2022年广西大学英语考试真题卷14测

2022年广西大学英语考试真题卷

（本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。）

单位：姓名：考号：

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一、单项选择题(共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意)

1.Whichofthefollowingisnotafactorthathascontributedtotherapid

popuIationgrowth

A.Now,therearenowinsandpeopleliveinapeacefulworld.

B.Morechildrencanlivetotheiradulthoodandhavetheirownchildren.

C.Peoplelivelongernowthaninthepast.

D.Peopleimmunizemanyfataldiseasesofwhichmanypeopledied.

2.{{I}}Questions8to10arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendof

thenewsitem,youwiIIbegiven10secondstoanswereachquestion.Now

Iistentothenews.{{/I}}

ThereareRussian(s)andAmerican(s)onboard.

A.one,one

B.one,two

C.two,two

D.two,one

3.

I{Bl}TEXTA{{/B}}

Sincethelate1970's,inthefaceofasevere10ssofmarketshare

indozensofindustries,manufacturersintheUnitedStateshavebeen

tryingtoimproveproductivityandthereforeenhancetheirinternationaI

competitivenessthroughcost-cuttigprograms.(Cost-cuttinghereis

definingtheamountoflaborconstant.)However,from1978through1982,

productivity-thevalueofgoodsmanufactureddividedbytheamount

oflaborinput-didnotimprove;andwhiletheresultswerebetterin

thebusinessupturnofthethreeyearsfollowing,theyran25percent

lowerthanproductivityimprovementsduringearIier,post-1945upturns.

Atthesame,itbecameclearthehardermanufacturesworkedtoimpIement

cost-cutting,themoretheylosttheircompetitiveedge.

Withthisparadoxinmind,IrecentIyvisited25companies;itbecame

cleartomethatthecost-cuttingapproachtoincreasingproductivity

isfundamentaIIyflawed.Manufacturingregularlyobservesa”40,40,20n

rule.RoughIy40percentofanymanufacturing-basedcompetitive

advantagederivesfromlong-termchangesinmanufacturingstructure

(decisionsaboutthenumber,size,Iocation,andcapacityoffaciIities)

andinapproachestomaterials.Another40percentcomesfrommajor

changesinequipmentandprocesstechnology.Thefinal20percentrests

onimpIementingconventionaIeast-cutting.Thisruledoesnotbetried.

Thewe11-knowntoolsofthisapproach-includingsimpIifyingjobsand

retrainingempIoyeestoworksmarter,notharder-doproduceresults.

ButthetoolsquicklyreachtheIimitsofwhattheycancontribute.

Anotherproblemisthatthecost-cuttingapproachhindersinnovation

anddiscouragescreativepeopIe.AsAbernathyfsstudyofautomobiIe

manufacturershasshown,anindustrycaneasilybecomeprisonerofits

owninvestmentincast-cuttingtechniques,reducingitsabilityto

deveIopnewproducts.Andmanagersunderpressuretomaximize

cost-cuttingwiIIresistinnovationbecausetheyknowthatmore

fundamentaIchangesinprocessesorsystemswi11wreakhavocwiththe

resultsonwhichtheyaremeasured.ProductionmanagershaveaIwaysseen

theirjobasoneofminimizingcostsandmaximizingoutput.This

dimensionofperformancehasuntiIrecentlysufficedasabasisof

evaIuation,butithascreatedapenny-pinching,mechanisticculturein

mostfactoriesthathaskeptawaycreativemanagers.

EverycompanyIknowthathasfreeditselffromtheparadoxhasdone

so,inpart,bydevelopingandimpIementingamanufacturingstrategy.

SuchastrategyfacturingandimpIementingamanufacturingstrategy.Such

astrategyfocusesonthemanufacturingstructureandonequipmentand

processtechnology.InonecompanyamamufacturingstrategythataIIowed

differentareasofthefactorytospeciaIizeindifferentmarkets

replacedtheconventionaIcast-cuttingapproach;withinthreeyearsthe

companyregaineditscompetitiveadvantage.Togetherwithsuch

strategies,successfuIcompaniesare.alsoencouragingmanagersto

focusonawidersetofobjectivesbesidescuttingcosts.Thereishope

formanufacturing,butitclearlyrestsonadifferentwayofmanaging.

