英语语言学重点名词解释汇总

Semanticsisthestudyofmeaning.Morespecifically,semanticsisthestudyofthemeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentencesinparticular.Thetheoryofmeaningwhichrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitrefersto,orstandsfor,isknownastheReferentialTheory.Thenamingtheory命名说Accordingtoit,thelinguisticformsorsymbolsorwordsusedinalanguagearesimplylabelsoftheobjectstheystandsfor.Sowordsarejustnamesorlabelsforthings.Itisalsocalledthereferentialtheory（指称论）.Theoryofthecontextofsituation[J.R.Firth（1890-1960）]情景语境①Therelevantfeaturesoftheparticipants,persons,personalities.②Therelevantobjects.③Theeffectsoftheverbalaction.Theconceptualistview概念理论Thisviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto;rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.Itisalsocalledideationaltheory（观念论）Contextualism语境J.R.Firth费斯Thelinguistsholdthatmeaningshouldbestudiedintermsofsituation,use,context—elementscloselylinkedwithlanguagebehavior.Behaviorism行为主义Thistheory,somewhatclosetocontextualism,islinkedwithpsychologicalinterest.ThisviewofmeaningproposedbyBloomfieldisillustratedbyhisstoryaboutJackandJill.AccordingtoBloomfield,themeaningofalinguisticformshouldbeviewedasthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersit,andtheresponsewhichitcallsforthinthehearer.TheDefinitionofsenseSensereferstotheinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform;itisconcernedonlywithintra-linguisticrelations.ThedefinitionofreferenceReferencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.Whatisculture?Broadlyspeaking,itmeansthetotalwayoflifeofpeople,includingthepatternsofbelief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,andlanguage.Inanarrowsense,itreferstolocalorspecificpractice,beliefsorcustoms.Anthropologicalstudyoflinguistics:studyoflanguageinasocioculturalcontext.Sapir-WhorfHypothesis概念Ourlanguagehelpsmouldourwayofthinkingand,consequently,differentlanguagesmayprobablyexpressspeakers’uniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.Linguisticdeterminism:Lmaydetermineourthinkingpatterns.Linguisticrelativity:differentlanguagesofferpeopledifferentwaysofexpressingtheworldaround.SociolinguisticsThesub-fieldoflinguisticsthatstudiestherelationbetweenlanguageandsociety,betweentheusesoflanguageandthesocialstructuresinwhichtheusersoflanguagelive.Variationistperspective:变异视角Variety的概念Peoplewhoclaimtobeusersofthesamelanguagedonotspeakthelanguageinthesamemanner.Dialect概念Varieties（变体）relatedtotheuserarenormallyknownasdialectsRegister概念Inlinguistics,aregisterisavarietyofalanguageusedforaparticularpurposeorinaparticularsocialsetting.Regionaldialectsarelinguisticvarietiesusedbypeoplelivingindifferentregions.Social-classdialect,orsociolect社会方言,referstothelinguisticvarietycharacteristicofaparticularsocialclass.个人方言Apersonaldialectofanindividualspeakerthatcombineselementsregardingregional,social,genderandagevariations.Ethnicdialect种族方言AvarietyoflanguagethatismainlyspokenbyalessprivilegedpopulationthathasexperiencesomeformofsocialisolationsuchasracialdiscriminationorsegregationStandarddialect:Diglossia:Twodistinctvarietiesofthesamelanguageareused,sidebyside,fortwodifferentsetsoffunctionsMonolingual:Speakersofasinglelanguagecontroldifferentvarietiesofthatlanguage.Bilingual:Peopledevelopsomeabilityinasecondlanguage.HighContextCulture:-Culturesthatrelyheavilyonnon-verbalandsubtlesituationalcuesincommunication.LowContextCulture:-Culturesthatrelyheavilyonwordstoconveymeaningincommunication.DefinitionofPragmaticsThestudyoflanguageinuse.Thestudyofmeaningincontext.Thestudyofspeakers’meaning,utterancemeaning,&contextualmeaning.Performatives:utteranceswhichareusedtoperformacts,donotdescribeorreportanythingatall;theutteringofthesentenceisthedoingofanaction;theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.Constatives:utteranceswhichroughlyservestostateafact,reportthatsomethingisthecase,ordescribewhatsomethingis.ConversationalImplicatureAtypeofimpliedmeaning,whichisdeducedonthebasisoftheconversationalmeaningofwordstogetherwiththecontext,undertheguidanceoftheCPanditsmaxims【HerbertPaulGrice(1913-1988)】TheCooperativePrinciple(CP)Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.Appliedlinguisticsisaninterdisciplinaryfieldofstudythatidentifies,investigates,andofferssolutionstolanguage-relatedreal-lifeproblemsInlinguistics,thetheoryofuniversalgrammarholdsthattherearecertainfundamentalgrammaticalideaswhichallhumanspossess,withouthavingtolearnthem.Krashen’sInputHypothesisLearnersacquirelanguageasaresultofcomprehendinginputaddressedtothem.“i+1”principleThelanguagethatlearnersareexposedtoshouldbejustfarenoughbeyondtheircurrentcompetencesothattheycanunderstandmostofitbutstillbechallengedtomakeprogress.Thetypeoflanguageconstructedbysecondorforeignlanguagelearnerswhoarestillintheprocessoflearningalanguageisoftenreferredtoasinterlanguage.Communicativecompetence{DellHymes}WhatalearnersknowsabouthowalanguageisusedinparticularsituationsforeffectiveandappropriatecommunicationTypesofsyllabusThestructuralsyllabus，Thesituationalsyllabus，Thecommunicativesyllabus，Thetask-basedsyllabusContrastiveAnalysisAwayofcomparingthefirstlanguageandthesecondlanguagetodeterminepotentialerrorsfortheultimatepurposeofisolatingwhatneedstobelearnedandwhatdoesnotneedtobelearnedinasecondlanguagelearningsituation.(GassandSelinker,2021:72)ErrorAnalysisManyerrorsmadebythesecondlanguagelearnerswerecausedbyfactorsotherthanthefirstlanguageinterference.Error:learner’slackofknowledge/competenceMistake: