英语各种文学课件

CaptainJohnSmith（ThefirstAmericanWilliamBradford（ ernorofPlymouth）TheHistoryof JohnWinthrop（ ernorofBoston）TheHistoryofNewAnneBradstreet（TenthMuse“SomeversesontheBurningofOurHouse”；“TheSpirittheFlesh”；TheTenthMuseLaySprungUpinEdwardTaylor（thefinestpoetincolonialperiod）PreparatoryThomas TheDeclarationofBenjamin TheAutobiography；PoorRichard’sThomasPaine TheAmericanCrisis；CommonSense；Therightsofman；TheAgeofReasonPhilipFreneau（PoetoftheAmericanRevolution”“FatherofAmericanPoetry”“PioneeroftheNewRomanticism”“Agiftedandversatilelyricpoet”）TheRisingGloryofAmerica；TheHouseofNight；TheBritishPrisonShip；TotheMemoryoftheBraveAmericans；TheWildHoneySuckle；ThenBuryingGround；TheDyingn:TomoChequiWashingtonIrving（FatherofAmericanImaginativeliture；theAmericanshortstory）AHistoryofNewYork；TheSketchBook；RipVanWinkle；TheLegendofSleepyHollow；BracebridgeHall；OliverGoldsmith；LifeofGeorgeJamesFenimoreCooper：Precaution；TheSpy；ThePrairie；ThePathfinder；TheDeerslayerWilliamCullenBryant（thefirstAmericanlyricpoetofdistinction）Poems；TheFountain；TheWhite-FootedDeer；A Thanatopsis；TheYellowVioletYoungGoodmanBrown；TheMinister’sBlackVeil；Dr.Rappacini’sintheRueMorgue；TheFalloftheHouseofUsher；TheMasqueoftheRedThePoeticPrinciple；ThePhilosophyofCompositionandshortstoriesPoemsonSlavery；TheBelfryofBrugesandotherPoems；Evangeline:aTale theHarbor；Fragments；Christus:aMystery；Translations；APsalmofLifeRalphWaldoEmerson：Essays:Nature；AmericanScholar；DivinitySchoolandSolitude；LettersandSocialAims；Self-ReliancePoems:Poems；MayDay；ConcordHymn；TheRhodora；TheHumbleBeeHenryDavidThoreau(Civilizedmanisthesalveofmatter)：Walden,orLifeintheCivilDisobedience；LifeWithoutPrinciple；AWeekontheConcordandMerrimackRivers;TheMaineWoods;CapeCod;SlaveryinMassachusettsthethreegreatAmericanauthorsofthe19thcentury:HermanMelvilleandEmilyHenryDavidWaltWhitman（OneofthegreatinnovatorsinAmericanliture：LeavesofgenuineepicEmilyDickinson（America’sbest-knownfemalepoet）IDiedforBeauty；IHeardaFlyBuzz--whenIHarrietBeecherStowe（theme:TheEvilofSlavery; patibilityofSlavery&mother’sstruggleMarkTwain(=adepthofwaterof12feet;Localcolorism)TheAdventuresofHuckleberrymasterpieceofhumor,characterization,andrealism,hasbeencalledthefirstmodernAmericannovel.)O.Henry:TheGiftoftheMagi;TheCopandtheHenryJames:1internationaltheme:TheAmerican;DaisyMiller;RoderickHudson;ThePortraita2inter-alrelationships:TheTragicMuse;TheBostonians;ThePrincess3internationaltheme:TheTurnoftheScrew;WhatMaisieKnew;TheAmbassadors;TheWingsoftheDove;TheGoldenBowl;TheIvoryTower;TheSenseofthePastsocietyandpeopleofhistime)SisterCarrieEzraPound:TheCantosI(poem)InaStationoftheMetro(poem)RobertFrost:TheRoadNotFrancisScottFitzgerald:TalesoftheJazzAge;TheGreatErnestHemingway:novel:TheSunAlsoRises;AFarewelltoArms;ForwhomtheTolls;TheOldManandtheShortstories:WinnerTakeNothing;InOurTime;MenwithoutWome;TheFifthColumn;ToHaveandHaveNotJohnSteinbeck:TheGrapesof---.AmericanRomanticism---Americanrealism---Localcolorism----AmericanNaturalism--AmericanPuritanism：PuritanisminAmcultureissimilartoConfucianismin 特点：1)predestination:God’select2)originalsinandtotaldepravity3)limitedatonement(thesalvationofaselectedfew)4)theocracy5)ThePuritansestablishedAmtradition---intolerantPuritanvalues：Hardwork,thrift,piety,sobriety,simpletastes.Puritansaremoretougher,andtobeeverreadyforanymisfortuneandtragicfailure.TheyareInfluenceonliture（1）:BasisofAmericanliture:thedreamofbuildinganEdenofGardenonearth;idealism（2Symbolis（symbolismintheirworks.