高中英语定语从句详解与练习

..高中英语定语从句详解Ⅰ.概念：<1>定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词<antecedent>后面。<2>先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词,短语,或整个主句。<3>引导定语从句的词叫关系词,分为关系代词和关系副词。关系词的作用：1>引导定语从句,连接主句和从句,相当于一个连词；2>必在从句中作某个句子成份〔可以做主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语常用的关系代词:that、which、who、whom、as,在从句中作主语,宾语,whose定语>常用的关系副词〔在从句中只作状语:when、why、whereThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.Iknowthereasonwhyhewassoangry.Theboy<whom>youaretalkingtoismybrother.I'dlikearoomwhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.定语从句三步：第一找出先行词；第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能〔做主语、宾语或状语；第三选择合适的关系词。Ⅱ.几个关系代词的基本用法：●that:可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语。<指人时,相当于who或whom；指物时,相当于which><一般不用于非限制性定语从句;不可置于介词后作宾语>如：1.Doyouknowthegentlemanthat/whospokejustnow?2.Youcantakeanything<that>youlike.3.Whatisthequestion<that/which>theyaretalkingabout?4.Hereistheman<who/whom/that>youwanttosee.5.She'snolongerthegirl<that>sheusedtobebefore.●which:指物；在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语,定语。如：1.Thebookwhich/thatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymyfather.2.Thebook<which/that>Iboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.3.Thefactoryinwhichhisfatherworksisfarfromhere.●who,whom,whose:who:主格,在从句中作主语,在口语或非正式用法中作宾语;只可指人whom:宾格,在从句中作宾语;只可指人whose:属格,在从句中作定语,可指人也可指物。1.Ilikethestudentswho/thatworkhard.2.Allwhoheardthestorywereamazed.<代词如he,they,any,those,all,one等后多用who.>3.He'samanfromwhomweshouldlearn.=He'saman<whom/who/that>weshouldlearnfrom.4.Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.5.I'dlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.=I'dlikearoomofwhichthewindowfacessouth.=I'dlikearoomthewindowofwhichfacessouth.关系代词作介词宾语：〔介词+whom/which关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时,介词可放于从句之首,也可放于从句之末.但以放于句首较为正式.〔介词前置,必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。1.Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.=Thisisthebook<that/which>youaskedfor.2.DoyouknowthepersonwithwhomIshookhands？=Doyouknowtheperson<whom/who/that>Ishookhandswith?3.Isthisthefactorytowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?4.Isthisfactorytheonetowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?5.Thisisthegirlwhomtheyarelookingafter.<介词after与look构成固定词组,不可前置。lookat,lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等>●as的用法:<as引导定语从句,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语>①如为限制性的,多用于thesame…as;thesameas；such…as…;asmany/muchas；so…as等结构中。如：※1.Ihavethesamebookasyou<have>.我有一本和你的一样的书。2..---Whydidn'tyoumentionthatinfaceofthepolicejustnow?---Ithoughtitwassuchaminordetailaswashardlyworthmentioning.3.Don'tdosuchthingsasyouarenotsureabout.比较：Iliveinthesamehousethatheusedtolivein.I'mwearingthesameshirtasyouworeyesterday.比较：Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.〔定语从句Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit.〔结果状语从句②如为非限制性的,多单独引导一个定语从句,这种定语从句可置于句首,句中或句尾,译为"正如,这一点"。〔动词常为know,see,expect,pointout,etc.Asweallknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.<as作宾语>=Asisknowntoall,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.〔as作主语=It'sknowntoallthatsmokingisharmfultoone'shealth.=Smokingisharmfultoone'shealth,asweallknow.〔as作宾语=Smoking,asweallknow,isharmfultoone'health.Hewasaforeigner,asIknewfromhisaccent.<宾语,先行词是前面整个句子>Ⅲ.关系副词引导的定语从句:●When指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。其先行词是表时间的名词〔如：time,day,week,tear,month,etc.HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,whentheweatherwouldbebetter.注意：先行词为"时间名词",可用when引导定语从句,when在定语从句中作状语；还可以用which或that引导,which或that在从句中作主语或宾语。比较:1.Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichmybrotherjoinedthearmy.〔作状语2.Istillrememberthedayswhich/thatwespenttogether.〔作宾语3.IshallneverforgetthedaywhenShenZhouⅤwaslaunched,whichhasagreateffectonmylife.●Where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。其先行词是表示地点的名词,如：place,school,factory,room,etc.ThisistheplacewhereIwasborn.Iliveintheroomwhere/inwhichheusedtolive.注意：先行词是"地点名词",定语从句可用where引导,还可用which或that引导,which/that在从句中作主语或宾语。比较:※1.Thisisthefactorywhere/inwhichheworkedlastyear.