教学法真题2013年招收攻读入学考试业务课试题

年招收攻读入学考试业务课试适用专业名称：学科教学（英语考试科目名称：专业基 科目代码 2、本试题共15150180IVocabularyChoosetherightwordfromthelistgivenbelowforeachblank.Payattentiontothecorrectforms. ofthelittlecommonwealthwouldberepresentedinthemostglaringcolors.Professionaldesignersreckonthatthekitchenofthefuturewillbemorece,Thesebookswere toprevailingusagesMyproblemsisthatproperysismayshowthistobeahoaxandnegativereflecthow Christianscanbe.We discussionsonhowtocontrolthepopulationHeis headstrongworkaholic,whoisreluctanttodelegateCulturalnostalgiaisaculturalpsychologicalcategorywitha Thedevelopmentofhigh-techtradeis notonlyinhistorybutalsointhefuture. pricetagvariesbyageandgenderAscompaniesgrow,thereisaneedtoadministertheHRfunction,butthatdoes anHRdepartment.Colonialismindifferentformsis themeofhistoryWeedshave aroundtheabandonedhouseMassmovementsareoftenafactorintheawakeningandrenovationofsocieties.Allthisisnotnecessarilyanargumentforthereintroductionof Itisahardchoice,perhaps,foroneof buttheDuckwouldbewisefadeoutRecetheunderlineditalicizedwordswithsynonymGapsinhealth eshavemultiplecauses,butpovertyisthemostpervasiveThiselectionhasbeenmarkedsofarbythecandidates’wooingofeachother’straditionalpoliticalbases.AlthoughMr.KennedysupportedMr.Carterin1976,bylate1978hewasdisenchanted.Takethetimetolooktheseconceptupintherelatedlinkorperuseoneoftherelatedbooks.Butinordertorealizethesebenefits,weneedtorecognizesomeofthehurdlesfoundinmostorganizationtoday.Protectionagainstandmitigationofearthquakedisastersshallbeincorporatedintontsfornationaleconomicandsocialdevelopment.Ifsportsisanyyardsticktomeasurethemasculine,perhaps,thesetwoarethebestimagesofmen.Foryears,thenewmiddleclasseshavebeenpoliticallyquiescentinemergingIfdrinkingandsmokingseeminextricablylinked,perhapsit’sbecauseinthebrain’spleasurecentertheyactuallyare.DevelopmentandnaturalresourceamenityareasareoftencontroversialThereisdiscrepancybetweenwhatyouhavesaidandwhatyouhavedone.SoIdon’tknowwhetherIshouldbelieveyouornot. Effortstoamelioratehousingconditionsforthepoorwerehaltedbecauseernmentfundswerecutout.DepartmentalismismagnifiedindividualismIfyoutrytointimidateusbythreats,youwillgetmorethanyoubargainedforOnelucrativestrategyistotakeabigbetonaboomingeconomyII.ReadingcomprehensionDirection:Inthispartofthetest,thereare6shortpassagesforyoutoread.Readeachpassagecarefully,andthendothequestionsthatfollow.ChoosethebestanswerA,B,C,orDandwriteontheAnswerSheet.PassageStudentsofUnitedStateshistory,seekingtoidentifythecircumstancesthatencouragedtheemergenceoffeministmovements,havethoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenth-centuryAmericaneconomicandsocialconditionsthataffectedthestatusofwomen.Thesehistorians,however,haveyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyfeministideasandactivitiesduringthesameperiod.Furthermore,theideologicaloriginsoffeminismintheUnitedStateshavebeenobscuredbecause,evenwhenhistoriansdidtakeintoaccountthosefeministideasandactivitiesoccurringwithintheUnitedStates,theyfailedtorecognizethatfeminismwasthenatrulyinternationalmovementactuallycenteredinEurope.Americanfeministactivistswhohavebeendescribedas"solitary"and"individualtheorists"wereinrealityconnectedtoamovement-utopiansocialism--whichwasalreadypopularizingfeministideasinEuropeduringthetwodecadesthatculminatedinthefirstwomen"srightsconferenceheldatSenecaFalls.NewYork,in1848.Thus,acompleteunderstandingoftheoriginsanddevelopmentofnineteenth-centuryfeminismintheUnitedStatesrequiresthatthegeographicalfocusbewidenedtoincludeEuropeandthatthedetailedstudyalreadymadeofsocialconditionsbeexpandedtoincludetheideologicaldevelopmentoffeminism.TheearliestandmostpopularoftheutopiansocialistsweretheSaint-Simonians.ThespecificallyfeministpartofSaint-Simonianismhas,however,beenlessstudiedthanthegroup"scontributiontoearlysocialism.Thisisregrettableontwocounts.By1832feminismwasthecentralconcernofSaint-Simonianismandentirelyabsorbeditsadherents"energy;hence,byignoringitsfeminism.EuropeanhistorianshavemisunderstoodSaint-Simonianism.Moreover,sincemanyfeministideascanbetracedtoSaint-Simonianism,Europeanhistorians"appreciationoflaterfeminisminFranceandtheUnitedStatesremainedlimited.Saint-Simon"sfolllowers,manyofwhomwerewomen,basedtheirfeminismonaninterpretationofhisprojecttoreorganizetheglobebyrecingbrute ruleofspiritualpowers.Thenewworldorderwouldberuledtogetherbyamale,torepresentreflection,andafemale,torepresentsentiment.Thiscomplementarityreflectsthefactthat,whiletheSaint-Simoniansdidnotrejectthebeliefthattherewereinnatedifferencesbetweenmenandwomen,theyneverthelessforesawanequallyimportantsocialandpoliticalroleforboth esintheirUtopia.OnlyafewSaint-Simoniansopposedadefinitionof ualequalitybasedongenderdistinction.Thisminoritybelievedthatindividualsofboth eswerebornsimilarincapacityandcharacter,andtheyascribedmale-femaledifferencestosocializationandeducation.Theenvisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthought,however,wasthatwomenwouldenterpubliclifeinthenewageandthat ualequalitywouldrewardmenaswellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife.ItcanbeinferredthattheauthorconsidersthosehistorianswhodescribeearlyfeministsintheUnrated:Statesas"solitary"tobeAinsufficientlyfamiliarwiththeinternationaloriginsofnineteenth-centuryAmericanfeministthoughtBoverlyconcernedwiththeregionaldiversityoffeministideasintheperiodbeforeCnotfocusednarrowlyenoughintheirgeo-graphicalDinsufficientlyawareoftheideologicalconsequencesoftheSenecaFallsAccordingtothepassage,whichoftheistrueoftheSenecaFallsconferenceonwomen"sAItwasprimarilyaproductofnineteenth-centurySaint-SimonianfeministBItwastheworkofAmericanactivistswhowereindependentoffeministsCItwastheculminatingachievementoftheUtopiansocialistDItwasamanifestationofaninternationalmovementforsocialchangeandTheauthor"sattitudetowardmostEuropeanhistorianswhohavestudiedtheisprimarilyoneAapprovalofthespecificfocusoftheirBdisapprovaloftheirlackofattentiontotheissuethatabsorbedmostoftheSaint-Simonians"energyafter1832CapprovaloftheirgeneralfocusonsocialDdisapprovaloftheirlackofattentiontolinksbetweentheSaint-SimoniansandtheirAmericancounterpartsItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorbelievesthatstudyofSaint-SimonianismisnecessaryforhistoriansofAmericanfeminismbecausesuchAwouldclarifytheideologicaloriginsofthosefeministideasthatinfluencedAmericanfeminismBwouldincreaseunderstandingofamovementthatdeeplyinfluencedtheUtopiansocialismofearlyAmericanfeministsCwouldfocusattentiononthemostimportantaspectofSaint-Simonianthoughtbefore1832DpromisestoofferinsightintoamovementthatwasadirectoutgrowthoftheSenecaFallsconferenceof1848Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostaccuratedescriptionofthesocietyenvisionedbymostSaint-AAsocietyinwhichwomenwerehighlyregardedfortheirextensiveBAsocietyinwhichthetwogendersyedcomplementaryrolesandhadequalCAsocietyinwhichwomendidnotenterpublicDAsocialorderinwhichabodyofmenandwomenwouldruletogetheronthebasisoftheirspiritualpowerPassageItwastheworsttragedyinmaritimehistory,sixtimesmoredeadlythantheWhentheGermancruiseshipWilhelmGustloffwashittorpedoesfiredfromaRussiansubmarineinthefinalwinterofWorldWarII,morethan10,000people-mostlywomen,childrenandoldpeoplefleeingthefinalRedArmypushintoNaziGermany-werepackedaboard.Anicestormhadturnedthedecksintofrozensheetsthatsenthundredsoffamiliesslidingintotheseaastheshiptiltedandbegantogodown.Othersdesperaytriedtoputlifeboatsdown.Somewhosucceededfoughtoffthoseinthewaterwhohadthestrengthtotrytoclawtheirwayaboard.Mostpeoplefrozeimmediay.Tllneverforgetthescreams,"saysNtitzmann,87,oneofthe1,200survivors.Sherecallswatchingtheship,brightlylit,slipintoitsdarkgrave-andintoseemingnothingness,rarelymentionedformorethanhalfacentury.NowGermanysNobelPrize-winningauthorGtinterGrassrevivedthememoryofthe9,000dead,includingmorethan4,000children-withhislatestnovelCrabWalk,publishedlastmonth.Thebook,whichwillbeoutinEnglishnextyear,doesn’tdwellonthesinking;itseisapregnantyoungwomanwhosurvivesthecatastropheonlytosaylater:"Nobodywantedtohearaboutit,nothereintheWest(ofGermany)andnotatallintheEast."Thereasonwasobvious.AsGrassputitinarecentinterviewwiththeweeklyDieWoche:"BecausethecrimesweGermansareresponsibleforwereandaresodominant,wedidn'thavetheenergyleft lofourownsufferings.ThelongsilenceaboutthesinkingoftheWilhelmwasprobablyunavoidable-andnecessary.Byunlyowninguptotheircountrys’monstrouscrimesintheSecondWorldWar,Germanshavemanagedtowinacceptanceabroad,marginalizetheneo-Nazisathomeandmakepeacewiththeirneighbors.TodaysunifiedGermanyismoreprosperousandstablethanatanytimeinitslong,troubledhistory.Forthat,ahalfcenturyofwillfulforgettingaboutpainfulmemoriesliketheGermanTitanicwasperhapsareasonablepricetopay.ButeventhemostpoliticallycorrectGermansbelievethattheyyenowearnedtherighttodiscussthefullhistoricalrecord.NottoequateGermansufferingwiththatofitsvictims,butsimplytoacknowledgeaterrible36、WhydoestheauthorsaythesinkingoftheWilhelmGustloffwastheworsttragedyinmaritimehistory?ItwasattackedbyRussianMostofitspassengerswerefrozentoItsvictimsweremostlywomenandItcausedthelargestnumberof37、Hundredsoffamiliesdroppedintotheseaastrongicestormtiltedthethecruiseshipsankallofathebadlydamagedshipleanedtowardonethefrightenedpassengersfoughtdesperayfor38、TheWilhelmGustlofftragedywaslittletalkedaboutformorethanhalfacenturybecauseGermanswereeager,towininternationalfeltguiltyfortheircrimesinWorldWar~adbeenpressuredtokeepsilentaboutwereafraidofoffendingtheir39、HowdoesGunterGrassrevivethememoryoftheWilhelmGustloffBypresentingthehorriblesceneofthetorpedoBydescribingtheshipssinkingingreatBygivinganinterviewtotheweeklyDieBydepictingthesurvivalofayoungpregnant40、ItcanbelearnedfromthepassagethatGermansnolongerthinktheywillbemisunderstoodiftheytalkabouttheWilhelmGustlofftheWilhelmGustlofftragedyisareasonablepricetopayforthenationspastGermanyisresponsibleforthehorriblecrimesitcommittedinWorldWarit-iswrongtoequatetheirsufferingswiththoseofotherPassageOnthe36thdayaftertheyhadvoted，AmericansfinallylearnedWednesdaywhowouldbetheirnext ernorGeorgeW.BushofTexas.， AlGorehislastrealisticavenueforlegalchallengeclosedbyaU.，S.SupremeCourtdecisionlateTuesday，nnedtoendthecontestformallyinevisedeveningspeechofperhaps10minutes，advisersTheysaidthatSenatorJosephLieberman，hisvice ialrunningmate，wouldfirstmakebriefcomments.ThemenwouldspeakfromaceremonialchamberoftheOldExecutiveofficeBuilding，tothewestoftheWhiteHouse. ThedozensofpoliticalworkersandlawyerswhohadhelpedleadMr.Gore‘sunprecedentedfighttoclawacome-from-behindelectoralvictoryinthepivotalstateofFloridawerethankedWednesdayandaskedtostanddown. “The hasdirectedtherecountcommitteetosuspendactivities，”WilliamDaley，the nchairman，saidinawritten Mr.GoreauthorizedthatstatementaftermeetingwithhiswifeTipperandwith Hewasexpectedto ephoneMr.Bushduringtheday.TheBush n，alowprofileandmovedgingerlyasiftoleavespaceforMr.Goretocontem tehisnextsteps.， Yet，attheendofatryingandtumultuousprocessthathadfocusedattentiononsleeplessvotecountersacrossFlorida，andoncourtroomsformMiamitoTallahasseetoAtlantatoWashingtontheTexas ernorwasset ethe43dS. ， ThenewsofMr.Gore‘s nsfollowedthelongestandmostrancorousdisputeoveraU.S. ialelectioninmorethanacenturyonecertaintoleavescarsinabadlydividedcountry.， ItwasabitterendingforMr.Gore，whohadoutpolledMr.Bushnationwidebysome300000votes，but，withoutFlorida，fellshortintheElectoralCollegeby271votesto267—thenarrowestElectoralCollegevictorysincetheturbulentelectionof1876. Mr.GorewassaidtobedistressedbywhatheandmanyDemocraticactivistsfeltwasapartisandecisionfromthenation‘shighestcourt.TheThe5-to–4decisionoftheSupremeCourtheld，inessence，thatwhilearecountinFloridacouldbeconductedinlegalandconstitutional asMr.，hadsought，thiscouldnotbedonebytheDec.12deadlineforstatestoselecttheirialelectors.， JamesBaker3rd，theformersecretaryofstatewhorepresentedMr.Bushinthe ernorwas“verypleasedand Mr.Bushwas nninganationwidespeechaimedattryingtobegintohealthe country‘sdeep，achingandvarieddivisions.Hethenwasexpectedtomeetwithcongressionalleaders，includingDemocrats.DickCheney，Mr.Bush’sruingthe ernorwas“verypleasedand Mr.Bushwas nninganationwidespeechaimedattryingtobegintohealthe country‘sdeep，achingandvarieddivisions.Hethenwasexpectedtomeetwithcongressionalleaders，includingDemocrats.DickCheney，Mr.Bush’sruing，wasmeetingwithcongressmenWednesdayin WhenMr.Bushwhois54 isswornintoofficeonJan.20，hewillbeonlythesecondsonof tofollowhisfathertotheWhiteHouse，afterJohn WhilesomeconstitutionalexpertshadsaidtheybelievedstatescouldelectorsaslateasDec.18WhilesomeconstitutionalexpertshadsaidtheybelievedstatescouldelectorsaslateasDec.18，theU.S.highcourtmadeclearthatitsawnosuch， TheU.S.highcourtsentback“forrevision”totheFloridacourtitsallowingallowingrecountsbutmadeclearthatforallpracticalpurposestheelectionwasInitsunsignedmainopinion，thecourtdeclared，“Therecountprocess，initsfeaturesheredescribed，isinconsistentwiththeminimumproceduresnecessarytoprotectthefundamentalrightofeach Thatdecision，byacourtfracturedalongphilosophicallines，leftoneliberaljusticechargingthatthehighcourt‘sproceedingsboreapoliticaltaint. JusticeJohnPaulStevenswroteinanangrydissent：“Althoughwemayneverknowwithcompletecertaintytheidentityofthewinnerofthisyear‘s ialelection，theidentityoftheloserisperfectlyclear.Itisthenation’sconfidenceinthejudgeasanimpartialguardianofthe Butattheendoffiveseeminglyendlessweeksduringwhichthephysical andandconstitutionalmachinesoftheU.S.electionwerepressedandsorelytestedwaysunseeninmorethanacentury，thesystemfinallyproducedaresult，andmostAmericansappearedtobewillingatleaseprovisionallyto TheBushteam edthenewswithanoutwardshowofrestraintandaplomb.The ernor‘shopeshadrisenandfallensomanytimessinceElectionnight，andthelegalwarriorsofeachsidesufferedthroughsomanydramaticreversals，thattherewaslittleenergyleftforcelebration. 41.Themainideaofthispassage [A].Bush‘svictoryin ialelectionboreapolitical [B].TheprocessoftheAmerican ial [C].TheSupremeCourt ysaveryimportantpartinthe ial [D].Goreis Whatdoesthesentence“asiftoleavespaceforMr.Goreto hisnextstep” [A].BushhopesGoretojoinhis [B].BushhopesGoretoconcededefeatandtosupport [C].BushhopesGoretocongraduate [D].BushhopesGoregoonfightingwith 43.Whycouldn‘tMr.Gorewinthe ialelectionafterheoutpolledMr.Bushinthepopularvote？Because [A].the isdecidedbythesupremecourt‘sdecision. [B].peoplecan‘tdirectlyelecttheir [C].theAmerican iselectedbyaslateof ial [D].thepeopleofeachstatesupportMr. 44.Whatwastheresultofthe5—4decisionofthesupreme [A].Itwasinfactforthevote [B].Ithadnothingtodowiththe ial [C].Itdecidedthefateofthe [D].Itwasinessenceagainstthevote 45.Whatdidthe“turbulentelectionof1876” [A].Theprocessof ialelectionof2000wasthesameas） [B].Thereweregreatsimilaritiesbetweenthetwo ialelections（2000and1876。） [C].Itwascomparedto ialelectionof [D].ItwasgivenanPassageThestrivingofcountriesinCentralEuropetoentertheEuropeanUnionmayofferanunprecedentedchancetothecontinent’sGypsies(orRoman)toberecognizedasanation,albeitonewithoutadefinedterritory.Andiftheyweretoachievethattheymightevenseeksomekindofformalce—atleastatotalpopulationoutnumbersthatofmanyoftheUnion’spresentandfuturecountries.Someexpertsputthefigureat4m-plus;someproponentsofGypsyrightsgoashighas15m.UnlikeJews,Gypsieshavehadnoknownancestrallandtoharkbackto.ThoughtheirlanguageisrelatedtoHindi,theirterritorialoriginsaremisty.Romanianpeasantsheldthemtobebornonthemoon.OtherEuropeans(wrongly)thoughtthemmigrantEgyptians,hencethederivativeGypsy.Mostprobablytheywereitinerantmetalworkersandentertainerswhodriftedwestfrominthe7thcentury.However,sincecommunisminCentralEuropecollapsedadecadeago,thenotionofRomanes-tanasalandlessnationfoundedonGypsyculturehasgainedground.TheInternationalRomanyUnion,whichsaysitstandsfor10mGypsiesinmorethan30countries,isfosteringtheideaof“self-rallying”.Itistryingtopromoteastandardandwrittenformofthelanguage;itwavesaGypsyflag(greenwithawheel)whenitlobbiesinsuchcesastheUnitedBations;andinJulyitheldacongressinPrague,TheCzechcapital.WhereVaclavHavelsaidthatGypsiesinhisowncountryandelsewhereshouldhaveabetterdeal.AtthecongressaSlovak-bornlawyer,EmilScuka,waselectedoftheInternationalTomanyUnion.LaterthismonthagroupofelectedGypsypoliticians,includingmembersofparliament,mayorsandlocalcouncilorsfromalloverEurope(OSCE),todiscusshowtopersuademoreGypsiestogetinvolvedinpolitics.TheInternationalRomanyUnionisprobablythemostrepresentativeoftheoutfitsthatspeakforGypsies,butthatisnotsayingalot.Oftheseveralhundreddelegateswhogatheredatitscongress,fewweredemocraticallyelected;oddly,nonecamefromHungary,whoseGypsiesareperhapstheworld’sbestorganized,withsome450Gypsybodiesadvisinglocalcouncilsthere.Theuniondid,however,announceitsambitiontosetupaparliament,buthowitwouldactuallybeelectedwasleftSofar,theEuropeanCommissioniswaryofencouragingGypsiestopresentthemselvesasanation.Themight,itisfeared,openaPandora’sboxalreadycontainingBasques,Corsicansandotherawkwardpeoples.Besides,acknowledgingGypsiesasanationmightbackfire,justwhenseveralcountries,particularlyHungary,SlovakiaandtheCzechRepublic,arebeginningtotreatthembetter,inordertoqualifyforEUmembership.“TheEU’swholepremiseisto edifferences,nottohighlightthem,”saysanervousEurocrat.ButtheideathattheGypsiesshouldwinsomekindofspecialrecognitionasEurope’slargestcontinentwideminority,andonewithaterriblehistoryofpersecution,iscatchingon.Gypsieshavesufferedmanypogromsoverthecenturies.InRomania,thecountrythatstillhasthelargestnumberofthem(morethan1m),inthe19thcenturytheywereactuallyenslaved.Hitlertriedtowipethemout,alongwiththe“GypsiesdeservesomespacewithinEuropeanstructures,”saysJanMarinusWiersma,aDutanintheEuropeanParliamentwhosuggeststhatoneofthecurrentcommissionersshouldberesponsibleforGypsyaffairs.SomeprominentGypsiessaytheyshouldbemoredirectlyrepresented,perhapswithaquotaintheEuropeanParliament.That,theyargue,mightgivethemaboost.Therearemovesafoottohelpthemtogetmoneyfor,amongotherthings,aGypsyuniversity.OnebigsnagisthatEurope’sGypsiesare,infact,extremelyheterogeneous.Theybelongtomanydifferent,andoftenantagonistic,clansandtribes,withnocommonlanguageorreligion,Theirself-proclaimedleadershaveoftenprovedquarrelsomeandcorrupt.Still,says,DimitrinaPetrova,headoftheEuropeanRomaRightsCenterinBudapest,Gypsies’sharedexperienceofsufferingentitlesthemtotalkofonenation;theirpotentialunity,shesays,stemsfrom“beingregardedassub-humanbymostmajoritiesinEurope.”Andtheyhavebeguntobeabitmorepragmatic.InSlovakiaandBulgaria,forinstance,Gypsypoliticalpartiesaretryingtoformelectoralblocksthatcouldwinseatsinparliament.InMacedonia,aGypsypartyalreadyhassome—andevenrunsamunicipality.NicholasGheorge,anexpertonGypsyaffairsattheOSCE,reckonsthat,spreadoverCentralEurope,therearenowabout20GypsyMPSandmayors,400-oddlocalcouncilors,andagrowingnumberofbusinessmenandinlectuals.Thatisfarfromsayingthattheyhavethepeopleorthecashtoforgeanation.But,withtheGypsyquestionontheEU’sagendainCentralEurope,theyaremakingTheBestTitleofthispassage[A].GypsiesWanttoFormaNation.[B].AreTheya[C].EUIsAfraidofTheirGrowth.[C].TheyAreaWherearethemostprobableGypsyterritory[A].Mostprobablytheydriftedwestfrominthe7thcentury.[B].Theyarescatteredeverywhereintheworld.[C].Probably,theystemmedfromCentral[D].TheyprobablycamefromtheInternationalRomanyWhatdoestheInternationalRomanylobby[A].ItlobbiesforademandtobeacceptedbysuchinternationalorganizationsasEUandUN.[B].ItlobbiesforapostinanyinternationalRomanyUnion.[C].Itlobbiesfortherightasanation.[D].ItlobbiesforaceinsuchinternationalorganizationsastheEUorWhyistheEuropeCommissionwaryofencouragingGypsiestopresentthemselvesasanation?[A].ItmayopenaPandora’s[B].Encouragementmayleadtosomeunexpected[C].ItfearsthattheBasgnes,Corsicansandothernationsseekingseparationmayraisethesamedemand.[D].Gyspsies’demandmayhighlightthedifferenceintheThebigproblemliesinthefact[A].Gypsiesbelongtodifferentandantagonisticclansandtribeswithoutacommonlanguageorreligion.[B].Theirleadersprove[C].Theirpotentialunitystemsfrom“beingregardedassub-human”.[D].Theyareabitmorepragmatic.PassageIn1960-1961,Chadharvested9800tonsofcottonseedforthefirsttimeinitshistory,andputouttheflagalittletoosoon.Theeffortsofthe togetthepeasantsbacktowork,astheyhadslackedoffagreatdealthepreviousyearduringindependencecelebrations,largelycontributedtoit.Also,rainswerewellspaced,andthroughthewholemonthofOctober.Ifthe1961-1962totalisbacktotheregionof45000tons,itismostlybecauseeffortsslackenedagainandsowingwasstartedtoolate. TheaveragedateofsowingisaboutJuly1st.Ifthisdateissimplymovedupfifteenortwentydays,30000to60000tonsofcottonaregained,dependingontheyear.ThepeasantinChadsowshismilletfirst,anditishardtocriticizethisinstinctiveprioritygiventohisdailybread.Anessentialreasonforhislatenesswithsowingcottonisthatatthetimewhenheshouldleavetopreparethefieldshehasjustbarelysoldthecottonofthepreviousseason.Theworkrequiredtosow,ingreatheat,ispsychologicallyfarmoredifficultifone'spocketsarefullofmoney.Thedateofcottonsalesshouldthereforebemovedforwardasmuchaspossible,andpurchasesofequipmentanddraughtanimalsencouraged. Peasantsshouldalsobeencouragedtosavemoney,tohelpthemthroughthedifficultperiodbetweenharvests.Ifnecessarytheyshouldbe dtodoso,byhavingthepaymentsforcottongiventothemininstallments.Thelastpaymentwouldbemadeafterproofthatthepeasanthas ntedbeforethedeadline,thedatebeingadvancedtotheendofJune.Thosewhohavedonesowouldreceiveextramoneywhereasthelast nterswouldnotreceivetheirlastpaymentuntillater. Onlythefirststepsarehard,becauseonceworkhasstartedthepeasantscontinuewillinglyontheirway.Educational nsamongthepeasantswill yanessentialroleinthisbasicadvance,earlysowing,onwhichalltheothersdepend.Itisnotamatterofcontrollingthepeasants.Eachpeasantwillremainmasterofhisfields.Onecould,however,suggesttheneedforthetimebeingofkindbutfirmrule,which,aslongasitcannotberealizedbythepeople,shouldatleastbeforthepeople.In1960-1961,Chadhadagoodharvestofcotton the ernmentgreatlyencouraged rainsfavoredthegrowthof Chadgainedindependenceintheprevious BothA)and 52.Welearnfromthepassagethatthedateofsowingcottonis A)onJune B)onJuly C)onJuly D)onJuly 53.Asusedinthethirdsentenceofthesecondparagraph,dailybreadrefers A) B)breadand 54.Inordertohelpthemthroughthedifficulttimebetweenharveststhepeasantshaveto sellcottonin beencouragedtosave sowcottonin ntmillet 55.WhichofthefollowingisNOT Educational nsareveryimportanttoearly Ofalltheadvancesthatthewriterhopesfor,earlysowingisthemost Peasantsshouldremainthemastersoftheir ernmentmightaswellmakegoodandfirmruleforPassageIn1939twobrothers,MacandDickMcDonald,startedadrive-inrestaurantinSanBernadino,California.Theycarefullychoseabusycornerfortheirlocation.Theyhadruntheirownbusinessesforyears,firstatheater,thenabarbecuerestaurant,andthenanotherdrive-in.Butintheirnewoperation,theyofferedanew,shortened Frenchfries,hamburgers,andsodas.Tothissmallselectiontheyaddedonenewconcept:quickservice,nowaitersorwaitresses,andnotips.Theirhamburgerssoldforfifteencents.Cheesewasanotherfourcents.TheirFrenchfriesandhamburgershadaremarkableuniformity,forthebrothershaddevelopedastrictroutineforthepreparationoftheirfood,andtheyinsistedontheircooks"stickingtotheirroutine.Theirnewdrive-inbecameincrediblypopular,particularlyforlunch.Peopledroveupbythehundredsduringthebusynoontime.Theself-servicerestaurantwassopopularthatthebrothershadallowedtencopiesoftheirrestauranttobeopened.TheywerecontentwiththismodestsuccessuntiltheymetRayKroc.KrocwasasalesmanwhomettheMcDonaldbrothersin1954,whenhewassellingmilkshake-mixingmachines.Hequicklysawtheuniqueappealofthebrothers"fast-foodrestaurantsandboughttherighttofranchiseothercopiesoftheirrestaurants.Theagreemen