Theauthor1sattitudetowardthecultureinmostfactoriesisbest

describedas.

A.cautious

B.critical

C.disinterested

D.respectful

4.{{B}}TEXTC({/B}}

AbIindbabyisdoubIyhandicapped.Notonlyisitunabletosee,but

becauseitcannotreceivethevisualstimulusfromitsenvironmentthat

asightedchilddoes,itisIikeIytobesIowininteIIectuaIdeveIopment.

Nowtheten-montholdsonofDr.andMrs.DennisDaughtersisthesubject

ofanunusualpsychologicalexperimentdesignedtopreventalaginthe

learningprocess.Withtheaidofasonar-typeelectronicthathewears

onhishead,infantDennisislearningtoidentifythepeopIeandobjects

intheworldaroundhimbymeansofechoes.

Dennisandatwinbrother,DanieIywerebornlastSeptemberaImost

threemonthstooearly.DanieIdiedafterfivedays,andDennisdeveIoped

retrolentalfibroplasias,aneyedisorderusuallycausedbyoverexposure

tooxygeninanincubator.Hewentblind,butthroughapediatrician

attheprematureunitwherehewastreated,theDaughterswerecontacted

byDr.TomBower,apsychologistfromtheUniversityofEdinburghthen

servingafeIIowshipattheStanfordUniversityCentreforAdvancedStudy

intheBehaviouraISciences.BowerwantedtoseehowabIindinfantmight

respondifgivenanechosoundingdevicetohelphimcopewithhis

surroundingsandtheDaughtersagreedtohelp.

Bythetimethechildwassixweeksold,hisparentsnoticedthathe

continuouslyutteredsharpclickingsoundswithhistongue.Bower

expIainedthatblindpeopIeoftenuseechoestoorientthemselves,and

thattheclickingsoundsweretheboy'swayofcreatingechoes.This,

BowerbeIieved,madethechildanidealsubjectfortestingwithan

electronicechosoundingdevice.

Signals:Thedeviceusedinthestudyisarefinementofthe

“Sonicguide”,aninstrumentproducedbyTelesensorySystem,Inc.,of

PaloAlto,Calif.,andusedbyblindadultsinadditiontosaneorguide

dog.AsadaptedforDennis,itconsistsofabattery-poweredsystem

aboutthesizeofahalfdoIIarthatisonaheadgear.Atransmitteremits

anultrasonicpulsethatcreatesan80-degreeconeofsoundat6feet.

Echoesfromobjectswithintheconeareperceivedassoundsthatvary

inpitchandvoIumewiththesizeanddistanceoftheobject.

Thecloseranobjectis,helowerthepitch,andthelargertheobject,

thelouderthesignaI.Hardsurfacesproduceasharpping,whilesoft

onessendbacksignaIswithasiightIyfuzzyquaIity.AnobjectsIightIy

totherightofDenny'ssendsbackaloudersoundtohisrightearthan

totheleft.Thus,bysimplymovinghisheadrightandleftandupand

down,hecannotonlyIocateanobjectbutalsogetsomenotionofits

shapeandsize,thankstothevaryingquaIitiesofsoundsreachinghis

earsastheconeofultrasoundpassesitsedges.DennisIikestousethe

devicetopIayakindofpeek-a-boowithhismother.Standingonherknee

andfacingherdirectly,hereceivesastrongsignaIinbothears.By

mininghisheadaway,hemakesherseemtodisappear.MFromthefirst

timeheworeit,“saysMrs.Daughters,11itwasIikeaIightgoingonin

hishead.”

TheboyalsoIearnedtoidentifymanyobjects,includinghisfavourite

toy,arobbercaterpiIIarwithsixantenna-1ikeprojectionscomingout

ofitsbody.Andatsix-and-a-haIfmonths,whenateethingbiscuitwas

heldinfrontofDennis,thechildimmediateIygrabbeditwithbothhands

andputitintohismouth.

Sofar,thestudyhasshownthatanormaIblindbabycanempIoyechoes

aswe11as,orevenbetterthan,anunsightedadultcan.Whatremains

tobedeterminedishowweIIthedevicewiIIhelpDenniscopewithhis

surroundingsashebeginstowaIkandventurefurtherintohisenvironment.

