国际贸易实务英文版第二版Gerneralintroduction

国际贸易实务（英文版）周瑞琪王小鸥徐月芳编著对外经济贸易大学出版社1INTERNATIONALTRADE

PRACTICEByZhouRuiqiWangXiaoouXuyuefangofSchoolofEnglishforInternationalBusiness

GuangdongUniversityofForeignStudies2ChapterOneGeneralIntroduction3LearningObjectivesAfterlearningthischapter,youshouldbeabletodefinewhatismeantbyinternationaltradeexplainthereasonsforengagingininternationaltradeidentifythebenefitsofinternationaltradetellthedifferencesbetweendomesticandinternationaltradeunderstandthemajorprocedureinvolvedininternationaltraderealizetheimportanceofcontract4ConceptofinternationaltradeInternationaltrade/worldtrade/foreigntrade/overseastradeThefairanddeliberateexchangeofgoodsandservicesacrossnationalboundaries.Concerningtradeoperationsofbothimportandexport

Includingthepurchaseandsaleofbothvisibleandinvisiblegoods.51.1ReasonsforinternationaltradeResourcereasonsNaturalresourcesHumanresourcesTechnologyEconomicreasonsBenefitsComparativeadvantage(DavidRicardo)EconomiesofscaleOtherreasonsPoliticalreasonsDifferenttasteandpreference61.2DifferencesfromdomestictradeInternationaltradeinvolvesforeignlanguagesanddifferentculturesforeignlaws,customsandregulationsorinternationalrulesforeigncurrencieshigherrisks:Politicalrisks,Commercialrisks,Financialrisks,andTransportationrisksmorecomplexbusinessproceduresbroaderrangeofmanagementskills71.3ClassificationofinternationaltradeFromthedirectionofcargoflowExporttrade domesticmarket→internationalmarketforsaleImporttrade foreigncountries→

domesticmarketforsaleTransittrade producingcountries→viaathirdcountry→consumingcountry81.3ClassificationofinternationaltradeTypesoftransittradeDirecttransittradeCommoditiesfurthertransportedtowardoutsidealongthedomestictransportationlinewithoutbeingplacedinthebondedwarehouse3rdcountryearnsprofitbyimposingimp.andexp.dutiesIndirecttransittradeCommoditiesfirstplacedinthebondedwarehousebeforebeingtransportedfurtherwithoutanyprocessing3rdcountryearnswarehousingcharges+imp.andexp.duties91.3ClassificationofinternationaltradeFromthenumberofparticipantsinvolvedDirecttradeTwopartiesinvolved:theimporterandtheexporterIndirecttradeThreepartiesinvolved:theexporter,theimporterandtheintermediatepartyEntrepôttradeOnepartyinvolved:whoistheimporter,theprocessorandalsotheexporter101.3ClassificationofinternationaltradeFromtheformofthegoodsVisibletrade/tangiblegoodstradeMostlyconsuminggoods:cars,wines,shoesetc.NeedscustomsdeclarationInvisibletrade/intangiblegoodstradeservicesandtechnologyNeedsnocustomsdeclaration111.3ClassificationofinternationaltradeFromsettlementinstrumentinvolvedBartertradeExchangeofgoodsorserviceswithoutaninterveningmediumofexchangeormoneyTheoldestfromoftradeFree-liquidationtradeExchangeofgoodsorserviceswithaninterveningmediumofexchangeormoneyCashtradeisoneformofit121.3ClassificationofinternationaltradeFrommodeoftransportationTradebyRoadwayTradebySeawayTradebyAirwayTradebyMailOrder131.4ExportandimportproceduresThepreparationofatransactionThenegotiationofthecontractTheperformanceofthecontractThesettlementofdisputes141.4.1ThepreparationofatransactionSelectingtherightmarketRelevantinformationofthemarketCulturalbackgroundandeconomicsituationsPoliticalclimateCurrentimportandexportstatisticsGovernmentpolicyoninternationaltradesuchastradebarriersandrestrictionsSourcesofinformationDomesticorganizations:MinistryofCommerceanditsprovincialcommitteesOverseasorganizations:ChineseEmbassy,theLocalbanks,theagentandthelocalnewspaper/journalarticles151.4.1ThepreparationofatransactionFindingthepotentialpartnerSourcesofinformationReferenceprovidedbytheforeignpartnersThenearestconsulateofficeInternationalorlocalchamberofcommerceConsultingfirmsForeignexchangebanksTradedirectoriesandpublications161.4.1ThepreparationofatransactionStudyingcreditabilityofthepartnerCreditreferencefromthelocalbankorcorrespondentbankbusinessrangeandannualsalesvolumesalesliteratureandpricelistsmajorcustomersbusinessculture171.4.1ThepreparationofatransactionApplyingforExportorImportLicenseCheckingwhetherthegoodstobetransactedarewithincertainexportorimportcontrolssuchaslicenseorquotaIfunabletoapplyorgettheimportandexportlicensesTheexporterneedstoconsidertodobusinessunderEXWtermTheimporterneedstoconsidertodobusinessunderDDPterm181.4.2ThenegotiationofasalescontractTwoformsofbusinessnegotiation

