinphysicaltherapy.2.whydidhetakeacourseineconomicsinthefirstsemester?Washeinterestedin

economics?Howdidhelaterfindthecourseuseful?Hetookthecoursenotbecausehewasinterestedineconomicsbutbecauseitwasrequired.Laterhefoundwhatitcoveredwasusefulbecauseittaughthimhowtohandlepersonalfinancialmatters.Healsorealizedthatwhathehadlearnedwouldhelphimachievefinancialsecurityinthefuture.3.Whywasheenrolledinacompositionclassinthesecondsemester?Didhethinkwritingimportantatfirst?Howdidhefindwritingimportantbothinjobhuntingandonthejobasaphysicaltherapist?Hewasenrolledinacompositionclassalsobecauseitwasrequired,notbecausehethoughtitwasimportant.Hedidn’trealizetheimportanceofwritinguntilhestartedlookingforajob.Oneofthethingshehadtodowastowritedecentapplicationletters.Whenhefilledoutapplicationformshesometimeshadtowriteseveralparagraphstoansweraquestion.Healsolearnedfromfull-timephysicaltherapiststhattheywrotereports,memos,letters,etc.onthejob.4.Whatisthefunctionofthelastsentenceoftheessay?Itistheconclusionand,atthesametime,thethesisstatement.5.Whichpatternofdevelopmentisemployedinthisessay?PatternB,thatis,fromspecificstogeneralization,isemployed.6.Wheredoesthewriterdrawhisexample?Thefirsttwocomefromhispersonalexperience,thethirdfromoutsidesource—full-timephysicaltherapists.TrialandError1.Whatdoyoulearnfromtheessayaboutitswriter?Shewaslearningsignlanguage.2.Whatisthecentralideaoftheessay?Thewriterwaslearningsignlanguagethroughtrialanderror.3.Howdoesthewriterdevelopthisidea?Byusingfourexamplesfromherownexperience.4.Whatpatternofdevelopmentdoessheuse?PatternA,fromgeneralizationtospecifics.Heressaybeginswithathesisstatement,whichisfollowedbyfoursupportingexamples.5.Howdoestheessayconclude?Itconcludeswitharestatementofthethesis.Activity3Readingwhatyourpeershavewritten1.Doyouthinkthethreeessaysfitthedescriptionofanexamplepaperintermsoforganization?Ifso,inwhatway?Yes.Allthethreeessayssupportthethesisstatementwithexamples.ThefirsttwofollowPatternB,fromspecificstogeneralization,thatis,theybeginwithexamplesandconcludewithathesisstatement.ThethirdonefollowPatternA,fromgeneralizationtospecifics,andreinforcesthecentralideaintheconclusion,inamoreeffectiveway.2.Whatmessagedoeseachtrytocommunicatetothereader?Thefirst:Mistakesarelearningopportunities;thesecond:Thereismuchtolearnoutsidetheuniversityclassroom;thethird:Becomingauniversitystudentmeansindependence.3.Whatdoyouthinkoftheexamplestheyuse?Aretheyrelevanttothethesisstatement?Aretheyrepresentativeandstriking?Basicallyyes.4.Whichofthethreedoyouthinkisthebestexampleessay?Whydoyouthinkso?Ilikethethirdcomposition.ThewriteusedPatternAandit’seaysforthereadertoread.WritingassignmentOneYouarerequiredtowriteanexemplificationpaperof200-250wordsonthetopic.(P11)Theprocedure1.prewriting:choosingatopicandexploringideas2.drafting:gettingyourideasonpaper3.revising:strengtheningyouressay4.editingandproofreading:eliminatingtechnicalerrorsDefinitionandTypesStructureandElementsofanEEOutlineUnit1Task2EssayWeLearnasWeGrowTask2Guildlines1.Whatisanessay?2.Howmanytypesofessaysarethere?3.Doyouknowthebasicstructureofanexpositiveessay?4.Whataretheelementsoftheexpositiveessay?5.Whatisanoutline?6.Howmanytypesofoutlinesareoftenused?Task2Guildlines1.Whatisanessay?Anessayisarelatedgroupofparagraphswrittenforsomepurpose.2.TypesofessaysNarrativeessaysDescriptiveessaysExpositiveessaysArgumentativeessaysTask2Guildlines3.BasicstructureofanexpositiveessayIntroductionbodyconclusion4.ElementsoftheexpositiveessayOutliningthesisstatementtitletransitionsTask2Guildlines5.Whatisanoutline?Anoutlineisamethodoforganizingmaterialsinlogicalorder.Itisalistthatshowsthemainideasandthestructureofsomethingyouareplanningtowrite.Inotherwords,itisaplanforapieceofwriting.6.TypesofoutlineTopicoutline:keywordsandphrasesSentenceoutline:completesentencesTask2Activity1Practicingguidelinesonoutlining.Theoutlinebelowisfaulty.Findoutwhatiswrongwithit.II.Thedayturnedouttobeamess.A.Icouldn’tunderstandathingoftherecordeddialogue.B.Icouldhardlyopenmymouthintheoralclass.C.Theintensivereadingclassseemedbetter.D.Ididn’thaveanymorelessons.InII,majordivisionCandDarenotrelatedtoAandB,andtheydon’tsupportthemainideaofthispart.Therefore,theyshouldbucutoff.Task2Activity1Practicingguidelinesonoutlining.Studythefollowingoutlineforanessay.Pointoutwhatiswrongandimproveit.SeePage16.Key:Theoutlineiswronginthreeways:1.Majorideasm