Meanwhile,Telesensory,Inc.,isworkingonthedeveIopmentofasonar

devicewithsomewhatthesamesensitivityasDennisJsforuseby

schooI-agechiIdren.

BowerbeIievedDenniswouldbetheidealsubjectforhisexperiment

because.

A.Denniswasblindatbirth

B.Denniswasyoungerthananyoneelsehecouldfind

C.Dennis'sparentswerequiteworriedabouthisfuture

D.Dennisalwaysproducedsharpclickingsoundswithhistongue

5.{{B}}TEXTD{{/B}}

Science,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsitprepares

thanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.

SirIsaacNewtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefaIIofan

apple.Appleshadbeenfallinginmanyplacesforcenturiesandthousands

ofpeopIehadseenthemfall.ButNewtonforyearshadbeencuriousabout

thecauseoftheorbitalmotionofthemoonandplanets.Whatkeptthem

inplaceWhydidn'ttheyfaIIoutoftheskyThefactthattheapple

felIdowntowardtheearthandnotupintothetreeansweredthequestion

behadbeenaskinghimselfaboutthoselargerfruitsoftheheavens,the

moonandtheplanets.

HowmanymenwouIdhaveconsideredthepossibiIityofanappIefalIing

upintothetreeNewtondidbecausehewasnottryingtopredictanything.

Hewasjustwondering.Hismindwasreadyfortheunpredictable.

UnpredictabiIityispartoftheessentiaInatureofresearch.Ifyoudon'

thaveunpredictablethings,youdon,thaveresearch.Scientiststend

toforgetthiswhenwritingtheircutanddriedreportsforthetechnicaI

journals,buthistory,isfilledwithexampIesofit.

Intalkingtosomescientists,particularlyyoungerones,youmight

gathertheimpressionthattheyfindthe"scientificmethod11asubstitute

forimaginativethought.I'veattendedresearchconferenceswherea

scientisthasbeenaskedwhathethinksabouttheadvisabiIityof

continuingacertainexperiment.Thescientisthasfrowned,Iookedat

thegraphs,andsaid"Thedataarestillinconclusive.11"Weknowthat,11

themenfromthebudgetofficehavesaid,nbutwhatdoyouthink"Is

itworthwhiIegoingonWhatdoyouthinkwemightexpect“Thescientist

hasbeenshockedathavingevenbeenaskedtospeculate.

Whatthisamountsto,ofcourse,isthatthescientisthasbecomethe

victimofhisownwritings.Hehasputforwardunquestionedclaimsso

consistentIythathenotonlybeIievesthemhimself,buthasconvineed

industriaIandbusinessmanagementthattheyaretree.Ifexperimerits

arepIannedandcarriedoutaccordingtoplanisfaithfuIlyasthereports

inthesciencejournalsmedicate,thenitisperfectlytopicaIfor

managementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollars

andcents.ItisentirelyreasonableforauditorstobeIievethat

scientistswhoknowexactIywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywiIIget

thereshouIdnotbedistractedbythenecessityofkeepingoneeyeon

thecashregisterwhiletheothereyeisonthemicroscope.Nor,if

regularityandconformitytoastandardpatternareasdesirabletothe

scientistasthewritingofhispaperswouldappeartoreflect,is

managementtobebIamedfordiscriminatingagainstthe"oddbaIlsMamong

researchersinfavorofmoreconventionaIthinkerswho"workwe11with

theteam”.

Theauthorassertsthatscientists.

