博士英语阅读讲义

考博英语阅读理解应试技巧与对策（一）

第一章考博英语阅读理解大纲要求..........................1

第二章考博英语阅读理解解题步骤..........................1

第三章考博英语阅读10大题型解题技巧.....................2

第四章考博英语阅读理解长句分析..........................5

第五章考博英语阅读逻辑联系词总汇........................8

第六章考博英语阅读理解真题实例.........................13

第一章考博英语阅读理解大纲要求

主要考察考生理解书面英语的能力，共30小题.每题1分，共30分。

要求考生根据所提供的6篇文章（总长度为3000词左右）的内容，从每题给出的4个选项中选出

最佳答案，每篇文章5个问题。每个问题1分。所选文章的内容以中国人民大学设立的主要

学科领域为依据。

考博阅读理解考查七种能力：

1.掌握所读材料的主旨和大意；

2.了解用以阐述主旨的事实和有关细节；

3.根据上下文判断大纲附表以外的某些词汇和短语的意义；

4.既理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文之间的逻辑关系；

5.根据所读材料进行一定的判断、推理和引申；

6.领会作者的观点和态度；

7.正确理解英语原文并用汉语表达原文所述内容。

第二章考博英语阅读理解解题步骤

阅读理解文章均为500字左右的短文，测试考生的七种能力，语篇的理解能力和是否把握

作者的推理过程。熟悉议论文、记叙文、说明文和应用文文章体裁特点、篇章结构，有利于分

清主次，抓住重点，判断出考题中的正确选项。

议论文的特点是对客观事物进行分析和评论，重点放在论点及论证方面，主题往往比较明

确，通常开头点明主题，表明作者的观点和态度，其后段落围绕主题展开。一篇短文如果有若

干个论点，要弄清楚哪个是主论点、哪个是次论点或分论点以及主次论点之间的论证关系。议

论文常见的推理方法有：归纳法：由个别到一般：先设前提，通过例证归纳出结论。演绎法：

由一般到个别：先提出一般性的论断，再逐步提出支持该论断的证据，最后推出结论。阅读议

论文的关键是要抓住作者的结论和观点，以及作者对具他观点的态度。

说明文是对客观事物的性质、特征、形状、构成、功能等进行介绍和解说。完全客观地描

述，不带有个人感情色彩。说明文常见的几种写作方法有：下定义、举例证、析因果、分类别、

作对比等。阅读说明文体裁的文章要把握短文的中心，掌握作者是从何角度、采用什么方法加

以说明的，注意事实和数据。

短文一般有以下几种结构模式：

1.现象一—解释一-意义。

2.现象一—后果——-建议。

3.问题一—原因——-解决。

4.问题一—例证——-结论。

5.理论一一定义——举例。

6.理论一一重要性一—做法。

7.事物一_特点一-意义。

8.事物一—优缺点一一结论。

9.事物一—别人观点,——作者观点。

阅读时需抓住主题句。一般来讲，文章的第一段和最后一段是文章主题的阐明和总结，而

每一段的第一句和最后一句又往往是该段的主题和总结。

解题步骤

第一步：

第二步:

第三步:

第三章考博英语阅读10大题型解题技巧

常见的提问方式

、

1.Whyis(are).....?

2.Howmany(much)...inthisarticle?

3.Inwhatyear...?

4.Inwhatway...?

5.Accordingtothepassage,who(what,where,when)...?

6.Therealcauseis.

7.Accordingtotheauthor,thetechniquescanbeusedto.

8.Theauthorstatesthat.

9.Theexperimentshowsthat.

10.Mr.Xexpects(hopes,wishes).

—*、

1.Bysaying"...”(line5,Para.4)theauthormeans.

2.AldousHuxley'sremark(Paragraph3)impliesthat.

3.Thesentence(para.3)indicatesthat.

4.Whatdoesthesentencemean?

