外文翻译-抗侧向荷载的结构体系

StructuralsystemstoresistlateralloadsCommonlyusedstructuralsystemsWithloadsmeasuredintensofthousandskips,thereislittleroominthedesignofhigh-risebuildingsforexcessivelycomplexthoughts.Indeed,thebetterhigh-risebuildingscarrytheuniversaltraitsofsimplicityofthoughtandclarityofexpression.Itdoesnotfollowthatthereisnoroomforgrandthoughts.Indeed,itiswithsuchgrandthoughtsthatthenewfamilyofhigh-risebuildingshasevolved.Perhapsmoreimportant,thenewconceptsofbutafewyearsagohavebecomecommonplaceintoday’stechnology.Omittingsomeconceptsthatarerelatedstrictlytothematerialsofconstruction,themostcommonlyusedstructuralsystemsusedinhigh-risebuildingscanbecategorizedasfollows:Moment-resistingframes.Bracedframes,includingeccentricallybracedframes.Shearwalls,includingsteelplateshearwalls.Tube-in-tubestructures.Tube-in-tubestructures.Core-interactivestructures.Cellularorbundled-tubesystems.Particularlywiththerecenttrendtowardmorecomplexforms,butinresponsealsototheneedforincreasedstiffnesstoresisttheforcesfromwindandearthquake,mosthigh-risebuildingshavestructuralsystemsbuiltupofcombinationsofframes,bracedbents,shearwalls,andrelatedsystems.Further,forthetallerbuildings,themajoritiesarecomposedofinteractiveelementsinthree-dimensionalarrays.Themethodofcombiningtheseelementsistheveryessenceofthedesignprocessforhigh-risebuildings.Thesecombinationsneedevolveinresponsetoenvironmental,functional,andcostconsiderationssoastoprovideefficientstructuresthatprovokethearchitecturaldevelopmenttonewheights.Thisisnottosaythatimaginativestructuraldesigncancreategreatarchitecture.Tothecontrary,manyexamplesoffinearchitecturehavebeencreatedwithonlymoderatesupportfromthestructuralengineer,whileonlyfinestructure,notgreatarchitecture,canbedevelopedwithoutthegeniusandtheleadershipofatalentedarchitect.Inanyevent,thebestofbothisneededtoformulateatrulyextraordinarydesignofahigh-risebuilding.Whilecomprehensivediscussionsofthesesevensystemsaregenerallyavailableintheliterature,furtherdiscussioniswarrantedhere.Theessenceofthedesignprocessisdistributedthroughoutthediscussion.Moment-ResistingFramesPerhapsthemostcommonlyusedsysteminlow-tomedium-risebuildings,themoment-resistingframe,ischaracterizedbylinearhorizontalandverticalmembersconnectedessentiallyrigidlyattheirjoints.Suchframesareusedasastand-alonesystemorincombinationwithothersystemssoastoprovidetheneededresistancetohorizontalloads.Inthetallerofhigh-risebuildings,thesystemislikelytobefoundinappropriateforastand-alonesystem,thisbecauseofthedifficultyinmobilizingsufficientstiffnessunderlateralforces.AnalysiscanbeaccomplishedbySTRESS,STRUDL,orahostofotherappropriatecomputerprograms;analysisbytheso-calledportalmethodofthecantilevermethodhasnoplaceintoday’stechnology.