〔作状语2.Ithinkyouhavegottothepointwhereachangeisneeded,oryouwouldfail.3.He'sgothimselfintoadangeroussituationwherehe'slikelytolosecontroloftheplane.4.Thisistheparkwhich/thattheyvisitedlastyear.〔作宾语●Why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。先行词为reason时,可用forwhich指代；当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时,则用which或that引导。如：1.Thereasonwhy/forwhich/<that>hedidn'tattendthemeetingwasthathewasill.2.Idon'tbelievethereason<that/which>hegaveme.〔作宾语3.Haveyouaskedhimthereasonthatmayexplainhissuccess?〔作主语当先行词为way时,theway在从句中作状语时,定语从句常用that,inwhich,或how引导,that常可以省略。theway在从句中作主语或宾语时,则用which或that引导。如:Thisistheway<that>/inwhichIdosuchthings.比较:Pleasedotheexperimentintheway〔that/whichIhaveshownyou.Ⅳ.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：1.形式上,非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。2.语法上,非限制性定语从句一般不用that.3.语义上,限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密,起限定作用,如果去掉了这个定语从句,整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密,对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。ThisisthebookIlikebest.这就是我最喜欢的那本书。Beijing,whichhasbeenChina'scapitalformorethan800years,isrichinculturalandhistoricrelics.北京是中国八百年之久的古都,它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。4.翻译时,限制性定语从句可译为一句〔较短的一般译为"的"字结构；而非限制性定语从句可译为两句。〔见上句翻译比较:Hehasasister,whoisamusician.Hehasasisterwhoisamusician.引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词,指人时用who,whom,whose,指物时用which,whose;关系副词when,where,why,etc.1.Hestudiedhardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichleadstohissuccessinhislaterlife.2.Tom'sfather,whoarrivedjustnow,isafamousscientist.Ⅴ.几个易混淆的关系代词的比较:●that&which:在定语从句中,which和that在指代事物时,一般可以互换使用,但并非在任何情况下都是这样,这里介绍宜用that,而不宜用which的情况.①先行词为不定代词,all,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,theone等,1.Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.2.There'snothingthatcanbesaidaboutit.3.Doyoumeantheonethatwasboughtyesterday?②先行词被only,any,few,little,no,just,very,oneof等词修饰时。1.Theonlythingthatwecoulddowastowait.2.That'stheverywordthatiswronglyused.3.Thelastplace<that>wevisitedwasthechemicalworks.比较*Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthatwerepublishedlastyear.*Thisistheonlyoneofthebestnovelsthatwaspublishedlastyear.③先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。1.WhenwetalkaboutWuxi,thefirstthatcomesintomindisTaiLake2.Thisisthethirdfilmthathasbeenshowninourschoolthisterm.④先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。1.Thisisthebestthatcanbedonenow.2.Themostimportantthingthatshouldbedonerightnowishowtostophimfromgoingon.⑤先行词既有人又有物,用which和who都不适合,这时宜用that.如：1.Thewriterandhisnovelthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutisreallywellknown.2.Theriderandhisbikethathadrunoveranoldwomanwereheldupbythepolice.⑥被修饰词为数词时.1.YesterdayIcaughttwofishandputtheminabasinofwater.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillalive.⑦如果有两个从句,其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个关系代词宜用that,以避免语言的单调或重复。Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.⑧疑问词是who或which,关系代词宜用that,以避免重复。1.Whichisthebookthatyoulikebest?2.Whoisthemanthatisstandingatthegate?⑨主句是Therebe结构,修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that作关系代词.如：1.Thereisstillaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.⑩被修饰成分为表语时,或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时,该关系代词宜用that.1.That'sagoodbookthatwillhelpyoualot.2.Myhomevillageisnolongertheplace<that>itusedtobe.定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that的情况:①当关系代词的前面有介词时.1.Azooisaparkinwhichmanykindsofanimalsarekeptforexhibition.2.IsthistheroominwhichMr.Whitelives?②在非限制性定语从句中.1.Crusoe'sdog,whichwasarenowveryold,becameillanddied.2.MoreandmorepeoplearebeginningtolearnEnglish,whichisbecomingpopularinourcountry.<which指代主句>③在一个句子中有两个定语从句,其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that,另一个宜用which.1.LetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.④当关系代词后面带有插入语时.1.Here'stheEnglishgrammarwhich,asIhavetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish.⑤先行词本身是that,宜用which.What'sthatwhichsheislookingat?⑥先行词是those+复数名词.Ashopshouldkeepastockofthosegoodswhichsellbest.<B>who&that:who和that指代人时,有些情况宜用who,而不宜用that①先行词为anyone,anybody,those,all,one,ones,they,he,people时.