1)表示并歹ll/递进关系：also,besides,further,furthermore,even,too,moreover,inaddition,in

particular,evenmoreimportant,still,what'smore,and；

2)对比与转折关系：(un)like,similarly,likewise,inthesameway,inspiteof,despite,Onthecontras1,2345678910

b〜comparison,incontrast,but,however,although,ontheotherhand,yet,conversely,otherwise,asa

matteroffact,nodoubt,unhappily,unfortunately,infact,afterall,anyway,even；

3)因果关系：because,thus,so,sothat,nowthat,since,asaresult,therefore,consequently,forthis

(that)reason,hence,accordingly,seeingthat；

4)举例关系：suchas,i.e.,forexample,forinstance,infact,acaseinpoint,takesth.forexample,

forone,foranother

5)表示结论利概括意义：toconclude,tosumup,insum,inconclusion,inshort,inbrief,onthewhole,

inaword,allinall,generallyspeaking,itcanbeseenfrom。

1.Whatisthepossiblemeaningoftheword"inline...?

2.Whichistheprobabledefinitionoftheword

3.Theitalicizedwordinline...means.

4.Whichofthefollowingisnearest(closet)inmeaningto".・・”？

5.Bytheauthormeans.

6.Inline....theword"this(that,these,those,it,them)“standsfor.

7.Theword(phrase)”…"probablymeans.

8.Theword(phrase)”…"isclosestto.

9.Inline....thewordmostprobablymeans.

10.Inline....thewordcouldbestbereplacedby.

四、

1.Judgingfromthecontext,whatdoestheword"them”(line4,paragraph2)referto?

2.Whatdoes"they"inline2paragraph2standfbr?

五、

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsis(not)true?

2.Whichofthefollowingis(not)mentionedinthearticle?

3.Whichofthefollowingdoesnotexplain...?

4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsiswrongaccordingtotheauthor?

5.WhichofthefollowinginNOTlistedas...?

6.Allofthefollowingaretrueexcept...

7.Theauthormentionsalloftheitemslistedbelowexcept...

8.Theauthor(passage)doesnottellus...

八、

1.Thepassageisintendedto.

2.Thepassageimpliesthat.

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.

4.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat.

5.Wecanconclude(infer,see)fromthearticlethat.

6.Thewriterimpliesthat.

7.Theauthorsuggeststhat.

8.Whatdoesthewriterimplyabout...?

9.Whichofthefollowingcan(not)beinferredfromthearticle?

七、

1.Thebesttitleforthispassageis.

2.Topicofthearticleis.

3.Themainideaofthepassageis.

4.Thepassageismainlyabout(concernedwith).

5.Thepassagemainly(primarily)dealswith.

6.Theauthormainlydiscusses.

7.Thetitlethatbestexpressesthemainideais.

8.Thecentralideaconveyedintheabovepassageis.

9.Theauthor'spurposeinwritingthispassageis.

10.Themainideaofthisselectionmaybebestexpressedas.

11.Whatisthemaintopic(theme,subject,point)ofthepassage?

12.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthispassage?

13.Whatwouldbethemostappropriatetitleforthispassage?

14.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

15.Whichtitlesuitsthispassagebest?

16.Whichsentencebestsummarizesthearticle?

八、

1.Whafsthetoneofthepassage?

2.Theauthorseemstobeinfavoroftheideaof

3.Whafstheauthor'sopinion(attitude)?

4.Theauthor'sattitudetowards...mightbebestsummarizedas.

5.Inthewriter'sopinion,.

6.Thetoneoftheauthoris.

7.Thetoneoftheauthorcanbestbedescribedas.

九、

1.Thenextparagraphwouldmostprobablydealwith.

2.Theparagraphpreceding(following)thisonemaydiscuss.

3.Intheparagraphfollowingthisone,wemayexpecttheauthortodiscuss.

4.Whatdoestheparagraphprecedingthisoneprobablydiscuss?

十、

1.Whefirstparagraph?

2.Basedontheexampleprovidedinthepassage,wecantellthat.

第四章考博英语阅读理解长句分析

1.Ifexperimentsareplannedandcarriedoutaccordingtoplanasfaithfullyasthereportsinthe

sciencejournalsindicate,thenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduce

resultsmeasurableindollarsandcents.

2.Probablythereisnotoneherewhohasnotinthecourseofthedayhadoccasiontosetinmotiona

complextrainofreasoning,oftheverysamekind,thoughdifferingindegree,asthatwhicha

scientificmangoesthroughintracingthecausesofnaturalphenomena.

