人类大脑解剖学TheHumanBrainAnatomy【国外优秀模板】

TheHumanBrain:

Anatomy,

Functions,

andInjuryMainMenuBrainAnatomyBrainFunctionsInjuryMechanismsBrainAnatomyMenuSkullAnatomyInteriorSkullSurfaceBloodVesselsoftheBrainArteriesoftheBrainTheNeuronTheMeningesExternalBrainStructuresTheCerebrumTheCerebrum–TheCortexTheNeocortexLobesoftheCerebrum

FrontalLobe

TemporalLobe

ParietalLobe

OccipitalLobe

LimbicLobeTheLimbicSystemCerebellumThalamusHypothalamusTheMedullaOblongataThePonsTheVentriclesCerebrospinalFluidTheBrainstemBrainstemComponentsBrainstemDivisionsTheCranialNerves

SkullAnatomyTheskullisaroundedlayerofbonedesignedtoprotectthebrainfrompenetratinginjuries.BloodVesselsoftheSkullRoughInteriorofSkullInteriorSkullSurfaceThebaseoftheskullisrough,withmanybonyprotuberances.Theseridgescanresultininjurytothetemporallobeofthebrainduringrapidacceleration.BonyridgesInjuryfromcontactwithskullBloodVesselsoftheSkullThebrainrequiresarichbloodsupply,andthespacebetweentheskullandcerebrumcontainsmanybloodvessels.Thesebloodvesselscanberupturedduringtrauma,resultinginbleeding.GrooveformiddlemeningealarteryArteriesoftheBrainThehumanbrainrequiresaconstantsupplyofoxygen.Alackofoxygenofjustafewminutesresultsinirreversibledamagetothebrain.TheNeuronDendrites:Collectsinformationfromotherneurons.CellBodyAxon:Transmitsinformationtootherneurons.ClickimagetoplayorpausevideoTheMeningesThemeningesarelayersoftissuethatseparatetheskullandthebrain.SkullDuramater

