英语系语言学考研

注意事项

语言学是考研比较头疼的课程，以下儿个复习中需要注意的问题，供你参考：

第一，要注意基本概念和基本理论。基本概念要烂熟于心，做到能见到概念就知道它属

于哪个章节，基本内容是什么，对这个概念不同的语言学流派有什么不同的理解，你个人的

见解又是什么。基本理论要清楚，要知道在对待同一个问题时不同的理论是如何处理的，它

们的哲学基础是什么？它们的理论前提是什么？它们的优势和弊端都是什么？你对这些理

论有什么评价？

第二，要注意对于基本理论的应用。比如在音位学章节里，用区别性特征理论的研究结

果来描写音位；在形态学里，用派生形态学的理论来解释构词法；在句法学里，用直接成分

分析法和树形图来解释歧义句等等。这些经典理论的运用在考试中是经常出现的。

第三，要注意语言学和其他学科的联系。虽然在考试中主要考察语言学的核心学科，

可是语言学和其它学科的交叉有时也占有••定的比例。所以建议大家多看看相关的章节，掌

握一下那个章节的概貌：比如说，社会语言学、二语习得、计算语言学、历史比较语言学等

等。

第四，要注意创造性地理解和解释新现象。在考试题H中，总会有些平时复习没有见过

的语言材料让你来分析。这时不要紧张，要仔细思考那其中所包含的信息，并检索自己知识

系统中的相关理论去解释它。要有创造性的见解。

第五，要多做练习。

英语语言学概论重点难点提示

第一章概论

语言的定义：语言的基本特征（任意性、二重性、多产性、移位、文化传递和互换性）：语

言的功能（寒暄、指令、提供信息、询问、表达主观感情、唤起对方的感情和言语行为）；

语言的起源（神授说，人造说，进化说）等。

语言学定义；研究语言的四大原则（穷尽、一致、简洁、客观）；语言学的基本概念（口语

与书面语、共时与历时;语言与言学、语言能力与言行运用、语言潜势与语言行为）；普通

语言学的分支（语音、音位、语法、句法、语义）；；语言学的应用（语言学与语言教学、

语言与社会、语言与文字、语言与心理学、人类语言学、神经语言学、数理语言学、计算语

言学）等。

第三章语音学利音位学

发音器官的英文名称；英适辅音的发音部位和发音方法；语音学的定义：三大分支（发音语

音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学）；元音及辅音的分类；严式与宽式标音等。

音位理论：最小对立体；自由变异；互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；

音节；重音（词重音、句子重音、音高和语调）等。

第三章词法学

词法的定义；曲折词与派生词；构词法（合成与派生）；词素的定义；词素变体；自由词素;

粘着词素（词根，词缀和词干）等。

词的定义；语法词与词汇词；变词与不变词；封闭词与开放词；词的辨认；习语与搭配。

第四章句法学

句法的定义；句法关系；结构；成分；直接成分分析法；并列结构与从属结构；句子成分；

范畴（性，数，格）；•致；短语，从句，句子扩展等。

第五章语义学

语义的定£；语义的有关理论；意义种类（传统、功能、语用）：里奇的语义分类：词汇意

义关系（同义、反义、下义）；句子语义关系。

第六章语言变化

语言的发展变化（词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化）；

第七章语言、思维与文化

语言与文化焉定&；萨丕尔-沃夫假说；语言与思维的关系；语言与文化的关系；中西文化

的异同。

第八章语用学

语用学的K义；语义学与语用学的区别；语境与意义；言语行为理论（言内行为、言外行为

和言后行为）；合作原则。

第九章语言学和外语教学

语言学与外语教学的关系；各种语言观及其在外语学习和外语教学中的意义;大纲设计；

语言学习：L语法与语言学习2.输入和语言学习3.中际语与语言学；错误分析；测

试

第十章语言习得

母语习得理论（行为主义，天生论）；二语习得（对比分析，错误分析，中介语）；二语习得

中的个体差异（语言学能，认知差异，性格特征，学习策略）；

第H^一章现代语言学理论与流派

布拉格学派，伦敦学派，美国结构主义学派，转换生成语法

各流派的代表人物，重要文献；各流派的理论基础、特点、主要观点、重要概念。

模拟题

TEST1

I.Directions：Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully,decidewhichoneof

thefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthe

brackets.（1%X15=15%）

1.Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarforitismostly

A.prescriptiveB.descriptiveC.subjectiveD.diachronic

2,Whichofthefollowingisnotamajorbranchoflinguistics?