A.shouldn,treplace"scientificmethodnwithimaginativethought

B.shouldn'tneglecttospeculateonunpredictablethings

C.shouldwritemoreconcisereportsfortechnicaljournals

D.shouldbeconfidentabouttheirresearchfindings

6.{{BJ1TEXTB{{/B}}

Theyearwhichprecededmyfather1sdeathmadegreatchangeinmy

Iife.IhadbeenIivinginNewJersey,workingdefenseplants,working

andlivingamongsoutherners,whiteandblack.Iknewaboutthesouth,

ofcourse,andabouthowsouthernerstreatedNegroesandhowtheyexpected

themtobehave,butithadneverenteredmymindthatanyonewouldlook

atmeandexpectmetobehavethatway.IlearnedinNewJerseythatto

beaNegromeant,precisely,thatonewasneverIockedatbutwassimply

atthemercyofthereflexesofthecolorofone'sskincausedinother

peopIe.IactedinNewJerseyasIhadalwaysacted,thatisasthough

IthoughtagreatdealofmyseIf-Ihadtoactthatway-withresults

thatwere,simply,unbelievable.IhadscarcelyarrivedbeforeIhad

earnedtheenmity,whichwasextraordinarilyingenious,ofalImy

superiorsandnearlyalImyco-workers.Inthebeginning,tomakematters

worse,Isimplydidnotknowwhatwashappening.Ididnotknowwhathad

done,andIshortlybegantowonderwhatanyonecouldpossiblydo,to

bringaboutsuchunanimous,active,andunbearablyvocalhostiIity.I

knewaboutjim-crowbutIhadneverexperiencedit.Iwenttothesame

seIf-servicerestaurantthreetimesandstoodwithalIthePrincetonboys

beforethecounter,waitingforahamburgerandcoffee;itwasalways

anextraordinarilylongtimebeforeanythingwassetbeforeme:Ihad

simplypiekedsomethingup.Negroeswerenotservedthere,Iwastold,

andtheyhadbeenwaitingformetorealizethatIwasaIwaystheonly

Negropresent.OnceIwastoldthis,IdeterminedtogotherealIthe

time.Butnowtheywerereadyformeand,thoughsomedreadfulscenes

weresubsequentlyenactedinthatrestaurant,Ineveratethereagain.

ItwassamestoryalIoverNewJersey,inbars,bowlingalleys,diners,

placestoIive.Iwasalwaysbeingforcedtoleave,siIentIy,orwith

mutuaIimprecations.IveryshortIybecamenotoriousandchiIdrengiggled

behindmewhenIpassedandtheirelderswhisperedorshouted-they

reallybelievedthatIwasmad.Anditdidbegintoworkonmymind,of

course;Ibegantobeafraidtogoanywhereandtocompensateforthis

IwentpIacestowhichIreallyshouldnothavegoneandwhere,Godknows,

Ihadnodesiretobe.Myreputationintownnaturallyenhancedmy

reputationatworkandmyworkingdaybecameoneIongseriesofacrobatics

designedtokeepmeoutoftrouble.Icannotsaythattheseacrobatics

night,withbutoneaim:toejectme.Iwasfiredonce,andcontrived,

withtheaidofafriendfromNewYork,togetbackonthepayrolIwas

firedagain,andbouncedbackagain.Ittookawhiletofiremeforthe

thirdtime,butthethirdtimetook.TherewarenoIoophoIesanywhere.

Therewasnotevenanywayofgettingbackinsidethegates.

ThatyearinNewJerseyIivesinmymindasthoughitweretheyear

duringwhich,havinganunsuspectedpredilectionforit,Ifirst

contractedsomedread,chronicdisease,theunfaiIingsymptomofwhich

iskindofblindfever,apoundingintheskulIandfireinthebowels.

Oncethisdiseaseiscontracted,onecanneverbereallycarefreeagain,

forthefever,withoutaninstant,swarning,canrecuratanymoment.

Itcanwreckmoreimportantracerelations.ThereisnotaNegroalive

whodoesnothavethisrageinhisblood-onehasthechoice,merely,

ofIivingwithitconsciousIyorsurrenderingtoit.Asforme,thisfever

hasrecurredinme,anddoes,andwiIIuntiIthedayIdie.

MylastnightinNewJersey,awhitefriendfromNewYorktookmeto

thenearestbigtown,Trenton,togotothemoviesandhaveafewdrinks.