歼Beca晌use思oft痒hei捷ntri伴nsic使fle绒xibi荣lity竖of拴the贤colu迎mn/g某irde够rin钩ters献ecti何on,鹿and呆beca劣use羊prel来imin硬ary询desi川gns臂shou猛lda晃imt浓ohi狱ghli立ght跨weak乎ness介eso豆fsy南stem射s,i唯tis光not杰unu庙sual哭to魂use扮cent挤er-t床o-ce垦nter渣dim显ensi丧ons离for早the懂fram违ein闷the愤pre辣limi国nary饰ana泪lysi崖s.O瞎fco户urse顶,in窄the遗lat院ter嚼phas骆eso箱fde妈sign漠,a罪real批isti肾cap鸦prai占sal得in-j联oint郑def废orma政tion贺is烈esse湿ntia绿l.朴Brac币edF瓜rame对s叮The绒brac签edf酱rame蹈,in劝trin队sica锣lly棉stif事fer仅than鸡the荷mom猛ent张–冠resi晶stin银gfr印ame,睡fin旦dsa康lso勿grea闭ter旁appl导icat筛ion野toh锡ighe叔r-ri辅seb拍uild笨ings翠.Th把esy映stem醒is吉char或acte熊rize尊dby渐lin尊ear悠hori四zont贫al,起vert诉ical竞,an丛ddi贸agon融alm苏embe携rs,床conn努ecte日dsi蓝mply之or坡rigi与dly腰att航heir笑joi队nts.再It萍isu岂sed太comm缩only疾in纱conj接unct幸ion脖with昂oth化ers只yste仆msf涌ort闻alle储rbu致ildi盆ngs摩and绪asa茧sta泊nd-a丛lone岗sys话tem敌inl参ow-t支ome肝dium柔-ris兰ebu睬ildi喉ngs.凑Whil醒eth索eus肿eof栋str栽uctu咏ral扯stee主lin攻bra基ced屑fram成esi蚕sco纪mmon困,co购ncre苹tef恋rame政sar污emo减rel淹ikel浩yto看be识oft悼hel进arge寄r-sc粉ale露vari珠ety.咐Ofs况peci泪ali岩nter科est旬ina始reas垃of途high隙嘱seis读m乐i冤city福is断the侨use响oft歉hee拒ccen份tric免bra碧ced划fram柜e.傅Agai事n,a耽naly忠sis蛾can壮beb险yST歇RESS评,ST吨RUDL香,or炮any哲one毛of度ase轧ries丝of牛two炮–姻ort于hree喜巧dime汇nsio割nal决ana隙lysi恢sco袄mput椒erp跪rogr据ams.迈And窜aga乒in,呀cent锈er-t册o-ce萌nter米dim宴ensi劫ons裳are挡used齐com铃monl鞭yin舟the猎pre忧limi找nary致ana截lysi狸s.块She选arw腥alls枝The软shea仍rwa对lli阵sye涝tan昼othe沟rst胜epf烦orwa纪rda布long赛ap代rogr友essi锣ono舰fev票er-s积tiff隔ers径truc报tura亲lsy挤stem烧s.T当hes雹yste衬mis绪cha琴ract偿eriz幸edb茂yre基lati拢vely妖thi玉n,g记ener霉ally悉(bu美tno品t际alwa恳ys)霜conc剥rete钩ele胳ment那sth特atp返rovi丝deb脱oth凑stru磨ctur消als浮tren讨gth却and岂sepa依rati轧onb提etwe稍enb押uild军ing渠func驾tion偷s.稳Inh站igh-霉rise司bui球ldin秒gs,峡shea螺rwa潮lls膜yste威mst炎end蛾toh殊ave根are狗lati想vely聚hig们has该pect随rat鲁io,漂that昏is,远the勿irh圈eigh岔tte戴nds疼tob凉ela庆rge助comp音ared炮to耕thei阴rwi硬dth.厕Lac浸king跪ten额sion裹in忌the诵foun森dati鸟ons宪yste溜m,a上nys继truc蹲tura灿lel猴emen捎tis标lim纪ited肉in煌its元abil屿ity岸tor踩esis滔tov杜ertu勺rnin池gmo邀ment夺by钩the郊widt宫hof缠the货sys呀tem抬and冷byt光heg宫ravi让tyl右oad蒸supp狸orte察dby恼the鄙ele忙ment线.Li促mite袜dto勾an致arro取wov帐ertu互rnin老g,O灵neo技bvio挣usu仙seo遥fth杂esy炕stem洞,wh撑ich抢does碗hav哄eth秃ene本eded扣wid每th,渗isi芬nth言eex妄teri炭orw利alls辽of绢buil包ding业,wh帆ere恼the开requ奇irem颈ent联for缎wind鬼ows放is郑kept闹sma忧ll.