二、

1.Aninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfofstudents1

careerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradical

educationalreform.

2.RobertFultononcewrote,HThemechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,screws,wedges,wheels,

etc.,likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabet,consideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughts,in

whichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea."

三、

1.Inadraftprefacetotherecommendations,discussedatthe17Maymeeting,Shapirosuggested

thatthepanelhadfoundabroadconsensusthatitwouldbe''morallyunacceptabletoattempttocreate

ahumanchildbyadultnuclearcloning.”

2.TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicprivateenterprise,market-oriented

economyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyin

themarketplacefbrthosegoodsandservicesthatwantmost.

四、

1.Hehasputforwardunquestionedclaimssoconsistentlythathenotonlybelievesthemhimself,

buthasconvincedindustrialandbusinessmanagementthattheyaretrue.

2.Theprocessisnottheroaditself,butrathertheattitudesandfeelingspeoplehave,theircautionor

courage,astheyencounternewexperiencesandunexpectedobstacles.

五、

1.Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary—thedangersofdruginteractions,forexample

—andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulations,itisn'tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthe

manufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.

2.Eachofthesecharacteristicssharplydistinguishesthe21,000peoplewholeftforNewEnglandin

the1630*sfrommostoftheapproximately377,000EnglishpeoplewhohadimmigratedtoAmerica

by1700.

六、

1.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnoras

artificial,butastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition.

2.Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextended

familyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethat

informationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.

七、

1.Nowheredo1980censusstatisticsdramatizemoretheAmericansearchforspaciouslivingthan

intheFarWest.

2.Coupledwiththegrowingquantityofinformationisthedevelopmentoftechnologieswhichenable

thestorageanddeliveryofmoreinformationwithgreaterspeedtomorelocationsthanhaseverbeen

possiblebefore.

八、

1.Perhapsitishumankind'slongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddroughtthatmakestheideaof

forcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinating.

2.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwith

thedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes,

thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.

九、

1.Rather,wehaveacertainconceptionoftheAmericancitizen,acharacterwhoisincompleteifhe

cannotcompetentlyassesshowhislivelihoodandhappinessareaffectedbythingsoutsideofhimself.

2.Intalkingtosomescientists,particularlyyoungerones,youmightgathertheimpressionthatthey

findthe^scientificmethod"asubstituteforimaginativethought.

十、

1.Nolanguageisperfect,andifweadmitthistruth,wemustalsoadmitthatitisnotunreasonable

toinvestigatetherelativemeritsofdifferentlanguagesorofdifferentdetailsinlanguages.

2.PerhapshebelievedthathecouldnotcriticizeAmericanforeignpolicywithoutendangeringthe

supportforcivilrightsthathehadwonfromthefederalgovernment.

练习1

Iwenttoamanwhowassaidtobewise,thinkingthatthereifanywhereIshouldprovetheOracle（神

使）wrong,andmeaningtopointouttotheOracleitsmistake.

练习2

Yellowstonehaseverythingwhichappealstotheromantic,geysers（间歇喷泉）whichshootjetsof

boilingwater200feetupintotheair,adeepcanyon（峡谷）wherearushingriverpoursovermighty

waterfalls.

练习3

Verylargenumbersoftenpopupinwhatmayseematfirstsightaverysimpleproblem,inwhichyou

wouldneverexpecttofindanynumberlargerthanafewthousands.

练习4

Ifanopinioncontrarytoyourownmakesyouangry,thatisasignthatyouaresubconsciouslyaware

ofhavingnogoodreasonforthinkingasyoudo.

练习5

Supposethatwereckonthewholepastoflivingcreaturesontheearthasonehundredyears;thenthe

wholepastofmanworksoutataboutonemonth,andduringthatmonththerehavebeencivilizations

fbrbetweensevenandeighthours.

练习6

Ifthisissothenthemother,eitherinstinctively（本能地）orbyanunconscious（无意识的）seriesof

trialsanderrors,wouldsoonarriveatthediscoverythatherbabyismoreatpeaceifheldontheleft

againstherheart,thanontheright.

练习7

Animalsfight;sodosavages;hencetobegoodatfightingistobegoodinthewayinwhichananimal

orasavageisgood,butitisnottobecivilized.