Asitturnedout,healsosavedmefrom,attheveryleast,aviolent

whipping.AImostevery,detaiIofthatnightstandsoutverydearlyin

mymemory.Ievenrememberthenameofthemoviewesawbecauseitstitle

impressedmeasbeingsopartlyironical.ItwasamovieabouttheGerman

occupationofFrance,starringMaureenO'HaraandCharlesLaughtonand

calledThisLandIsMine.IrememberthenameofthedinerwewaIkedinto

whenthemovieended.Itwasthe"AmericanDiner".WhenwewaIkedinthe

countermanaskedwhatwewantedandIrememberansweringwiththecasual

sharpnesswhichhadbecomemyhabit:"Wewantahamburgerandacupof

coffee,whatdoyouthinkwewant"Idenotknowwhy,afterayearof

suchrebuffs,IsocompIeteIyfaiIedtoanticipatehisanswer,whichwas,

ofcourse,“Wedon'tserveNegroeshere.11ThisrepIyfaiIedtodiscompose

me,atleastforthemoment.Imadesomesardoniccommentaboutthename

ofthedinerandwewaIkedoutintothestreets.

ThiswasthetimeofwhatwascalledtheMbrown-outwhentheIights

inalIAmericancitieswereverydim.Whenwereenteredthestreets

somethinghappenedtomewhichhadtheforceofanopticaIillusion,or

anightmare.Thestreetswereverycrowdeda

A.thatwasayearinwhichawfulthingshappenedtome

B.thatwasayearthatIwillneverevenforget

C.thatwasayearthatonlyexistedinmymind；butneverhappenedto

exist

D.thatwasayearwhenIlivedinNewJersey

7.WhichpartoftheworIddidNOTexperiencethenegativepopuIation

growth

A.America.

B.Australia.

C.Asia.

D.Europe.

8.{{B}}TEXTE{{/B}}

Ethnographyisthestudyofaparticularhumansocietyortheprocess

ofmakingsuchastudy.ContemporaryethnographyisbasedaImostentirely

onfieldworkandrequiresthecompIeteimmersionoftheanthropologist

inthecultureandeverydayIifeofthepeopIewhoarethesubjectof

hisstudy.Ethnography,byvirtueofitsintersubjectivenature,is

necessarilycomparative.Giventhattheanthropologistinthefield

necessarilyretainscertainculturalbiases,hisobservationsand

descriptionsmust,toacertaindegree,becomparative.Thusthe

formulatingofgeneralizationsaboutcultureandthedrawingof

comparisonsinevitablybecomecomponentsofethnography.

ModernanthropologistsusuallyidentifytheestabIishmentof

ethnographyasaprofessionalfieldwiththepioneeringworkofthe

PoIish-bornBritishanthropoIogistBronisIawMaIinowskiintheTrobriand

IslandsofMelanesia.Ethnographicfieldworkhadsincebecomeasortof

riteofpassageintotheprofessionofculturalanthropology.Many

ethnographersresideinthefieldforayearormore,learningthelocal

Ianguageordialectand,tothegreatestextentpossible,participating

ineverydayIifewhileatthesametimemaintaininganobserver9s

objectivedetachment.

Thismethod,calledparticipant-observation,whilenecessaryand

usefulforgainingathoroughunderstandingofaforeignculture,isin

practicequitedifficult.Justastheanthropologistbringstothe

situationcertaininherent,ifunconscious,culturalbiases,soalsois

heinfIuencedbythesubjectofhisstudy.Whiletherearecasesof

ethnographerswhofeltaIienatedorevenrepelledbytheculturethey

entered,many-perhapsmost-havecometoidentifycloselywith"their

people11,afactorthataffectstheirobjectivity.Inadditiontothe

techniqueofparticipant-observation,thecontemporaryethnographer

usuaIlyselectsandcultivatesdosereIationshipwithindividuaIs,known

asinformants,whocanprovidespecificinformationonritual,kinship,

orothersignificantaspectsofculturalIife.Inthisprocessalsothe

anthropologistrisksthedangerofbiasedviewpoints,asthosewhomost

willinglyactasinformantsfrequentlyareindividualswhoaremarginal

tothegroupandwhomayprovideotherthanobjectiveexpIanationsof

culturalandsociaIphenomena.Afinalhazardinherentinethnographic

fieldworkistheever-presentpossibiIityofculturalchangeproduced

byorresultingfromtheethnographer1spresenceinthegroup.