秋Stru衡ctur廊als破teel堡she旅arw崇alls田,ge径nera态lly泳stif龟fene涂dag贷ains荷tbu果ckli吗ngb网ya训conc态rete荒ove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被制创造出来夜了，然而棕，如果没葬有天赋甚愁厚的建筑彩师的创造吧力的指导笋，那么，声得以发展对的就只能丢是好的结新构，并非陈是伟大的畏建筑。无厘论如何，湿要想创造硬出高层建千筑真正非陆凡的设计饲，两者都勉需要最好金的。全虽然在文膀献中通常辉可以见到酸有关这七迎种体系的错全面性讨款论，但是论在这里还揉值得进一城步讨论。虏设计方法固的本质贯留穿于整个眯讨论。设尺计方法的尸本质贯穿援于整个讨真论中。秆抗弯矩框微架谅抗弯矩框泄架也许是贩低，中高酿度的建筑崖中常用的戒体系，它搂具有线性挎水平构件溪和垂直构喝件在接头诉处基本刚挖接之特点泳。这种框汽架用作独伟立的体系红，或者和爬其他体系脆结合起来房使用，以弦便提供所诊需要水平驰荷载抵抗绸力。对于友较高的高哨层建筑，寇可能会发绍现该本系影不宜作为瞎独立体系障，这是因简为在侧向遣力的作用负下难以调竭动足够的夹刚度。假我们可以物利宿用类STRE恶S相S冷，然STRU烟DL洲畅或者其他朗大量合适推的计算机化程序进行报结构分析问。所谓的弯门架法分上析或悬臂兄法分析在晋当今的技脚术中无一养席之地，肆由于柱梁批节点固有掠柔性，并厦且由于初迟步设计应佩该力求突复出体系的邀弱点，所娘以在初析工中使用框华架的中心杂距尺寸设掘计是司空酷惯的。当炒然，在设桑计的后期景阶段，实朵际地评价达结点的变党形很有必兼要。支撑框架咳支撑框架树实际上刚优度比抗弯巡矩框架强谢，在高层甩建筑中也冤得到更广披泛的应用夹。这种体羞系以其结修点处铰接钩或则接的料线性水平萍构件、垂坟直构件和份斜撑构件紫而具特色叹，它通常怒与其他体睛系共同用执于较高的堡建筑，并农且作为一理种独立的协体系用在泻低、中高渣度的建筑床中。尤其砖引人关注劫的是，在跑强震区使而用偏心支迎撑框架。轧此外，可娘以利洞用败STRE殖S季S鸽，霉STRU迷D偿L血，或一系擦列二维或险三维计算狼机分析程备序中的任塞何一种进文行结构分落析。另外弟，初步分拼析中常用茧中心距尺喉寸。剪力墙尸剪力墙在迟加强结构表体系刚性记的发展过么程中又前喂进了一步议。该体系该的特点是拐具有相当茎薄的，通减常是（而姿不总是）锻混凝土的班构件，这族种构件既缺可提供结页构强度，生又可提供先建筑物功准能上的分惑隔。廉在高层建茅筑中，剪课力墙体系陶趋向于具巩有相对大缘的高宽经允，即与宽侦度相比，赤其高度偏我大。由于惹基础体系捕缺少应力笑，任何一洗种结构构寿件抗倾覆贫弯矩的能织力都受到砌体系的宽爱度和构件巧承受的重浴力荷载的评限制。由歌于剪力墙萄宽度狭狭压窄受限，鹅所以需要扇以某种方脖式加以扩锐大，以便管提从所需暑的抗倾覆宜能力。在哄窗户需要委量小的建移筑物外墙蜓中明显地诞使用了这品种确有所急需要宽度精的体系。筒钢结构剪袍力墙通常绍由混凝土唯覆盖层来恼加强以抵疲抗失稳，塞这在剪切谎荷载大的充地方已得顾到应用。日这种体系仓实际上比勿钢支撑经驱济，对于增使剪切荷料载由位于井地面正上许方区域内抽比较高的谈楼层向下君移特别有谎效。这种逐体系还具叛有高延性铺之优点，领这种特性胜在强震区他特别重要知。突由于这些辽墙内必然脸出同一些尽大孔，使刊得剪力墙相体系分析源变得错综拢复杂。可葡以通过桁秧架模似法幕、有限元爹法，或者族通过利用刑为考虑剪醒力墙的交泛互作用或闸扭转功能桐设计的专扎门计处机柏程序进行控初步分析饿框架或支般撑式筒体布结构：绳框架或支尚撑式筒体灰最先应用物于都IB标M价公司据在悬Pitt愧sbur控g提h浊的一幢办费公楼，随吹后立即被棉应用于纽娘约双子座探的谢11狐0湖层世界贸积易中心摩狂天大楼和姻其他的建晚筑中。这饼种系统有昨以下几个闭显著的特与征：三维毒结构、支单撑式结构糖、或由剪多力墙形成详的一个性纹质上差不宇多是圆柱赠体的闭合固曲面，但倍又有任意钻的平面构初成。由于技这些抵抗敌侧向荷载寨的柱子差箩不多都被仪设置在整用个系统的江中心，所零以整体的兴惯性得到秤提高，刚铲度也是很粘大的。谨在可能的征情况下，魔通过三维谁概念的应供用、二维贪的类比，莲我们可以崖进行筒体接结构的分闯析。不管多应用那种纵方法，都婚必须考虑柳剪力滞后级的影响。央这种最先丸在航天器灶结构中研绑究的剪力结滞后出现该后，对筒咏体结构的杰刚度是一奉个很大的吸限制。这煌种观念已鹿经影响了心筒体结构胳在倘6罪0纹层以上建编筑中的应追用。设计是者已经开海发出了很层多的技术拨，用以减绿小剪力滞千后的影响扎，这其中饲最有名的磨是桁架的夫应用。框旗架或支撑裳式筒体侦在逗4羊0贺层或稍高理的建筑中颠找到了自惧己的用武吃之地。除悼了一些美霉观的考虑今外，桁架疲几乎很少萝涉及与外袜墙联系的碍每个建筑挺功能，而淡悬索一般耍设置在机文械的地板表上，这就干令机械体宝系设计师趣们很不赞教成。但是资，作为一菜个性价比私较好的结纳构体系，啄桁架能充伞分发挥它武的性能，贪所以它会醋得到设计割师们持续耗的支持。蚊由于其最俘佳位置正的取决于所央提供的桁豪架的数量翁，因此很瑞多研究已酷经试图完衫善这些构杰件的位置寨。实验表乡明：由于丰这种结构抹体系的经馆济性并不