A.phoneticsB.phonologyC.speechD.syntax

3.phoneticsstudiesspeechorgansandhowspeechsoundsare

made（articulated）bythevocalorgans.

A.AcousticB.ArticulatoryC.ArithmeticD.Auditory

4.studiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesthatgovern

theirformation.

A.PhonologyB.SemanticsC.SyntaxD.Morphology

5.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsof.

A.mannerofarticulationB.placeofarticulation

C.forceofarticulationD.BothAandB

6.N.Chomskyisafamouslinguist

A.AmericanB.BritishC.GreekD.Swiss

7.Thewords"petrol"and"gasoline"aresynonymsdifferingin.

A.stylesB.dialectsC.registerD.connotativemeaning

8.Whichofthefollowingtwo-termsetsaregradableantonyms?

A.hot/coldB.doctor/patientC.single/marriedD.husband/wife

9.Whichofthefollowingsetoffeaturesiscorrecttodescribethesound[f]in

English?

A.voicedpalatalaffricativeB.voicedalveolarstop

C.voicelessvelarfricativeD.voicelesslabiodentalfricative

10.Whatisthesententialrelationshipbetween"John'sbikeneedsrepairing/'and

"Johnhasabike."?

A.EntailmentB.PresuppositionC.ContradictionD.Anomaly

11.isthesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructural

constituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituentsuch

asNPandVP.

A.S-structureB.D-structureC.LinearstructureD.Hierarchicalstructure

12.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituations

ofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled

A.dualityB.displacementC.creativityD.reliability

13.Theaffixeswhichmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammatical

categoriessuchas"-ing,-est”arecalled.

A.derivationalaffixesB.freemorphemesC.inflectionalaffixesD.roots

14.Whichofthefollowingunderlinedletterisdifferentfromothersinpronunciation?

A.sinceB.sinkC.sunglassDthank

15.Thesounds/k/and/g/areseparate.

A.allophonesB.phonemesC.morphemesD.allomorphs

II.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,the

firstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinOneword

only,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%X10=10%)

1.Languageisasystemofavocalsymbolsusedforhuman

communication.

2.Theprincipalsuprasegmentalfeaturesincludesyllable,stress,toneand

3.Aneconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionally

equivalenttooneofitsconstituents,whichservesasthecentreofthewhole.

4.Cvowelsareasetofvowelqualitiesarbitrarilydefined,fixedand

unchanging,intendedtoprovideaframeofreferenceforthedescriptionofthe

actualvowelsofexistinglanguages..

5.Thepairofwords“femaleandmale"belongstothecantonyms.

6.Thewordthatismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledthes,andthe

morespecificwordsarecalleditshyponyms.

7.Englishspeechsoundscanbeclassifiedintovowelsandc.

8.Apiswhatisexpressedbyadeclarativesentencewhenthe

sentenceisutteredtomakeastatementwithtruthvalueasitsimportant

property.

9.Thestudyoflanguagedevelopmentatsomepointintimeisgenerallytermed

asslinguistics.

10.Gisarelationshipinwhichawordofacertainclassdeterminesthe

formofothersintermsofcertaincategory,whileconcordisknownas

agreement.

III.Directions：Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.Puta

TfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.(1%X20=20%)

1.Langueisrelativelystableandsystematicwhileparoleissubjecttopersonaland

situationalconstraints.

2.Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing.

3.Transformationalrulesdonotchangethebasicmeaningsofsentences.

4.Theword"flower"isthesuperordinateofthehyponyms"rose","tulip"and'lily".

5.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheactualrealizationoftheidealuser's

knowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguisticcommunication.

6.Phonologyisabranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthesentencepatternsofa

language.

7.Allvowelsandnasalsarevoiced.

8.Hallidayhastriedtorelatethefunctionsoflanguagestoitsstructures.

9.Senseandreferencearetwotermsoftenencounteredinthestudyofmeaning.

Theyaretworelatedbutdifferentaspectsofmeaning.

10.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheChineseusedintheTangDynastyisadiachronic

study.

11.[p]isavoicelessbilabialstop.

12.SinceEnglishhassomanyloanwords,completesynonymsarecommonlyseen.

13.Inflectionalaffixesarethosewhosemajorfunctionistoattachthemselvestoother

morphemestoformanewword.

14.Linguisticsstudiesanyparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral.

15.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.

16.Foranynaturallanguage,asetofsyntacticrulesisnotcapableofyieldingan

unlimitednumberofsentencesinthatlanguage.

17.Asyllablewithoutacodaisaclosedsyllable.

18.Thephrase"greenhouse"withthefirstelementstressedmeans“ahousewhichis

greenincolour.”

19.Componentialanalysisisawayproposedbythestructuralsemanticiststoanalyze

sentencemeaning.

20.Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundwithdiacriticsiscallednarrowtranscription.

IV.Directions:MatchthelinguistsinColumnAwiththeirrelevanttheoriesor

linguisticcontributioninColumnB(1%X10=10%)

AB

1.FerdinanddeA.Semantics

Saussure

B.thesemantictriangle

2.DanielJones

C.Phaticcommunion

3.GeoffreyLeech

D.TGGrammar

4.Ogden&Richards

E.IPA

5.J.Katz

F.CourseinGeneral

6.MalinowskiLinquistiGS

7.BloomfieldG."TheStructureofa

SemanticTheory

&NoamChomsky

H.Systemic-Functional

9.M.A.K.HallidayGrammar

10.J.R.FirthI.Thestructuralapproach

J.TheLondonSchool

V.Directions：Analyzethesentences(5%X2=10%)

1.Analyzethefollowingambiguousphrasewithimmediatecomponentanalysis

(labeledtreediagram)

morereliableinformation

2.Usetheappropriatephrasestructurerulestodrawalabeledtreediagram

Thestudentsawanaccidentonthestreet.

VI.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms.(2%X5=10%)

1.duality2,vowel3,hyponymy4.stop(爆破音)5.acronym

VII.Directions:Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyas

possible.GiveexamplesfQLillustrationifnecessarv(5%X5=25%)

1.Illustratethemainfunctionsoflanguage?

2.Howisphonologyrelatedtoanddifferentfromphonetics?

3.IllustrateChomsky'sdistinctionofcompetenceandperformance.

4.WhatarethewaysofclassifyingwordsinEnglish?

5.Whatisthereferentialtheory?

AdditionalPart

Directions:Afteryouhavefinishedansweringtheabovequestions,commentonthe

followingparagraphifyou'dlike.Yourachievementonthispartwillbeusedasreference

foryourfinalscore.Iftimeisupwhenyoucometothispart,itwillnotinfluencethe

evaluationonyourperformanceinthistest.

Aprofessorwritesarecommendationletterasfollows:

“JohnWangregularlyandpunctuallyattendedallmyclasses.Allhis

assignmentswerehandedinontimeandveryneatlypresented.Igreatly

enjoyedhavingJohnWanginmyclass.''

ASK:Whatishisimpliedmeaning?

A卷答案及评分标准：

卷面成绩总分为100分，占总成绩的70%。

I.

第一为选择题，共15小题，每题1分，共15分。

1.B2.C3.B4.D5.D6.A7.B8.A9.D10.B

11.B12.B13.C14.A15.B

II.

第二题为填空题，单词拼写正确方可得分。10个小题，每题1分，共10分。

1.plementary

6.ernment

如果第7题写为subcategory也算正确，得1分。

III.

第三题为判断题，共20小题，每题1分，共20分。

1.T2.T3.T4.T5.F6.F7.T8.T9.T10.F

11.T12.F13.T14.F15.F16.F17.F18.F19.F20.T

IV.

第四题为匹配选择题，按照顺序选择与语言学家相对应的语言学贡献。共10个匹配项，共

10分。

1.F2.E3.A4.B5.G6.C7.I8.D9.H10.J

V.

第五题要求用树型图显示歧异短语或者句子结构

1.

morereliableinformationmorereliableinformation

如果只曲出上面的其中一个得3分；没有标记词性的树型图扣1分；全部画出得5分。

画出如下的基本树型图得3分，最后介词短语画在VP卜得满分，介词短语画在VP卜面的

NP里面也不扣分。

VI.

第六题为名词解释题，5个名词术语每个2分，共10分。每个小题答出关键词（黑体字）即

可得2分。

1.duality:Itisoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage.Languagehastwolevels

ofstructures,thesoundwhichismeaninglessandformunitswhicharemeaningful.

2.vowel:Avowelisthesoundsegmentwhichisproducedwithoutanyobstruction

alongthevocaltract.Whenitisarticulated,noturbulencecanbeperceived.

3.hyponym:Itismeaninginclusiveness（amatterofclassmembership）.Theupper

terminthissenserelationiscalledsuperordinateandthelowerhyponyms.

4.stop:Itisasoundproducedastheresultascompleteclosureofthearticulatorsfirst

andsuddenreleaseoftheairstreams.

5.acronym:Itismadeupfromthefirstletterofthenameofanorganization,whichhas

aheavilymodifiedheadword,suchasWTO,BBCandWB.

VIL

第七题为简答题，共5题，每题5分，共25分。答出每题的主要内容得满分，少几点主要

内容，相应地扣几分。

1.Languagehasmanyfunctionsinourdailylife.Formostpeople,theinformative

functionisthemajorroleoflanguage.Languageistheinstrumentofthought.

Secondly,languagehastheinterpersonalfunctionbywhichpeopleestablishand

maintaintheirstatusinthesociety.Theperformativefunctionoflanguageis

primarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons.Emotivefunctionchangesthe

emotionalstatusofpeople.Phaticcommunionreferstothefunctionofmeaningless

expressionstomaintainacomfortablerelationship.Languagehasrecreationaland

metalingualfunctionaswell.（只列出关键词没有褓释其中任何一条的扣2分,只解释

一条的扣一分）

2.Bothphonologyandphoneticsstudythespeechsoundsinlanguage.

Phoneticsstudieshowsoundsaremade,transmittedandreceived.Phonology,

ontheotherhand,isthestudyofthesoundsystemsoflanguages.Phonologyis

concernedwiththelinguisticpatterningofsoundsinhumanlanguages,while

phoneticsisthestudyofallpossiblespeechsounds.Phonologystudiesthewayin

whichspeakersofalanguageusetheselectionofthesesoundsinordertoexpress

meaning.

3.CompetenceandperformanceareafundamentaldistinctionproposedbyChomsky.

Alanguageuser'sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesiscalledhis

linguisticcompetence.Performancereferstotheactualuseoflanguagein

concretesituations.Wecanobservethediscrepancybetweencompetenceand

performanceinnormallanguageusers.Competenceisabstractandstable,whereas

performanceisconcreteanddependentonthesituation.

4.Accordingtotheirvariability,wordscanbeclassifiedintovariablewordsand

invariablewords.Intermsofthemeaningexpressedbywords,theycanbe

classifiedintogrammaticalwordsandlexicalwords.Thisdistinctionleadstothe

distinctionofclosed-classwordsandopen-classwords.Awordthatbelongstothe

closedclassisonewhosemembershipisfixedorlimited,whiletheopen-classoneis

inprincipleinfiniteorunlimited.

5.Thereferentialtheorywhichrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitrefers

to,orstandfor,isknownasthereferentialtheory.Wecanexplainthemeaningof

awordbypointingtothethingitrefersto.Butthereissomethingabstractandcan

onlybesensedinourminds.Later,thesemantictriangleisemployedtoexplainthe

indirectrelationbetweenwordsandthings.

TEST2

LDirections:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully,decidewhichoneof

thefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthe

brackets.(2%X10=20%)

1.Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarforitismostly.

A.prescriptiveB.descriptive

C.subjectiveD.Latin-based

2.Whichofthefollowingisnotamajorbranchoflinguistics?

A.phoneticsB.phonologyC.speechD.syntax

3.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsof.

A.mannerofarticulationB.placeofarticulation

C.forceofarticulationD.BothAandB

4.Therearemorphemestntheword"disabled”,

A.oneB.twoC.threeD.four

5.studiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesthatgovern

theirformation.

A.PhonologyB.SemanticsC.SyntaxD.Morphology

6.Theisthemostflexible,andisresponsibleformorevarietiesofarticulation

thananyother.

A.nasalcavityB.oralcavityC.tongueD.lips

7."hotdog"withthefirstelementstressedmeans.

A.adogwhichishotB.abarkingdogC.akindoffoodD.adeaddog

8.N.Chomskyisafamouslinguist.

A.AmericanB.BritishC.GreekD.Swiss

9.Thewordssuchashandbookandhighwayare.

A.formedbyblendingB.coinedbyback-formation

C.compoundwordsD.derivations

10.Whichofthefollowingtwo-termsetsarecomplementaryantonyms?

A.hot/coldB.doctor/patient

C.single/marriedD.husband/wife

II.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,the

firstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinOneword

only,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(2%X10=20%)

1.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumanc.

2.Saussuremadethefamousdistinctionbetweenlangueandp.

3.Misthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.

4.Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofm.

5.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasstudy.

6.Thepairofwords“femaleandmale"belongstothecantonyms.

7.Thewordthatismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledthes,andthemore

specificwordsarecalleditshyponyms.

8.Englishspeechsoundscanbeclassifiedintovowelsandc.

9.AnexpertwhostudieslinguisticsiscalledaI.

10.Linguisticsisdefinedasthesstudyoflanguage.

III.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.Puta

TfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.(1%X20=20%)

1.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofa

speechcommunity.

2.Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing.

3.Sincemorphemesarethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguage,theycanbe

usedindependently.

4.Theword"flower"isthesuperordinateofthehyponyms"rose","tulip"and"lily".

5.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhis

languageinlinguisticcommunication.

6.Atthelowerorthebasiclevelofthelanguagesystem,thereisastructureof

sounds,whicharemeaningless.

7.TheEnglishsound[m]isabilabialnasal.

8.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediate

situationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalledduality.

9.Modernlinguisticsgivesprioritytothewrittenformoflanguage.

10.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheChineseusedintheTangDynastyisadiachronic

study.

11.[b]isavoicelessbilabialstop.

12.WhileEnglishhasborrowedmostheavilyfromFrench,otherlanguageshavealso

madetheircontributions.

13.Inflectionalaffixesarethosewhosemajorfunctionistoattachthemselvestoother

morphemestoformanewword.

14.Linguisticsstudiesanyparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral,

15.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.

16.InEnglish,nouns,verbs,prepositionsandadverbsareopenclassessincewecan

regularlyaddnewwordstotheseclasses.

17.Asyllablewithoutacodaisaclosedsyllable.

18.Thephrase“greenhouse"withthefirstelementstressedmeans"ahousewhichis

greenincolour."

19.Componentialanalysisisawayproposedbythestructuralsemanticiststoanalyze

lexicalmeaning.

20.Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundwithdiacriticsiscalledbroadtranscription.

IV.Directions:Analyzethesentences(5%X2=10%)

1.Analyzethefollowingambiguousphrasewithimmediatecomponentanalysis

(labeledtreediagram)morecomfortablehouses

2.Usetheappropriatephrasestructurerulestodrawalabeledtreediagram

Themotherfeedsthebaby.

