欧洲文化入门(一)

WelcomeEuropeanCulture:AnIntroduction欧洲文化入门2021/5/91ThePurposeofLearningEuropeanCultureLanguagecannotbelearnedwithoutsomeknowledgeoftheculturebehindit.Europeancultureitselfisapartofworldculture.Someknowledgeofitisnecessarytousascitizensoftheworld.2021/5/92Toshowone’sopinion:2021/5/93Oneself2021/5/94Theleader2021/5/95Oldagelife2021/5/96PurposeforMyCultureClassLearningcultureisnottorecitenumerousinformationsfromtextbook.Buttoimproveself-cultivation,topromoteone’sthinkingability,thentoprobeourculture’smeritsanddefectsfromdifferentculture,tothinkaboutwhatweshouldlearnfromothersandwhatothersshouldlearnfromours.Sothatwecouldcultivateahabitofthinkingandknowinghowtomakelifemeaningful.2021/5/97ForMyPersonalView文化，不是让你死记硬背时间、地点、人物、事件、影响、意义。而是透过不同的文化，探究自身文化的优缺点，从中吸取精华、去除糟粕，来达到提升自我修养，培养独立思考能力的目的。从而让文化成为我们参悟生活，领会人生意义的重要渠道。2021/5/98TheOriginofCultureMesopotamia—两河流域文明Egyptian—古埃及文明Hebrew—希伯来文明GreekandRoman—希腊与罗马文化（文化=文明）2021/5/992021/5/9102021/5/911DivisionOneGreekCultureandRomanCulture2021/5/912TheOriginCrete(3000B.C.)克里特岛TrojanWar(1200B.C.)特洛伊战争GreekDarkAges(1200B.C.—800B.C.)ArchaicGreece(800B.C.—500B.C.)古风时期ClassicalPeriod(500B.C.—336B.C.)古典时期HellenisticAge(336B.C.—31B.C.)希腊化时代

2021/5/913GreeceandTroy2021/5/9141.Historicalcontext(background)WarbetweenGreeceandTroyinabout1,200B.C.Greekcultureinthe5thcenturyB.C.CivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.RuleofAlexanderinthe4thcenturyB.C.In146B.C.theRomansconqueredGreece.2021/5/9152.SocialandPoliticalStructureDemocracy—theadultmalecitizensEconomy—slavelabor(exploitation)Sports—OlympicGames2021/5/9163.HomerHomer

荷马(around700B.C.),epic史诗Iliad《伊利亚特》Odyssey《奥德赛》

TodayweseeIliadandtheOdyssey

incorporatedintothecourseofalmosteveryhighschoolinAmerica.2021/5/917EpicDefinition：Anepicis

alongnarrativepoemofgreatscaleandgrandiosestyleabouttheheroeswhoareusuallywarriorsorevendemigods.简言之，史诗是叙述英雄传说或重大历史事件的叙事长诗。2021/5/918TrojanWar特洛伊战争InGreekmythologyandinIliadandOdysseybyHomerAbout1,200B.C.WarbetweenGreeceandTroyFoughtoverthebeautifulHelenLastedfor10yearsTrojanhorseTroydefeated2021/5/919GreeceandTroy2021/5/9202021/5/921Achilles阿喀琉斯/阿基里斯2021/5/922MatchingGoldappleTrojanhorseAchillesheelDeathfulweaknessBaneIntrudingdestructiveelement2021/5/923Matching(key)Goldapple—BaneTrojanhorse—IntrudingdestructiveelementAchillesheel—Deathfulweakness“不和的金苹果”—祸根“特洛伊木马”—侵入内部的破坏性因素“阿喀琉斯的脚踵”—致命的弱点2021/5/924Poetry=Poem=Verse（诗歌）Ballad（民谣）Lyric（抒情诗）Epic（史诗）Ode（颂诗）Elegy（挽歌）Pastoral（田园诗）Sonnet（十四行诗）NarrativePoem（叙事诗）BlankVerse（无韵体诗）FreeVerse（自由体诗）2021/5/9254.Lyric（抒情诗）Definition:Alyricisapoemthat expressesstrongfeeling.2021/5/9264.LyricWritersSappho(about612-580B.C.)萨福----lovepoemPindar(about518-438B.C.)品达----odes：apoemtopraiseandglorifyan individualorathing.2021/5/9275.DramaOpen-airtheatres,stonebenches,lookingdownatthestagefromthreesides,actorswithmasks.mask=masque假面剧2021/5/928ThreeGreatestTragedyWriter:

a.Aeschylus（埃斯库罗斯）b.Sophocles（索福克勒斯）c.Euripides（欧里庇得斯）2021/5/929a.Aeschylus(525-456B.C.)

埃斯库罗斯The“FatherofTragedy”,oneofthethreegreatancientGreektragedians古希腊悲剧之父PrometheusBound《被缚的普罗米修斯》2021/5/930PrometheusBoundBasedonthemythofPrometheus,atitan泰坦神族人whogavethegiftoffiretomortalsandwaspunishedbythegodZeus.2021/5/931MatchingPrometheus —MartyrtothecauseofhumanPandora’sbox —Rootofalldisaster2021/5/932b.Sophocles(496-406B.C.)

索福克勒斯SecondofthethreegreattragediansofclassicalAthensOedipustheKing《俄狄浦斯王》StrongimpactonEuropeanliterature

“theOedipuscomplex”俄狄浦斯情结2021/5/933MatchingOedipuscomplex俄狄浦斯情结

—complexfeelingtowardparentsor betweenaccidentandnecessity

Sphinx’sriddle斯芬克斯之谜

—somethingofpersonthathardto understand2021/5/934c.Euripides(484-406B.C.)

欧里庇得斯ThirdofthethreegreattragediansofclassicalAthens,thefirstwriterof“problemplays”社会问题剧concernedwithconflicts--originofrealismAndromache,Medea,TrojanWomen2021/5/935d.ComedyAristophanes(阿里斯托芬450-380B.C.)ancientGreekComicdramatist,theFatherofComedy11plays:Frogs,Clouds,Wasps,Birds2021/5/9366.History—Herodotus

希罗多德TheGreekhistoricalwritingwritesmainlyaboutwars.Herodotus(484-430B.C.),AncientGreekhistorian,“FatherofHistory”古希腊历史学家，“历史之父”2021/5/9377.PhilosophyandscienceIntroductionTheancientGreeks’curiosityaboutthings,freeenquiry,imagination2021/5/938IntroductionThePre-SocratesGreekPhilosophersPythagoras毕达哥拉斯Heracleitue赫拉克利特Democritus德莫克里特2021/5/939Pythagoras毕达哥拉斯FounderofscientificmathematicsthefatherofnumbersToPythagoras,Allthingswerenumbers.2021/5/940Heracleitue赫拉克利特

AncientGreekphilosopherFireistheprimaryelementoftheuniverse.火是万物之源“Youcannotsteptwiceintothesameriver…Thesunisneweveryday.”

——“人不能第二次踏进同一条河流。”2021/5/941Democritus德莫克里特Theearliestmateriamlist.GettheEnglishwordatom

2021/5/942TheGreatestPhilosophersSocrates 苏格拉底Plato 柏拉图Aristotle 亚里士多德2021/5/943a.Socrates苏格拉底Socrates

(470-399B.C.)DialecticalMethod辩证法2021/5/944StoryTimeWhatislove?Whatismarriage?Whatisaffair?（艳遇）Whatishappiness?Whatislife?2021/5/945b.Plato(428-348B.C.)

