有机化学专业词汇

关于有机化学专业词汇第1页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月

Somesignificantorganicchemicaltermshydrocarbons;saturatedhydrocarbon;unsaturatedhydrocarbon;conjugate(conjugation);（碳氢化合物，烃，饱和，不饱和，共轭）TypesofReaction:substitution(alkylation,halogenationetc)（取代，如烷基化，卤代）;addition（加成）;elimination（消去）;condensation（缩合）;polymerization（聚合）;

oxidation（氧化）;reduction（还原）.第2页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月degradation（降解）;rearrangement（重排）;replacement（置换）

;pericyclicreaction(cycloadditionreaction;electrocyclicreaction;sigmatropicrearrangement)（周环反应，包括:环加成，电环化，σ-重排）-philic：亲…的Electrophile(electrophilic)（亲电试剂，亲电的）;nucleophile(nucleophilic)（亲核试剂，亲核的）;Carbocation（碳正离子）;

carbanion（碳负离子）;

radical（游离基，free,自由基）;intermediate（中间体）;substituent（取代基）;第3页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月Reactivity（反应活性）;Attack（进攻）;leavinggroup（离去基团）;protectinggroup（保护基）;catalyst（催化剂）;Kinetic（动力学的）;thermodynamic（热力学的）.第4页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月cis-transisomer;opticalisomer(enantiomer);

（顺-反异构体，光学异构体（光学对映体））asymmetric;（不对称）chiral[‘tʃɪrəl]

（性的）chirality[kaɪ'rælɪtiː]

（手性）第5页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月racemic

rə‘semɪk]mixture;（内消旋体）mesocompound;（外消旋体）stereoselectivereaction;stereospecificreation;regioselectivereaction;sterichindrance;stericeffects;（立体阻碍（位阻），立体效应）第6页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月reflux;stir;azeotrope;

（回流，搅拌，恒、共沸物）separation;filter;distillation;fraction;chromatography;（分离，过滤，蒸馏，分馏，色谱）extraction;precipitate;recrystallization;（萃取，沉淀，重结晶）Termsrelatedtothesyntheticexperiment第7页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月第8页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月第9页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月

Groundjoint;Flask(three-necked,round-bottom,conical,filter,suction,volumetric);Condenser(air,reflux,ball,coil);distillinghead(claisen);adaptor(vacuum);Beaker;funnel(buchner,separatory,long-stem,stemless,dropping,sinteredglass);Bottle(weighing,washing,dropping,gas-washing);dryingtube(tower,desiccator,vacuumdesiccator);第10页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月Prefix----------Parent-----------SuffixNomenclatureofparentpart-----NomenclatureofalkanesandalkylsubstituentsStraight-chainalkanes

Straight-chainalkanesarenamedbycountingthenumberofcarbonatomsinthechainandaddingthefamilysuffix-ane.Thuspentaneisthefive-carbonalkane,andhexaneisthesix-carbonalkane.第11页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月Analkylsubstituent(oranalkylgroup)isanalkanefromwhichasinglehydrogenhasbeenremoved.Alkylsubstituentsarenamedbyreplacingthe“ane”suffixofthealkanewith“yl”.Theletter“R”isusedtoindicateanyalkylgroup.ThusCH3-hasthenameofmethyl,whilethegroupofCH3CH2-wasnamedethyl.第12页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月NumberMolecularNameNameinAlkylofcarbonsformulaChinesesubstituents1 CH4 Methane

甲烷

Methyl

2 C2H6 Ethane

乙烷

Ethyl3 C3H8 Propane

丙烷

Propyl4 C4H10 Butane

丁烷

Butyl5 C5H12 Pentane

戊烷

Pentyl6 C6H14 Hexane

己烷

Hexyl7C7H16 Heptane

庚烷

Heptyl8 C8H18 Octane

辛烷

Octyl9 C9H20 Nonane

壬烷

Nonyl10 C10H22 Decane

癸烷

Decyl11 C11H24 Undecane

十一烷

Undecyl12 C12H26 Dodecane

十二烷

Dodecyl13 C13H28 Tridecane

十三烷

Tridecyl20 C20H42 Icosane

二十烷

Icosyl

21 C21H44 Heneicosane

二十一烷

Heneicosyl30 C30H62 Triacontane

三十烷

Triacontyl第13页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月Branched-chainalkanes3-ethyl-3-methylhexane第14页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月