V.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms.(2%X5=10%)

1.phonology2.vowel3.language4.syntax5.morpheme

VI.Directions:Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyas

possible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessarv(2%X10=20%)

1.Whatarethedesignfeaturesoflanguage?

2.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenphonologyandphonetics?

答案及评分标准

卷面成绩总分为100分，占总成绩的70%。

I.

第一为选择题，共10小题，每题2分，共20分。

1.B2.C3.D4.C5.D6.B7.C8.A9.C10.C

II.

第二题为填空题，单词拼写正确方可得分。10个小题，每题2分，共20分。

1.communication2.parole3.morpheme4.meanings5.synchronic

6.complementary7.superordinate8.consonants9.linguist10.scientific

III.

第三题为判断题，共20小题，每题1分，共20分。

1.T2.T3.F4.T5.T6.T7.T8.F9.F10.F

11.F12.T13.T14.F15.F16.T17.F18.F19.T20.F

IV.

第五题要求用树型图显示歧异短语或者句子结构，共10分。

1.

Morecomfortablehousesmorecomfortablehouses

NPNP

如果只画出上面的其中一个得3分；没有标记词性的树型图扣1分；全部画出得5分。

VI.

第六题为名词解释题，5个名词术语每个2分，共10分。每个小题答出关键词(黑体字)即

可得2分。

1.Phonology:Thelinguisticstudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconvey

meaningincommunication.

2.Vowel:Avowelisthesoundsegmentwhichisproducedwithoutanyobstruction

alongthevocaltract.Whenitisarticulated,noturbulencecanbeperceived.

3.Language:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman

communication.

4.Syntax:Itisasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtofrom

sentencesandthesentencestructureoflanguage.

5.Morpheme:Itisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage,e.g.dis-,

taste,-ful.

VII.

第七题为筒答题，共2题，每题10分，共20分。答出每题的主要内容得满分，少几点主

要内容，相应地扣几分。

1.Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishit

fromanyanimalsystemofcommunication,^arbitrariness:Thereisnological

connectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.2)Productivity:languageisproductivein

thatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.

3)Duality:languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructuresortwolevels:

thelowerlevelofsoundsandthehigherlevelofmeaning.4)Displacement:

Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsof

thespeaker.

2.Theydifferintheirapproachandfocus.Phoneticsisofageneralnature;itis

interestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages:howtheyare

produced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheypossess,how

theycanbeclassified.Phonology,ontheotherhand,isinterestedinthesystemof

soundsofaparticularlanguage;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguage

formpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguistic

communication.

TEST3

I・Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.Decidewhichoneofthefour

choicesbestcompletesthestatementandchoosetheletterA,B,CorD.

(120=20)

1.Saussure'scollectednoteswereputtogetherbyhisstudentstoproducethegreatwork,

,in1916.Itmarkedthebeginningofmodernlinguistics.

A.CourseinGeneralLinguisticsB.ACourseinModernLinguistics

C.LanguageD.SyntacticStructures

2.InhisbookSyntacticStructurespublishedin1957,Chomskyestablishedthe

well-known,whichmarkedthebeginningoftheChomskyanRevolution.

A.competenceandperformanceB.syntagmaticandparadigmatic

C.synchronicanddiachronicD.Transformational-GenerativeGrammar

3.“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweef,thefamousquotationfrom

Shakespeare'splay“RomeoandJuliefwellillustrates.

A.theconventionalnatureoflanguage

B.thecreativenatureoflanguage

C.theuniversalityoflanguage

D.thebigdifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanimalcommunication

4.Linguisticsisthescientificstudyof.

A.aparticularlanguageB.theEnglishlanguage

C.humanlanguagesingeneralD.thesystemofaparticularlanguage

5.Theconsonant[f]inEnglishcanbecorrectlydescribedashavingthefollowingphonetic

features.

A.voiceless,bilabial,stopB.voiceless,labiodental,fricative

C.voiced,bilabial,stopD.voiced,labiodental,fricative

6.Thesounds"s”and"z"aretheresultofairescapingunderfricationbetweenthetongue

andbeforepassingthrough