柏拉图Dialogues《对话录》Idealism（唯心主义）Influence—absorbedintoChristianthought2021/5/946PlatonicLove柏拉图式爱情，追求心灵沟通，排斥肉体欲望，是一种理性的精神上的纯洁恋爱。2021/5/947c.Aristotle(384-322B.C.)亚里士多德AncientGreekphilosopher,astudentofPlatoandteacherofAlexandertheGreatThegreathumanistandthegreatmanofscienceWorks—Ethics,Politics,Poetics,andRhetoric《诗学》AristotleandPlato–p282021/5/948DifferencesbetweenPlatoandAristotle1.Aristotle—theoryshouldfollowfact Plato—subjectivethinkingisimportant2.Aristotle—idea+matter=reality

Plato—ideaishigherthanphysicalworld2021/5/949d.ContendingSchoolsofThoughtSophists

智者派--Protagoras普罗泰戈拉Fourschools

theCynics犬儒派theSceptics怀疑派theEpicureans伊壁鸠鲁派（享乐派）andtheStoics斯多葛派2021/5/950e.ScienceEuclid

欧几里德—Elements,geometryArchimedes

阿基米德2021/5/951Euclid欧几里德

"TheFatherofGeometry"Elements,atextbookofgeometry2021/5/952Archimedes阿基米德AncientGreekmathematician,physicistandengineer“Givemeaplacetostand,andIwillmovetheworld.”2021/5/9538. Art；architecture； sculptureandpottery2021/5/954多立克柱式（Doricorder）——

Parthenon帕德农神庙

2021/5/955AcropolisofAthens雅典卫城2021/5/9562021/5/957爱奥尼克柱式（Ionicorder）--伊瑞克提翁神庙（Erechtheion）2021/5/9582021/5/959科林斯柱式(Corinthainorder)--列雪格拉德音乐纪念亭2021/5/9602021/5/961掷铁饼者2021/5/962米洛的维纳斯2021/5/963拉奥孔人物组图2021/5/964陶器2021/5/9659.ImpactSpiritofInnovationSupremeachievementLasingeffect2021/5/966II.RomanCultureRomansandGreeksRomanhistoryLatinliteratureArchitecture,paintingandsculpture2021/5/9671.RomansandGreeks146BC,RomanconquestofGreeceLanguagesoftheRomanEmpire:Latin(western)andGreek(eastern)SimilaritiesbetweenRomansandGreeks—democracy,religion,languagesDifferences—p37“CaptiveGreecetookherrudeconquerorcaptive.”--Horace被俘虏的希腊使野蛮的征服者成了她的俘虏！2021/5/9682.RomanhistoryTheyear27BC,Rome--republic,theRomanEmpirePaxRomana:Latinfor“theRomanpeace”between27BCand180AD.Romanlaw:3rdcenturyBC罗马法学Declineinthe3rdcenturyTheemperorConstantinemovedthecapitalfromRometoByzantium拜占庭(Constantinople君士坦丁堡--Istanbul伊斯坦布尔)DividedintoEast(theByzantineEmpire)andtheWestin395In476,endoftheWestRomanEmpire–bytheGothsIn1453,endoftheEastRomanEmpire–bytheTurks2021/5/9693.LatinliteratureProseMarcusTulliusCicero

西塞罗

JuliusCaesar

凯撒Poetry

Lucretius

卢克莱修

Virgil

维吉尔2021/5/970ProseandPoetryProseiswritingdistinguishedfrompoetrybyitsgreatervarietyofrhythmanditscloserresemblancetothepatternsofeverydayspeech.Poetryisaformofartinwhichlanguageisusedforitsaesthetic（审美的）andevocative（共鸣的）qualitiesinadditiontoitsostensible（表面的）meaning.2021/5/971ProseandPoetryProseiswritingastory,eitherfictionornonfiction.Prosewritingmostoftenfollowsstandardrulesingrammar,punctuation,capitalization,andsentencestructure.Poetryreferstopoems,withorwithoutrhymeschemes.Poetryhasrhythm,likeasong.Itusuallyfollowsasetpattern,rhymeschemeandmeter.2021/5/972Prose—M.T.Cicero西塞罗(106-43BC),Romanorator,lawyer,

politician,andphilosopher罗马最伟大的演说家、教育家和天才作家Ciceronian,eloquent,oratoricalmannerofwriting西塞罗式Nomancanbebravewhoconsiderspainthegreatesteviloflife;ortemperate,whoregardspleasureasthehighes