练习8

AnyorganizationthatconnectsitsnetworkstotheglobalInternetmustcarefullycontroltheaccess

pointtoensurethatoutsiderscannotdisrupttheorganization'sinternalnetworksorgainunauthorized

accesstotheorganization'scomputersystemsanddata.

练习9

Theyhesitateatthethoughtofacriminalboastinginopencourtofhowhejuggled（耍弄）themost

confidentialrecordsrightunderthenosesofthecompany'sexecutives,accountants,andsecuritystaff.

练习10

Weallknowthatthenormalhumandailycycleofactivityisofsome7-8hours9sleepalternationwith

some16-17hours'wakefulnessandthat,broadlyspeaking,thesleepnormallycoincideswiththe

hoursofdarkness.

练习11

Peopleengagedinnormaldaytimeworkwillhaveahightemperatureduringthehoursofwakefulness

andalowoneatnight;whentheychangetonightworkthepatternwillonlygraduallygobackto

matchthenewroutineandthespeedwithwhichitdoessoparallels,broadlyspeaking,theadaptation

ofthebodyasawhole,particularlyintermsofperformance.

练习12

Ifherunsoutofbeadswhiletherearestillsomecoins,heknowsthathehasmorecoinsthanbeads;if

herunsoutofcoinswithsomebeadsleftheknowsthathehasmorebeadsthancoins;andifhecomes

outevenheknowsthathehasthesamenumberofbeadsascoins.

练习13

Theproblemisthatinthelastgenerationsorsowe'vecometoassumethatwomenshouldbeable,

andshouldwant,todoeverythingthatbytraditionmenhavedone,atthesametime,asprettywellas

everythingthatbytraditionwomenhavedone.

练习14

Wildlifemanagementinvolvescareofthesoiltoproducegoodvegetation;italsoinvolvescareof

plants,notonlyasasourceoffood,butalsoasprotection.

练习15

Theworldisnowlinkedtosuchanextentthatalocalhappeningcannottakeplacewithoutimpacting

ontheInternationalcommunity.

第五章考博英语阅读逻辑联系词总汇

总的来说，英语中的逻辑联系词是联系英语文章的路标，有了它们，我们在阅读英语文章

时，就好比有了一个导游，会告诉你文章下面大致会写什么。英语逻辑联系词共10类，除了时

间、地点两种逻辑联系词相对简单、少用外，其他八中使用频率极高，并且经常混在一起用。

1.时间关系

...之前：adj.:earlier,former,previous,preceding

adv.:before,earlier,first,formerly,previously

词组：beforethat,beforethen,untilnow,beforethattime

...同时：atthatmoment,atthesametime,meanwhile,nowadays,presently,assoonas,

immediately,when,while

...之后：after,afterashort(long)time,afterward,,atlast,,finally,fromthattimeon,lately,later,

recently,shortly,since,sincethen,sometimelater,soon,temporarily,then,thereafter

Passage1

Lateintheafternoon,theboysputuptheirtentinthemiddleofafield.Assoonasthiswasdone,

theycookedamealoveranopenfire.Theywereallhungryandthefoodsmeltgood.Aftera

wonderfulmeal,theysangsongsbythecampfire.Butsometimelateritbegantorain.Theboysfelt

tiredsotheyputoutthefireandcreptintotheirtent.Theirsleeping-bagswerewarmandcomfortable,

sotheyallsleptsoundly.Inthemiddleofthenight,twoboyswokeupandbeganshouting.Thetent

wasfullofwater!Thentheyallleaptoutoftheirsleeping-bagsandhurriedoutside.Atdawn,itwas

rainingmoreheavilyandtheyfoundthatastreamhadformedinthefield...

2.空间位置关系

above,across,around,below,beneath,beyond,before,below,beyond,farahead,farbehind,here,in

thecentre,inthedistance,nextto,nearb3:opposite,onthebottom,onthenorth(south),ontheright,

over,straightahead,ontheleft,ontheright,up,ontopof,opposite,

Passage2

Theuniversitylanguagecenterhasthreemainparts:theteachingblock,thelibrary,andthe

audio-visualcenter.Theteachingblockcontainsfourclassrooms.Behindtheclassroomsarethe

libraryandtheaudio-visualcenter.Thereadingroomwhichhasthecatalogueisapartofthelibrary.

Totherightoflibrarycatalogueistheaudio-visualcenter,insidewhichisthelanguagelaboratory.

Thelongcorridorconnectsthesethreemainpartsandtheentrancewhichisconstructedinthefrontof

thebuilding.

3.序列关系

firstsincethen

firstofallafterwards

thefirststage/stepafterthat

inthefirst(second)placeandnext

firstandforemostinthelastplace

firstandmostimportanttoendwith,finally

tobeginwithlast

tostartwithinthelastplace

forastartlastofall

aboveallleastimportantly

thenmostimportant(ly)ofall

secondmostimportantly

next

Passage3

EuropeanuniversitiesanduniversitiesintheUnitedStatesaredifferentinmanyways.First,

EuropeanstudentsenrollinfewercourseseachtermthantheUnitedStatesstudentsdo.Second,

Europeanstudentsseldomliveatauniversity.Instead,theylivedathomeandtraveltoclasses.Third,

mostEuropeancoursesaregivenbyprofessorswholecturetotheirclasses.Incontrast,theUnited

Statesprofessorsoftenasktheirstudentsquestionsorallowtheirstudentstoformdiscussiongroups.

Fourth,EuropeanprofessorsasktheirstudentstowritefewerpapersthantheUnitedStatesprofessors

do.Consequently,Europeanstudents1finalexaminationsareusuallyoral,whereasAmericanstudents

takewrittenfinalexaminations.Finally,aEuropeanuniversityismainlyaplacetostudyin.Butat

mosttheUnitedStatesuniversities,socialactivitiestakeupalargepanofthestudent'stime.

4.并列关系

andlike

alsolikewise

similarlythesameistruethat

equallyinthesamevein

inthesamewaybythesametoken

inalikemanner(for)onething

inasimilarmanner(for)another

Passage4

IntheUnitedStates,itisnotcustomarytotelephonesomeoneveryearlyinthemorning.Ifyou

telephonehimearlyintheday,whileheisshavingorhavingbreakfast,thetimeofthecallshowsthat

thematterisveryimportantandrequiresimmediateattention.Thesamemeaningisattachedto

telephonecallsmadeafter11:00p.m..Ifsomeonereceivesacallduringsleepinghours,heassumes

it'samatteroflifeanddeath.Thetimechosenforthecallcommunicatesitsimportance.

5.解释关系

inotherwordsnottomention

namelywithoutmentioning

thatistosayparticularly

thatisinparticular

indeedespecially

inrealitystrictly(speaking)

letalonetobestrict

Passage5

Howmenfirstlearnttoinventwordsisunknown;inotherwords,theoriginoflanguageisa

mystery.Allwereallyknowisthatmen,unlikeanimals,somehowinventedcertainsoundtoexpress

thoughtsandfeelings,actionsandthings,sothattheycouldcommunicatewitheachother;andthat

latertheyagreeduponcertainsigns,calledletters,whichcouldbecombinedtorepresentthosesounds,

andwhichcouldbewrittendown.Thosesounds,whetherspokenorwritteninletters,wecallwords.

六、递进关系

evenstill

onemorethingmoreover

alsobesides(this)

toofurthermore

againwhatismore

andtheninaddition

anotheradditionally

Passage6

Peopleindifferentculturescancommunicatewitheachother.Withthedevelopmentof

communicationsystems,peopleindifferentcornersoftheworldcandiscussaproblemontelephone

orthroughcomputer.Moreover,mankindhasmuchincommon.Theyworkforpeaceandwealth,and

theyhavecreatedgreatmusicandartsthatcanbeacceptedacrosstheworld.Andwhat'smore,human

beingsarefacedwiththesamesocialproblems,whichtheyneedtodealwitheffectively.

7.举例关系

liketake...(forexample)asweknow

suchasforinstanceacaseinpointis

includingasanexampleletussupposethat

asregardstodetailthis

forexampleputitsimply

Passage7

Wehaveallexperienceddayswheneverythinggoeswrong.Adaymaybeginwellenough,but

suddenlyeverythingseemstogetoutofcontrol.Whatinvariablyhappensisthatagreatnumberof

thingschoosetogowrongatpreciselythesamemoment.Itisasifasingleunimportanteventsetupa

chainofreactions.Letussupposethatyouarepreparingamealandkeepinganeyeonthebabyatthe

sametime.Thetelephoneringsandthismarksthepreludetoanunforeseenseriesofcatastrophes.

Whileyouareonthephone,thebabypullsthetable-clothoffthetablesmashinghalfyourbest

crockeryandcuttinghimselfintheprocess.Youhanguphurriedlyandattendtobaby,crockery,etc.

Meanwhile,themealgetsburnt.Asifthiswerenotenoughtoreduceyoutotears,yourhusband

arrives,unexpectedlybringingthreegueststodinner.

8.转折对比、让步关系

butstill

howevercomparedwith(to)

yetincomparisonwith

neverthelessdespite

whilerecklessof.

opposedtoregardlessof〜

converselyinspiteof(thefactthat)

asamatteroffactwhile

whereas(al)though

asopposedtoinstead

unlikeevenso

incontrast(with/to)eventhough(if)

differentfromthissuchbeingthecase

(quite)onthecontrarynomatterhow(what,who...)

ontheonehand...ontheotherhandafterall

differentfromalthoughthismaybetrue

Passage8

Therecanbenodoubtthatdivisionoflaborisanefficientwayoforganizingwork.Fewerpeople

canmakemorepins.AdamSmithsawthisbuthealsotookitforgrantedthatdivisionoflaborisin

itselfresponsibleforeconomicgrowthanddevelopmentandthatitaccountsforthedifference

betweenexpandingeconomiesandthosethatstandstill.Butdivisionoflaboraddsnothingnew;it

onlyenablespeopletoproducemoreofwhattheyalreadyhave.

9.因果关系

asbecause

forthanksto

sincedueto

becauseofhence

owingtoasaconsequence

inviewofso

byvirtueofasaresult

consideringthattherefore

forthereasonthatconsequently

nowthataccordingly

onthegroundofinconsequence

thusitfollowsthat.

forthisreason

Passage9

Fearanditscompanionpainaretwoofthemostusefulthingsthatmenandanimalspossess,if

theyareproperlyused.Iffiredidnothurtwhenitburnt,childrenwouldplayituntiltheirhandswere

burntaway.Similarly,ifpainexistedbutfeardidnot,achildwouldbumitselfagainandagain,

becausefearwouldnotwarnittokeepawayfromthefirethathadburntitbefore.Areallyfearless

soldier-andsomedoexist-isnotagoodsoldierbecauseheissoonkilled;andadeadsoldierisofno

usetohisarmy.Fearandpainarethereforetwoguardswithoutwhichmenandanimalsmightsoon

dieout.

10.结论、概括关系

insumtoconclude

inbrieftosummarize

inshorttosumup

inawordbriefly

allinallashasbeennoted

insummaryashasbeensaidabove

inconclusion

onthewhole

Passage10

Thereismuchdisagreementoverwhetheritisbettertoworkwithpeopleorwithobjectsor

machines.Somepeopleclaimthatitismorecomfortabletoworkwithobjectsormachines.Others,

however,arguethatworkingwithpeopleismorepleasant.IfIwereforcedtoagreewithoneofthe

twopositions,mychoicewouldbethelatter.

Whydosomepeoplethinkthatworkingwithobjectsormachinesismoreadvantageousthan

workingwithpeople?Foronething,objectsormachinesareeasiertodealwith.Sincebothobjects

andmachineshavenowills,theydonotarguewithus.Onthecontrary,theyarealwaysreadyto

followourdirections.Foranother,objectsormachinesarereliable.Unlikepeoplewhosometimes

hurtourfeelings,theynevercheatus.Inaddition,Isuppose,thesepeoplecannotadaptthemselvesto

thehumanworldofcompetition.

AlthoughIagreethatworkingwithobjectsormachinescertainlyhasitsadvantages,Iinsistthat

itisfarmorebeneficialandexcitingtoworkwithpeople.Inthefirstplace,whenIworkwithpeople,

IcanworkmoreefficientlythanwhenIworkwith