如：1.ThepersonIwanttolearnfromistheonewhostudieshardandworkswell.2.Anyonewho<=Whoever>failedtocometothemeetingyesterdaymustgivehisreason.3.Thosewhoarenotfitfortheirworkshouldleaveofficeatonce.②在Therebe结构中,修饰主语的定语从句宜用关系代词who指代人.如：1.Thereisagentlemanwhowantstoseeyou.2.Thereareseveralstudentsinourclasswhoarestillnotsureabouttheuseofattributiveclauses.③当先行词有较长的后置定语时.如：1.ImetaforeignerintheparkyesterdayafternoonwhocouldspeakChineseverywell.●as&which:as&which引导非限制性定语从句的区别：①位置的不同：which引导的定语从句只置于所限制的句子后；as位置较灵活,也就是说as可置于所限制的句子前面；插在句子中或放在句子后。如：1.Hewaslateagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.2.Jack,asyouknow,isanhonestman.或Jackisanhonestman,asyouknow.或Asyouknow,Jackisanhonestman.②先行词的不同：as引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词多为一个句子；which引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词可以是一个词,一个短语或一个句子。1.Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusbandseldomwas.2.Hewasproud,whichIdislikeverymuch.〔先行词是一个句子3.Heisanhonestman,asisknowntoall.③as一般译为"正如""就像","这一点"asweallknow；asyouknow;asisknowntoall;asyousee;aswecansee;ashasbeenexpected;aswehaveimagined.一、单项选择1.Theplace_______interestedmemostwastheChildren'sPalace.A.WhichB.whereC.whatD.inwhich2.Doyouknowtheman_______?A.whomIspokeB.towhospokeC.IspoketoD.thatIspoke3.Thisisthehotel_______lastmonth.A.whichtheystayedB.atthattheystayedC.wheretheystayedatD.wheretheystayed4.Doyouknowtheyear______theChineseCommunistPartywasfounded?A.whichB.thatC.whenD.onwhich5.Thatistheday______I'llneverforget.A.whichB.onwhichC.inwhichD.when6.Thefactory______we'llvisitnextweekisnotfarfromhere.A.whereB.towhichC.whichD.inwhich8.Thisisoneofthebestfilms_______.A.thathavebeenshownthisyearB.thathaveshownC.thathasbeenshownthisyearD.thatyoutalked9.Canyoulendmethebook______theotherday?A.aboutwhichyoutalkedB.whichyoutalkedC.aboutthatyoutalkedD.thatyoutalked10.Thepen______heiswritingismine.A.withwhichB.inwhichC.onwhichD.bywhich11.Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontof______satasmallboy.A.whomB.whoC.whichD.that12.Theengineer______myfatherworksisabout50yearsold.A.towhomB.onwhomC.withwhichD.withwhom13.Itthereanyoneinyourclass______familyisinthecountry?A.whoB.who'sC.whichD.whose15.Iwanttousethesamedictionary______wasusedyesterday.A.whichB.whoC.whatD.as16.Heisn'tsuchaman______heusedtobe.A.whoB.whomC.thatD.as17.HeisgoodatEnglish,______weallknow.A.thatB.asC.whomD.what20.Hetalkedalotaboutthingsandpersons________theyrememberedintheschool.A.whichB.thatC.whomD.what21.Theletterisfrommysister,______isworkinginBeijing.A.whichB.thatC.whomD.who22.Inourfactorythereare2,000workers,twothirdsof____arewomen.A.themB.whichC.whomD.who24.Ilostabook,______Ican'tremembernow.A.whosetitleB.itstitleC.thetitleofitD.thetitleofthat27.Icanneverforgettheday_______weworkedtogetherandtheday______wespenttogether.A.when;whichB.which;whenC.what;thatD.onwhich;when30.Thismachine,______formanyyears,isstillworkingperfectly.A.afterwhichIhavelookedB.whichIhavelookedafterC.thatIhavelookedafterD.Ihavelookedafter31.Thereason______hedidn'tcomewas______hewasill.A.why;thatB.that;whyC.forthat;thatD.forwhich;what32.Heisworkinghard,______willmakehimpassthefinalexam.A.thatB.whichC.forwhichD.who33.Thatisnottheway______Idoit.A./B.whichC.forwhichD.withwhich34.Ihavetwogrammars,______areofgreatuse.A.allofwhichB.eitherofwhichC.bothofthatD.bothofwhich39.Youcandependonwhateverpromise_______hemakes.A./B.whyC.whenD.whose40.Smoking,_______isabadhabit,is,however,popular.A.thatB.whichC.itD.though43.Thenumberofthepeoplewho_______cars_______increasing.A.owns;areB.owns;isC.own;isD.own;are45.Isoxygentheonlygas_______helpsfireburn?A.thatB./C.whichD.itEX1用适当的关系词填空.1.Iwillneverforgettheday__________Ifirstwenttoschool.Iwillneverforgettheday__________wespentinBeijing.2.Thehouse__________wevisitedisbeingrepairednow.Thehouse______Luxunoncelivedisbeingrepairednow.Ex3选择适当的代词填空,注意非限制性定语从句和单句的比较。1.IamreadingHarryPorter,_____isaninterestingbook.2.Hefailedintheexam._______madehisparentsangry.3.Hefailedintheexam,_______madehisparentsangry.4.Hehastwosons.Bothof________areteachers.5.Hehastwosons,bothof________areteachers.Ex6:介词+关系代词的使用1.Doyoulikethebookshespent$10?2.Doyoulikethebookshepaid$10?3.Doyoulikethebookshelearnedalot?4.Doyoulikethebooksheoftentalks?5.Hedugaholehecouldgotwaterfromthelake.请分析一下定语从句：<

请划出定语从句,并标出先行词>

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