SomeusefulprefixesforindicatingthenumberofsubstituentgroupsMono-

单取代,一取代Di-

二取代Tri-

三取代Tetra-

四取代Pent(a)-

五取代Hex(a)-

六取代Hept(a)-

七取代Oct(a)-

八取代Nona-

九取代Deca-

十取代2,6-dimethyloctanenot2-ethyl-6-methylheptane3-ethyl-2-methylhexanenot3-isopropylhexane第15页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月Someusefulprefixesusedtonamebranchedalkanes(Commonnames)(normal)n- 正(isomer)iso- 异neo- 新primary 伯，一级(secondary)sec-仲，二级(tertiary)tert- 叔，三级quaternary 季，四级

n-pentaneneopentaneisobutane正戊烷新戊烷异丁烷

Pentane2,2-dimethylpropane2-methylpropanetert-butanolisobutanaminesec-butanamine叔丁醇异丁胺仲丁胺2-methyl-2-propanol2-methylpropanamine1-methylpropanamine第16页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月Cyclicalkanes(cycloalkanes)e.g.cylcopropane,cyclopentane,andcyclohexyl

etc第17页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月NomenclatureofacyclichydrocarbonswithonedoubleortriplebondAcyclichydrocarbonshavingonedoubleortriplebondarenamedbyreplacingtheending“-ane”ofthenameofthecorrespondingalkanewiththeending“-ene”or“-yne”.(alkene)(alkyne)e.g.

(butane)

butene

butenebutyne

trans-2-butenecis-2-butene3-methyl-1-butyne第18页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月

Theunivalentradicalderivedfromacyclicalkeneoralkynehastheendings“-enyl”or“-ynyl”,(alkenealkenyl)(alkynealkynyl),andthepositionofthedoubleortriplebondisindicatedwherenecessary.(unlikealkanealkyl)e.g.

1-propenyl2-butenyl

ethynyl2-propynyl第19页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月Thefollowingnon-systematicnamesareretainedEthylene(乙烯）Allene（丙二烯）Acetylene（乙炔）Isoprene（异戊二烯）Vinyl（乙烯基）Allyl（烯丙基）Isopropenyl（异丙烯基）第20页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月NomenclatureofacyclichydrocarbonswithtwoormoredoubleortriplebondsTwoormoredoublebonds:theendingwillbe“-adiene”,“-atriene”etc.(alkadiene)Twoormoretriplebonds:theendingwillbe“-adiyne”,“-atriyne”etc.(alkadiyne)e.g.

2-methyl-1,3-butadienepropadiene2,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene

3-ethyl-4-methyl-1,6-heptadiyne第21页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月Nomenclatureofmonocyclicaromatichydrocarbons

苯甲苯二甲苯苯乙烯异丙苯均三甲苯

benzenetoluenexylenestyrenecumenemesitylene苯基甲苯基二甲苯基苯乙烯基异丙苯基均三甲苯基苄基Phenyltolylxylylstyrylcumenylmesitylbenzyl第22页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月Commonnamesretainedforthedisubstitutedbenzeneortho-,o- 邻meta-,m- 间para-,p- 对

m-methylbenzylm-tolyl3,4-dimethylphenyl3-methylbenzyl3-tolyl

o-styrylp-cumenyl3,5-dimethyl-4-ethylphenyl

2-styryl4-cumenyl

第23页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月

SomeimportantFamiliesoforganicmoleculesSaturatedhydrocarbons:suchas:Alkanes;cycloalkanes;Un-saturatedhydrocarbons:suchas:alkenes;alkynes;cycloalkenes;cycloalkynes;cycloalkadienes;cycloalkadiynes;Aromaticcompouds:benzene;biphenyl;naphthaleneandotherfusedandpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbons;Compoundswithfunctionalgroups:alkylhalides（卤代烃）;alcohols（醇）;phenols（酚）;ethers（醚）;amines（胺）;Compoundswithfunctionalgroups:aldehydes（醛）;ketones（酮）;quinones（醌）;carboxylicacids（羧酸）;esters（酯）;acylhalides（酰卤）;acidanhydrides（酸酐）amides（酰胺）;imides（亚胺）;

第24页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月Compoundswithfunctionalgroups:

alkylhalides（卤代烃）;alcohols（醇）;phenols（酚）;ethers（醚）;amines（胺）etc.alkylhalides R-X halogen(-halo)(-Cl,-Br,-F,-I)Alcohols R-OH hydroxygroup(-OH)Phenols Ar-OH hydroxygroup(-OH)Ethers R-O-R’ Alkoxygroup(O-R’)Amines R-NH2 aminogroup(NH2)第25页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月

Alkylhalides(haloalkaneoralkyl

halide)Alkylhalidesareclassifiedasprimary,secondary,ortertiarydependingonthecarbontowhichthehalogenisattached.第26页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月

Thecommonnamesofthealkylhalidesareobtainedbycitingthenameofthealkylgroupfollowedbythenameofthehalogen.(alkyl

halide)

IntheIUPACsystem,alkylhalidesarenamedassubstitutedalkanes.Thesubstitutedprefixnamesforthehalogensendin“o”(fluoro,chloro,bromo,iodo).(haloalkane)第27页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月Nomenclatureofalcohols

AlcoholsThecommonnames,similartoalkylhalides,areobtainedbycitingthenameofthealkylgrouptowhichtheOHgroupisattached,followedbytheword“alcohol”.(alkyl

alcohol)

TheIUPACnameforanalcoholisobtainedbyremovingthe“e”fromthenameofthealkaneandaddingthesuffix“ol”.(alkanol)第28页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月NomenclatureofaminesAminesarecompoundsinwhichoneormorehydrogenofammoniahavebeenreplacedbyalkylgroups.Thereareprimary,secondary,andtertiaryamines.Thisclassificationdependsonhowmanyalkylgroupsarebondedtothenitrogen.(!!!notcarbon)第29页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月Thecommonnameofaamineisobtainedbycitingthenamesofthealkylgroupsbondedtothenitrogeninalphabeticalorder.Theentirenameiswrittenasoneword.