ArachnoidLayerPiaMaterBrainExternalBrainStructuresTheCerebrumThelargestportionofthebrainisthecerebrum.Itconsistsoftwohemispheresthatareconnectedtogetheratthecorpuscallosum.Thecerebrumisoftendividedintofivelobesthatareresponsiblefordifferentbrainfunctions.CorpuscallosumTheCerebrumThecerebrum’ssurface—theneocortex—isconvolutedintohundredsoffolds.Theneocortexiswhereallthehigherbrainfunctionstakeplace.NeocortexTheNeocortexThecerebralcortexisathinlayerofcellsabout1.5to4mmthick.Thecortexprovidestheconnectionsandpathwaysforthehighestcognitivefunctions,suchaslanguageandabstractthinking.Thecerebralcortexcontainsabout25billionneurons,morethan62,000milesofaxons,and300,000,000,000,000synapses.NeocortexlayerThethinlayeroftheneocortexisdensewithneurons.LobesoftheCerebrumParietalLobeTemporalLobeFrontalLobeLimbicLobeOccipitalLobeFrontalLobeThefrontallobeistheareaofthebrainresponsibleforhighercognitivefunctions.Theseinclude:ProblemsolvingSpontaneityMemoryLanguageMotivationJudgmentImpulsecontrolSocialandsexualbehavior.TemporalLobeThetemporallobeplaysaroleinemotions,andisalsoresponsibleforsmelling,tasting,perception,memory,understandingmusic,aggressiveness,andsexualbehavior.Thetemporallobealsocontainsthelanguageareaofthebrain.ParietalLobeTheparietallobeplaysaroleinoursensationsoftouch,smell,andtaste.Italsoprocessessensoryandspatialawareness,andisakeycomponentineye-handco-ordinationandarmmovement.TheparietallobealsocontainsaspecializedareacalledWernicke’sareathatisresponsibleformatchingwrittenwordswiththesoundofspokenspeech.OccipitalLobeTheoccipitallobeisattherearofthebrainandcontrolsvisionandrecognition.LimbicLobeThelimbiclobeislocateddeepinthebrain,andmakesupthelimbicsystem.TheLimbicSystemCingulategyrusFornixAnteriorthalamicnucleiHypothalamusAmygdaloidnucleusHippocampusThelimbicsystemistheareaofthebrainthatregulatesemotionandmemory.Itdirectlyconnectsthelowerandhigherbrainfunctions.CerebellumThecerebellumisconnectedtothebrainstem,andisthecenterforbodymovementandbalance.ClickimagetoplayorpausevideoThalamusThalamusmeans“innerroom”inGreek,asitsitsdeepinthebrainatthetopofthebrainstem.Thethalamusiscalledthegatewaytothecerebralcortex,asnearlyallsensoryinputspassthroughittothehigherlevelsofthebrain.HypothalamusThehypothalamussitsunderthethalamusatthetopofthebrainstem.Althoughthehypothalamusissmall,itcontrolsmanycriticalbodilyfunctions:ControlsautonomicnervoussystemCenterforemotionalresponseandbehaviorRegulatesbodytemperatureRegulatesfoodintakeRegulateswaterbalanceandthirstControlssleep-wakecyclesControlsendocrinesystemThehypothalamusisshadedblue.Thepituitaryglandextendsfromthehypothalamus.TheMedullaOblongataThemedullaoblongatamergesseamlesslywiththespinalcordandcreatesthebaseofthebrainstem.Themedullaisprimarilyacontrolcenterforvitalinvoluntaryreflexessuchasswallowing,vomiting,sneezing,coughing,andregulationofcardiovascularandrespiratoryactivity.Themedullaisalsotheoriginofmanycranialnerves.ThePonsTheponsistheroundedbrainstemregionbetweenthemidbrainandthemedullaoblongata.Infact,ponsmeans“bridge”inLatin.Themainfunctionoftheponsistoconnectthecerebellumtotherestofthebrainandtomodifytherespiratoryoutputofthemedulla.Theponsistheoriginofseveralcranialnerves.TheVentriclesClickimagetoplayorpausevideoTheventriclesareacomplexseriesofspacesandtunnelsthroughthecenterofthebrain.Theventriclessecretecerebrospinalfluid,whichsuspendsthebrainintheskull.Theventriclesalsoprovidearouteforchemicalmessengersthatarewidelydistributedthroughthecentralnervoussystem.CerebrospinalFluidCerebrospinalfluidisacolorlessliquidthatbathesthebrainandspine.Itisformedwithintheventriclesofthebrain,anditcirculatesthroughoutthecentralnervoussystem.Cerebrospinalfluidfillstheventriclesandmeninges,allowingthebrainto“float”withintheskull.ClickimagetoplayorpausevideoTheBrainstemThebrainstemisthemostprimitivepartofthebrainandcontrolsthebasicfunctionsoflife:breathing,heartrate,swallowing,reflexestosightorsound,sweating,bloodpressure,sleep,andbalance.Thebrainstemcanbedividedintothreemajorsections.Detailedbrainstemanatomy.ClickimagetoplayorpausevideoBrainstemComponentsFrontRearMoreInformation:MedullaThalamusPonsBrainstemDivisionsMidbrainPonsMedullaOblongataTheCranialNervesOlfactorynerveOpticnerveOculomotornerveTrochlearnerveTrigeminalnerveAbducensnerveFacialnerveVestibulocochlearnerveGlossopharyngealnerveVagusnerveAccessorynerveHypoglossalnerveInjuryMechanismsThebrainisacomplexanddelicateorgan,andonethatisvulnerabletoinjuryfromavarietyofdifferenttraumas.Theseinclude:

FrontalLobeInjury

OccipitalLobeInjury

TemporalLobeInjury

SideImpactInjury

Coup/Contre-coupInjury

DiffuseAxonalInjury

EpiduralHematoma

SubduralHematomaFrontalLobeInjuryClickimagetoplayorpausevideoThefrontallobeofthebraincanbeinjuredfromdirectimpactonthefrontofthehead.Duringimpact,thebraintissueisacceleratedforwardintothebonyskull.Thiscancausebruisingofthebraintissueandtearingofbloodvessels.Frontallobeinjuriescancausechangesinpersonality,aswellasmanydifferentkindsofdisturbancesincognitionandmemory.OccipitalLobeInjuryClickimagetoplayorpausevideoOccipitallobeinjuriesoccurfromblowstothebackofthehead.Thiscancausebruisingofthebraintissueandtearingofbloodvessels.Theseinjuriescanresultinvisionproblemsorevenblindness.TemporalLobeInjuryClickimagetoplayorpausevideoThetemporallobeofthebrainisvulnerabletoinjuryfromimpactsofthefrontofthehead.Thetemporallobeliesuponthebonyridgesoftheinsideoftheskull,andrapidaccelerationcancausethebraintissuetosmashintothebone,causingtissuedamageorbleeding.SideImpactInjuryClickimagetoplayorpausevideoInjuriestotherightorleftsideofthebraincanoccurfrominjuriestothesideofthehead.Injuriestothispartofthebraincanresultinlanguageorspeechdifficulties,andsensoryormotorproblems.Coup/Contre-coupInjuryClickimagetoplayorpausevideoAFrenchphrasethatdescribesbruisesthatoccurattwositesinthebrain.Whentheheadisstruck,theimpactcausesthebraintobumptheoppositesideoftheskull.Damageoccursattheareaofimpactandontheoppositesideofthebrain.DiffuseAxonalInjuryBraininjurydoesnotrequireadirectheadimpact.Duringrapidaccelerationofthehead,somepartsofthebraincanmoveseparatelyfromotherparts.Thistypeofmotioncreatesshearforcesthatcandestroyaxonsnecessaryforbrainfunctioning.Theseshearforcescanstretchthenervebundlesofthebrain.Moreondiffuseaxonalinjury.ClickimagetoplayorpausevideoDiffuseAxonalInjuryThebrainisacomplexnetworkofinterconnections.Criticalnervetractscanbeshearedandstressedduringanacceleration-typeofinjury.Diffuseaxonalinjuryisaveryseriousinjury,asitdirectlyimpactsthemajorpathwaysofthebrain.EpiduralHematomaClickimagetoplayorpausevideoAnepiduralhematomaisabloodclotthatformsbetweentheskullandthetopliningofthebrain(dura).Thisbloodclotcancausefastchangesinthepressureinsidethebrain.Whenthebraintissueiscompressed,itcanquicklyresultincompromisedbloodflowandneurondamage.SubduralHematomaClickimagetoplayorpausevideoAsubduralhematomaisabloodclotthatformsbetweentheduraandthebraintissue.Theclotmaycauseincreasedpressureandmayneedtoberemovedsurgically.Whenthebraintissueiscompressed,itcanquicklyresultincompromisedbloodflowandtissuedamage.BrainFunctions

Vision

Taste

Cognition

Emotion

Speech

Language

Hearing

MotorCortex

SensoryCortex

AutonomicFunctionsVisionThevisualcortexresidesintheoccipitallobeofthebrain.Sensoryimpulsestravelfromtheeyesviatheopticnervetothevisualcortex.Damagetothevisualcortexcanresultinblindness.TasteThegustatorycomplex(greencircle)isthepartofthesensorycortex(purplearea)thatisresponsiblefortaste.CognitionTheprefrontalcortexisinvolvedwithintellect,complexlearning,andpersonality.Injuriestothefrontlobecancausementalandpersonalitychanges.EmotionEmotionsareanextremelycomplexbrainfunction.Theemotionalcoreofthebrainisthelimbicsystem.Thisiswheresensesandawarenessarefirstprocessedinthebrain.Moodandpersonalityaremediatedthroughtheprefrontalcortex.Thispartofthebrainisthecenterofhighercognitiveandemotionalfunctions.PrefrontalcortexLimbicsystemSpeechBroca’sareaiswhereweformulatespeechandtheareaofthebrainthatsendsmotorinstructionstothemotorcortex.InjurytoBroca’sareacancausedifficultyinspeaking.Theindividualmayknowwhatwordsheorshewishestospeak,butwillbeunabletodoso.Broca’sAreaLanguageWernicke’sareaisaspecializedportionoftheparietallobethatrecognizesandunderstandswrittenandspokenlanguage.Wernicke’sareasurroundstheauditoryassociationarea.Damagetothispartofthebraincanresultinsomeonehearingspeech,butnotunderstandingit.Wernicke’sAreaAuditoryAssociationAreaHearingTherearetwoauditoryareasofthebrain:Theprimaryauditoryarea(browncircle)iswhatdetectssoundsthataretransmittedfromtheear.Itislocatedinthesensorycortex.Theauditoryassociationarea(purplecircle)isthepartofthebrainthatisusedtorecognizethesoundsasspeech,music,ornoise.MotorCortexThemotorportionofthecerebrumisillustratedhere.Thelightredareaisthepremotorcortex,whichisresponsibleforrepetitivemotio