inwords,i.e.face-to-facenegotiationinwriting,i.e.businesscorrespondenceFourmainstepsinvolved:Enquiry:askingforpricebyeithersellerorbuyerOffer:ananswertoenquiryorinitiatedbyeithersellerorbuyerbindingforceupontheoffererwithinthevaliditycounter-offer:addition,modificationorrefusaloftheofferAcceptance:theunconditionalacceptanceoftheofferAcontractisconcludedwhenanacceptancebecomeseffective191.4.2ThenegotiationofasalescontractDefinition:Atradecontractisanagreementwhichisconcludedbetweensellerandbuyerbasedonanacceptedofferandwhichsetsforthbidingobligationsofthepartiesconcerned.Governingrule:theUnitedNationsConventiononContractsforInternationalSaleofGoods1980(CISG1980)Acontractcanbeformal,informal,simpleorcomplicated,writtenororal.201.4.2ThenegotiationofasalescontractAsalescontractnormallyincludes:(seeSpecimen1.1-1.2)fullname,addressandothernecessaryinformationofthesellerandthebuyerdescriptionofthecommodityinvolved,includingname,quality,quantityandpackagingetc.alltermsagreedupon,includingprice,delivery,transportation,insurance,payment,inspection,claims,forcemajeure,arbitration,etc.dateonandplaceatwhichthecontractissignedandthesignatureofthebuyerandtheseller211.4.2ThenegotiationofasalescontractContractvs.confirmation

AcontractismoreformalandcontainsmoredetailsthanaconfirmationButequallybindingonthepartiesconcernedImportanceofawrittencontractItistheonlydocumentbetweenSellerandBuyerthatevidencestheirrespectiverightsandobligations.Itservesasthebasisfortheperformanceofthecontractandalsothesettlementofdisputes.221.4.3TheperformanceofthecontractExportprocedure(businessunderCIFonL/C)ExaminingL/CUrgingandexpeditingtheopeningofL/CExaminingL/CwithreferencetothesalescontractGettinggoodsreadypreparinggoodsaccordingtothename,quality,quantity,packingandmakingrequiredinthecontractApplyingformandatoryinspectionForgoodsrequiredinspectionbythegovernmentsorinthecontractDocumentsSubmitted:commercialinvoice,copyofsalescontract,L/C,etc.23ExportprocedureReceivingimporter’sinspectionbeforeshipmentBookingshippingspaceafterreceivingL/CandgettinggoodsreadyClearinggoodsforexportAfterthegoodsareinspectedandbeforethegoodsareloadedDocumentssubmittedforexportcustomsclearance:commercialinvoice,exportlicense,copyofsalescontract,inspectioncertificates,shippingorder,etc.24ExportprocedureGettinggoodsloadedDeliveringgoodstocarrierforloadingafterthegoodsareclearedforexportReceivingB/LfromthecarrieraftershipmentObtaininginsuranceUnderCIF,insuranceisamustforsellerMinimumcoverage25ExportprocedurePresentingdocumentsforbanknegotiationDocumentsrequiredfornegotiationcommercialinvoice,packinglist,billingoflading,insurancepolicy,inspectioncertificates,etc.Otherdocumentsrequiredforissuingimportlicenseortocalculatingimportcustomsduty:theCertificateofOrigin,theConsularInvoice,etc.IfdocumentsareinstrictlinewithL/C,theexporterwillreceivepaymentsfromthebank261.4ExportProcedures271.4.3TheperformanceofthecontractImportprocedure(businessunderFOBonL/C)OpeningL/CApplyingintimeAmendingL/CinthecaseofdiscrepanciesBookingshippingspaceAfterbookingshippingspace,thebuyershouldnotifytheexportersufficiently:thenameofthevessel,theloadingpoint,thedeliverytimeInspectin