Contemporaryethnographiesusuallyadheretoacommunity,ratherthan

individual,focusandconcentrateonthedescriptionofcurrent

circumstancesratherthanhistoricalevents.Traditionally,

commonalitiesamongmembersofthegrouphavebeenemphasized,though

recentethnographyhasbeguntoreflectaninterestintheimportance

ofvariationwithincuIturaIsystems.Ethnographicstudiesarenolonger

restrictedtosmaIIprimitivesocietiesbutmayaIsofocusonsuchsociaI

unitsasurbanghettos.Thetoolsoftheethnographerhavechanged

radicallysinceMaIinowski9stime.WhiledetaiIednotesarestilla

mainstayoffieldwork,ethnographershavetakenfulIadvantageof

technologicaldevelopmentssuchasmotionpicturesandtaperecorders

toaugmenttheirwrittenaccounts.

TheethnographershowsgreatinterestinalIofthefollowingEXCEPT

A.currentconditionsthatexistwithaculture

B.individualbehaviorasshapedbyacustom

C.behaviorpatternscommonamongmembersofaculture

D.differencesexistingwithinaculture

9.IfacountryhasapopuIationof20millionanditsrateofnatural

popuIationincreaseis2%,after34years,thecountrywiIIhavea

popuIationof.

A.80million

B.60million

C.50million

D.40million

10.{{B}}TEXT

Science,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsitprepares

thanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.

SirIsaacNewtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefaIIofan

apple.AppIeshadbeenfallinginmanyplacesforcenturiesandthousands

ofpeopIehadseenthemfall.ButNewtonforyearshadbeencuriousabout

thecauseoftheorbitalmotionofthemoonandplanets.Whatkeptthem

inplaceWhydidn5ttheyfaIIoutoftheskyThefactthattheapple

felIdowntowardtheearthandnotupintothetreeansweredthequestion

behadbeenaskinghimselfaboutthoselargerfruitsoftheheavens,the

moonandtheplanets.

HowmanymenwouIdhaveconsideredthepossibiIityofanappIefalIing

upintothetreeNewtondidbecausehewasnottryingtopredictanything.

Hewasjustwondering.Hismindwasreadyfortheunpredictable.

UnpredictabiIityispartoftheessentiaInatureofresearch.Ifyoudon'

thaveunpredictablethings,youdon'thaveresearch.Scientiststend

toforgetthiswhenwritingtheircutanddriedreportsforthetechnicaI

journals,buthistory,isfilledwithexampIesofit.

Intalkingtosomescientists,particularlyyoungerones,youmight

gathertheimpressionthattheyfindthe"scientificmethod"asubstitute

forimaginativethought.15veattendedresearchconferenceswherea

scientisthasbeenaskedwhathethinksabouttheadvisabiIityof

continuingacertainexperiment.Thescientisthasfrowned,Iookedat

thegraphs,andsaid"Thedataarestillinconclusive.HnWeknowthat,M

themenfromthebudgetofficehavesaid,"butwhatdoyouthink”Is

itworthwhiIegoingonWhatdoyouthinkwemightexpect"Thescientist

hasbeenshockedathavingevenbeenaskedtospeculate.

Whatthisamountsto,ofcourse,isthatthescientisthasbecomethe

victimofhisownwritings.Hehasputforwardunquestionedclaimsso

consistentIythathenotonlybeIievesthemhimself,buthasconvineed

industrialandbusinessmanagementthattheyaretree.Ifexperiments

arepIannedandcarriedoutaccordingtopIanisfaithfullyasthereports

inthesciencejournalsmedicate,thenitisperfectlytopicaIfor

managementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollars

andcents.ItisentirelyreasonableforauditorstobeIievethat

scientistswhoknowexactIywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywiIIget

thereshouIdnotbedistractedbythenecessityofkeepingoneeyeon

thecashregisterwhiletheothereyeisonthemicroscope.Nor,if

regularityandconformitytoastandardpatternareasdesirabletothe

scientistasthewritingofhispaperswouldappeartoreflect,is

managementtobebIamedfordiscriminatingagainstthe"oddbaIlsnamong

researchersinfavorofmoreconventionaIthinkerswho"workweIIwith

theteam".

Itseemsthatsomeyoungscientists.

A.haveakeeninterestinprediction

B.oftenspeculateonthefuture

C.thinkhighlyofcreativethinking

D.stickto"scien