(alkylamine)e.g.第30页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月TherearetwoIUPACapprovedwaytonameanamine.

Itcanbenamedasasubstitutedalkaneusingtheprefix“amino”todesignatetheaminesubstituent.(???aminoalkane)Italsocanbeennamedwithafunctionalgroupsuffix----“amine”.The“e”attheendofthealkanenameisreplacedby“amine”.ThenamesofsubstituentsbondedtothenitrogenareprecededbyanN

(initalic)toindicatethatthesubstituentisbondedtoanitrogenratherthantoacarbon.[(N-alkyl)alkanamine]第31页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月第32页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月Amineswithfouralkylgroupsbondedtothenitrogen-andthereforeapositivechargeonthenitrogen-arecalledquaternaryammonium

salts.Theirnamesareobtainedbycitingthenamesofthealkylgroupsinalphabeticalorderasaprefixto“ammonium”,followedbythenameofthe

counterion.

[alkylammoniumhalide

(orhydroxideetc)]第33页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月Nomenclatureofetherssymmetricaletherandasymmetricalether.e.g.第34页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月Thecommonnameofanetherisobtainedbycitingthenamesofthetwoalkylsubstituents(inalphabeticalorder)followedbytheword“ether”.Thesmallestethersarealmostalwaysnamedbytheircommonnames.(alkylalkyl

ether)

TheIUPACsystemnamesanetherasanalkanethatbearsanalkoxysubstituent.Alkoxysubstituentsarenamedbyremovingthe“yl”fromthenameofthealkylsubstituentandadding“oxy”.(alkoxyalkane)methoxyethoxy1-methylethoxy1,1-dimethylpropoxy第35页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月

Acarbonylgroup（羰基）

isacarbondoublybondedtoanoxygenandanacylgroup（酰基）

isacarbonylgroupattachedtoanalkylsubstituent.Abenzoylgroup（苯甲酰基）

isacarbonylgroupattachedtoabenzenering.第36页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月NomenclatureofaldehydesandketonesThecommonnameofanaldehydeisthesameascarboxylicacid(derivedfromsomeLatinwords).(Latin+aldehyde)TheIUPACnameofanaldehydeisobtainedbyremovingthe“e”fromthealkanenameandadding“-al”.(alkanal)第37页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月Ifthealdehydegroupisattachedtoaring,thealdehydeisnamedbyadding“carbaldehyde”tothenameofthering.(cycloalkanecarbaldehyde)phenylmethanal第38页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月NomenclatureofketonesCommonname:Onlyafewketonshavecommonnames,suchasacetone(likealdehyde).Commonnamesarealsousedforphenyl-substitutedketones.Theyarecalledphenones.(+one)IUPACname:KetonesarenamedintheIUPACsystembyremovingthe“e”fromthealkanenameandadding“-one”.(alkanone)Derivedname:Likeethers,R-CO-R’canbenamedbycitingthenamesofthetwoalkylsubstituents(inalphabeticalorder)followedbytheword“ketone”.(alkylalkyl

ketone)第39页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月CommonnameIUPACnameDerivedname第40页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月NomenclatureofcarboxylicacidsanditsderivativesX=OH,acarboxylicacidX=halogen,anacylhalideX=OR',anesterX=OCOR',anacidanhydrideX=NRR',anamide第41页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月Nomenclatureofcarboxylicacids

acarboxylgroup

Thefunctionalgroupofacarboxylicacidiscalledacarboxylgroup.Long-chaincarboxylicacidsarecalled“fattyacids”.

第42页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月Commonname:Carboxylicacids(<6)arefrequentlycalledbytheircommonnames.Theyarenamedbyadding“Latinprefix”before“acid”.?whatisα–carbon?

IUPACname:acarboxylicacidisnamedbyreplaceingthe“e”endingofthealkanenamewith“–oicacid”.(alkanoic

acid)Carboxylicacidsinwhichacarboxylgroupisattachedtoacycliccompoundcanbenamedbyadding“carboxylicacid”tothenameofthecycliccompound.第43页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月benzoicacid第44页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月NomenclatureofacylhalidesAcylhalidesarenamedbyusingtheacidnameandreplacingthe“–icacid”with“–ylhalide”(alkanoyl

halide),orbyreplacing“carboxylicacid

”with“carbonylhalide”(cycloalkanecarbonylhalide)第45页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月benzoylchloride第46页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月Nomenclatureofacidanhydrides?Doyouknowthemeaningof“anhydride”

R=R’,asymmetricalanhydride

R≠R’,amixedanhydride第47页，课件共56页，创作于2023年2月Symmetricalanhydridesarenamed