(typicalwayofPuritanswhothoughtthatallthesimpleobjectsexistingintheworldconnoteddeepmeaning.)Symbolismmeansusingsymbolsinliryworks.Thesymbolmeanssomethingrepresentsorstandsfor Rationalism：is"anyviewappealingtoreasonasasourceofknowledgeoritisamethodoratheory"inwhichthecriterionofthetruthisnotsensorybutinlectualanddeductive18th-centuryAmericanEnlightenmentwasamovementmarkedbyanemphasisonrationalityratherthantraditionscientificinquiryinsteadofunquestioningreligiousdogmaandrepresentativeernmentinceofmonarchy。Inthe18thcentury,peoplebelievedinman’sownnatureandthepowerofhumanreason.Franklinasitsspokesman3.AmericanRomanticismisassociatedwithimagination,intuitiveperception,alThemostprofoundandcomprehensiveideaofromanticismisthevisionofagreateraldomfortheindividual.Lirycharacteristics:pluralistic,moralstages:pre-romanticism(1770s-1830)；post-romanticism(1830-60,65-75)spokefor:culturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismMoralenthusiasm:passion,emotion,fancyandimagination.Faith：inthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception:disy alities,expressfeelingsandideas,stressmen’srightsfordomandhappiness.Humannatureisofgoodwill.Mancanknowtheworldthroughhisownability/conscience/intuition。Naturewasasourceofgoodnessandman’ssocietiesasourceofcorruptionNewEnglandTranscendentalism：Majorfeatures(ideas)1)cingemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.--anewwayoflookingattheworldStressingtheimportanceoftheindividual—self-reliance.--anewwayoflookingatOfferingfreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicofthespiritorGod.(Naturewasnotpurelymatter.Itwasalive,filledwithGod’soverwhelmingpresence.ItwasthegarmentoftheOversoul.)“TheUniverseiscomposedofNatureandtheSoul.”“Spiritispresenteverywhere.”TheindividualsoulcommunedwiththeOversoulandwasthereforedivine.Influence：NewEnglandTranscendentalismwasimportanttoAmericanliItinspiredawholenewgenerationoffamousauthorsasEmerson,Thoreau,Hawthorne,Melville,WhitmanandDickinson.AnditinspiredoneofAmerica’smostprolificliryperiodsinitsLeaders:EmersonandSources:Germanidealism,Transcendentalism,andAmerican4Americanrealism:TheAmericanrealistsadvocated“verisimilitudeofdetailderivedfromobservation,”theefforttoapproachthenormofexperience——arelianceontherepresentativeinplot,setting,andcharacter,andtoofferanobjectiveratherthananidealizedviewofhumannatureandexperience.asareactionagainst“thelie”ofromanticismandsentimentalism.Itexpressedtheconcernfortheworldofexperience,ofthecommonce,andforthefamiliarandthelow.(1)ThereasonsforthecomingofAmericanTheCivilWarwhichbrokeoutin1861taughtmenthatlifewasnotsogood,manwasnotandGodwasnot.Thewarmarkedachange,inthequalityofAmericanlife,adeterioration,infact,ofAmericanmoralvalues.Itledpeopletoquestiontheassumptions:naturalgoodness,theoptimisticviewofnatureandman,benevolentGod.Inpost-bellumAmericaincreasingindustrializationandmechanizationofthecountryinfullswingproducedsoonextremesofwealthandpoverty.Wealthandpowerweremoreandmoreconcentratedinthehandsofthefew“captainsofindustry”or“robberbarons”,butlifeforthemillionswasfast ingaveritablestruggleforsurvival.Thefrontierwasabouttocloseandthesafetyvalvewasceasingtooperate,areexaminationoflifebegan.Beneaththeglitteringsurfaceofprosperitytherelaysufferingandunhappiness.Disillusionmentandfrustrationwerewidelyfelt.TheageofRomanticismandTranscendentalismwasbyandlargeover.Meanwhileyoungerwritersappearedonthescene,suchasWilliamDeanHowells,HenryJames,MarkTwain,andsoon,whichmeansthecomingofnewliryage,Americanrealism5AmericanNaturalism:naturalismdescribesatypeofliturethatattemptstoapplyscientificprinciplesofobjectivityanddetaenttoitsstudyofhumanbeings.naturalismimpliesaphilosophicalposition6Modernism:isaculturalmovementthatgenerallyincludestheprogressiveartandarchitecture,design,liture,music,dance,paintingandothervisualartswhichemergedinthebeginningofthe20thcentury,particularlyintheyearsfollowingWorldWarI.Itwasamovementofsanddesignerswhorebelledagainstlate19thcenturyacademicandhistoricisttradition,andembracedtheneweconomic,socialandpoliticalaspectsoftheemergingmodernworld.thekeyelementsareexperimentation,anti-realism,individualismandastressonthecerebralratherthanemotiveaspectsthebest-knownModernistsareT.S.Eliot,EzraPound,F.ScottFitzgerald,ErnestHemingway,WilliamFaulknerandsoonTheSchoolsofAmericanModernpoetry:experimentsinform(Imagism)ProseWriting:modernrealism(theLostGeneration)NovelsofSocialAwarenessTheHarlemTheFugitivesandNewCriticismThe20thCenturyAmericanDrama6Imagism:ItisaMovementinU.S.andEnglishpoetrycharacterizedbytheuseofconcretelanguageandfiguresofspeech,modernsubjectmatter, dom,avoidanceofromanticormysticalthemes, aimingatclarityofexpressionthroughtheuseofprecisevisualimages.threeImagistpoeticprinciples:directtreatmentofthe“thing”（nofuss,frill,ortherhythmofthemusicalphraseratherthanthesequenceofametronome（verseformandmusic）.Image:asthatwhichpresentsaninlectualandemotionalcomplexinaninstantoftime,andlaterheextendedthisdefinitionwhenhestatedthatanimagewas“avortexorclusteroffusedideas,endowedwithenergy.”7TheLostGeneration:ItisatermappliedtoGroupofU.S.disillusionedinlectualsand oftheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar,whorebelledagainstformeridealsandvalues,andestablishedtheirreputationsinthe1920s.Morebroadlyspeaking,itmayrefertotheentirepost-WorldWarIAmericangeneration.8IcebergTheory:thedignityofanicebergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabove—UncleTom'sCabin1TheEvilofSlavery：slaveryisevil,un-Christian,andintolerableinacivil patibilityofSlavery&ChristianValues：themorereligiousacharacteris,themoreheorsheobjectstoslavery.Christianity,inStowe'snovel,restsonaprincipleofuniversallove.lovethineenemy3TheMoralPowerofWomen：Thetextportrayswomenasmorallyconscientiouscommitted,andcourageous—indeedoftenasmoremorallyconscientious,committed,andcourageousthanmenStoweimpliesaparallelbetweentheoppressionofblacksandtheoppressionofwomen。sheexpresseshopefortheoppressedinherpresentationofwomenaseffectivelyinfluencingtheirhusbandswomencanuseevilofslavery1revealstheAmericanvalues：:oneisherocomplex,theotherisAmerican2italsobearstheironyandsatiretowardthereligionandby-thenpopularrigid,didacticchildreneducation,whichcurbedtheimaginationofchildrenandtheirinnatenaturefordomandadventuresandmoldedthemintoastereotypeoflifelessThePortraitofaWealth；love；liesanddeceit；pride2tragicmarriagealityreason:over-clever,over-confident,over-independent,fullofillusionandnaivetytimesreason;newAmerican culturevsancientEuropeancultureindividualsubjectivelimitations:self-judgmentignoreother'sadvice3featuresofwriting人物性格的模糊性:没有截然的好人和,任何正面人物都有致命的弱点,任何人也都有可以理解同情和原谅的地方SisterCarrieandPoverty；Identity；MajorFeatures：(1)Dreiserstresseddeterminism2.HetruthfullyreflectedthesocietyandpeopleofhistimeTheGreatGatsby1Gatsby:thecountry’s2Daisy:seeminglybeautifulAmerican3Tom:commercializationwhichbroughtthecountryonlymoraldepravity4Nick:hopeofthecountryTheme:disillusionmentofAmericanDreaminthematerializedPointofview:first- pointview;usingthe“dramaticnarrator”(meansthenarratorisalsoacharacterinthenovel)Style:excellentcraftsmanship;usingmetaphors,irony,allusionsandotherrhetoricaldevices;smooth,simplebutrefinedandgracefullanguageTheGrapesofThemes：Man’sInhumanitytoMan;TheSavingPowerofFamilyandFellowship;TheDignityofWrath;TheMultiplyingEffectsofSelfishnessandAltruism.TheScarlet1theme：Thisnovelisaboutadultery,orevenreallyaboutsin.Itisabouttheeffectsofthesinonthosewhomittouches.Itlsmoreaboutmen’ssoulthanabouttheiractions.Thebesttothecentralsinandthemannerinwhichthatsinlaysbarelytheirsouls.AndthroughthestudywecanalsoknowthatHawthorne’scontradictoryattitudestoPuritanism---hatredandrespectHesterPrynne:First,HesterremindsthereaderHestier---theGoddessofBeautyinGreekfairy,showingtheauthor’spraisetoHester’sbeautyandsaint,Goddess-likebeauty.Second,thepronunciationofHesterisveryclosetohastier(thecomparativedegreeformofhasty),heretheauthorimpliesthathermarriageishaste,herlovewithDimmesdaleishaste,andtotheextreme,herjoywiththepriestishaste.Prynnehastwosymbolicmeanings.First,itspronunciationisclosetoprurient(desireforphysicaljoy)whichis,hence,consideredastherootofsinandcrime.Second,itspronunciationisverysimilartoprune(purifyorgetridof),whichthereforeforeshadowsHester’sself-savefromthesinorcrime.（3）ArthurDimmesdale:First,ArthurremindsthereaderofAdam,humanbeingsancestorwhocommittedtheOriginalSinwithEvaintheGardenofEden,ArthurDimmesdale,theinitialsADarewhichsymbolizestheminister’sdim-interiorworldofhisloveandtheshadowofsinandguiltyofhismind.ArthurDimmesdalemeanssomeonewhocommittedadulterybutdarescowardlytoconfesshissinorcrime,andhastoconcealitintheshadowandsufferit(4)RogerChillingworthhastwoaspects.“Roger”isthehomonymicofRogue(hoodlum,scoundrel,bully),whichexpresseshisacttohiswife;RogeralsoremindsustheJollyRoger(theblackbannerusedbypirates).Weknowthatpirates’natureistoexploretreasuresandrevenge,whichdemonstratesChillingworth’sacttohiswifeandtoDimmesdale.“Chilling”meanschilly.“Worth”lsusRoger’sactis,tosomeextend,worth/valuabletheauthor’scontradictorypsychologyto（5“Pearl” thetreasuretoherSecond,pearlisthehomonymicofpurl(stream),Pearl’sfateandlifeislikethepurlinthe,mysterious,canonlyflowinthe,seldombathethesunshine.(6)Theletter“A”means“adultery”.Tothepuritansitisasymbolofjustpunishment;toHester,adeviceofunjusthumiliation;toDimmesdale,apiercingreminderofhisguilt;toChillingworth,aspurtothequestofrevenge;toPearl,abrightandmysteriouscuriosity.“A”variesitsmeaningasthedevelopmentofthestory,adultery---able(7)the:isasymbolofdarknessandthescaffold:isnotonlyasymbolofthesternPuritancodeforHesteracceptedthepunishment,butalso esasymbolfortheopenacknowledgmentofalsin.nights:isusedasasymbolforconcealment,andthedayforexposure;)3PuritanisminTheScarletLetterTheirreligiousdoctrines.Conclusion:hebelievesinmen’sabilitytoredeemthemselvesoradvocatesindividuality.Theirrigid,inhumanattitudetowardlifeandenjoyment:suppressmen’salldesires,liveahard,disciplinedandasceticlife,discriminatemen’srightsforhappiness.Conclusion:stressmen’srightsanddesiresforpleasure.Theirhypocrisy:clergymencommitcrimesagainsttheirpreachingandbeliefs.4BriefcommentsonthenovelPositiveaspects:Self-reliance,thrift,industry,initiative(capacitytoseewhatneedstobedoneandenterpriseenoughtodoit).Negativeaspects:Unnaturalself-denials,overtlyausteredisciplines,anasceticmodeofliving,anintolerance&bigotryMobyDickbetweenGoodandEvil.betweenManandNature.Isolationbetweenmanandman;man nature;manand PequodisasymbolofMobySymbolofnatureforhumanSymbolofevilfortheCaptainSymbolofgoodandpuritybecauseofits3VoyageofthePequod:Symbolofthepursuitofideals,adventure,andthehuntinthevastAhab:Symbolofsolipsism,revengeandthenStarbuck:SymbolofgoodandtheDoubloon:SymbolofthelureofevilandenticementstoSea:Symbolofvastness,loneliness,andisolation.understoodfromthreelevelsItisanovelofjourneyandwhaleItisabetweenCatainAhabandMobyItisastoryofIshmael,histhoughtabouthumanbody’segorealization,therelationshipbetweenmanandnature,mandandGod,manandman,etc.—InaStationofthetheMetro:referringtotheParisapparition:ithasdoublemeanings:appearanceandghost.awet,blackbough’tosymbolizethestation‘petals’tosymbolizethebeautifulfacesofthecrowdintheItshowstheperfectcombinationoftheobjectiveandthesubjective,andtheconcreteand.TheRoadNotTakenTherhymescheme:abaab.Theme:simplymatter-of-factratherthanse