2023年考研考博-考博英语-东华大学考试历年高频考点真题荟萃带答案

2023年考研考博-考博英语-东华大学考试历年高频考点真题荟萃带答案第1卷一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题Duetoan____bybank,therewaslessmoneyinmyaccountthanthereshouldhavebeen.问题1选项A.intentB.oversightC.indecisionD.engagement2.单选题______thewall,wedecidedthatweshouldneedthreetinsofpaint.问题1选项A.MakingupB.DoingupC.PuttingupD.Sizingup3.单选题Themeasuresarelittlemorethan____thatwillfadefastonceinvestorstakeahardlookatthem.问题1选项A.blindfaithB.windowdressingC.goodimpressionD.winningimage4.单选题Thebiographerhastodancebetweentwoshakypositionswithrespecttothesubject.Tooclosearelation,andthewritemayloseobjectivity.Notcloseenough,andthewritermaylackthesympathynecessarytoanyefforttoportrayamind,asoul—---thequalityoflife.Whoshouldwritethebiographyofafamily,forexample?Becauseoftheirclosenesstothesubject,familymembersmayhavespecialinformation,butbythesametoken,theymaynothavethedistancethatwouldallowthemtobefair.Similarly,aking’'sservantmightnotbethebestonetowriteabiographyofthatking.Butaforeignermightnothavetheknowledgeandsympathynecessarytowritetheking’'sbiography—-notforareadershipfromwithinthekingdom,atanyrate.Thereisnoidealpositionforsuchatask.Thebiographerhastoworkwiththepositionbeheorshehasintheworld,adjustingthatpositionasnecessarytodealwiththesubject.Everypositionhasstrengthsandweaknessestothrive,awritermusttrytobecomeawareofthese,evaluatethemintermsofthesubject,andselectapositionaccordingly.Whentheirsubjectsareheroesorfamousfigures,biographiesoftenrevealademocraticmotive:theyattempttoshowthattheirsubjectsareonlyhuman,nobetterthananyoneelse.Otherbiographiesaremeanttochangeus,toinviteustobecomebetterthanweare.ThebiographiesofJesusfoundintheBibleareinthisclass.Biographersmayclaimthattheiraccountisthe“authentic”"one.Inadvancingthisclaim,theyarehelpedifthebiographyis"“authorized”"bythesubject;thispresumablyallowsthebiographerspecialaccesstoprivateinformation."“Unauthorized”"biographiesalsohavetheirappeal,however,sincetheycansuggestanindependenceofmindinthebiographer.Inbookpromotions,the“unauthorized”’’characterizationusuallysuggeststheprospectofjuicygossipthatthesubjecthadhopedtosuppress.Asubjectmighthaveseveralbiographies,evenseveral“"authentic”"ones.Wesenseintuitivelythatnooneisinapositiontotell“the”’’storyofalife,perhapsnoteventhesubject,andthishasbeenprovedbythehistoryofbiography.1.Accordingtotheauthor,anidealbiographerwouldbeonewho______.2.TheauthorcitesthebiographiesofJesusintheBibleinordertoshowthat______.3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsinistrue,accordingtothepassage?4.Anunauthorizedbiographyislikelytoattractmorereadersbecause______.5.Inthispassage,theauthorfocuseson______.问题1选项A.knowsthesubjectverywellandyetmaintainsaproperdistancefromhimB.isclosetothesubjectandknowsthetechniquesofbiographywritingC.isindependentandtreatsthesubjectwithfairnessandobjectivityD.possessesspecialprivateinformationandissympathetictowardthesubject问题2选项A.thebestbiographiesaremeanttotransformtheirreadersB.biographiesareauthenticaccountsoftheirsubjects’'livesC.thebestbiographiesarethoseofheroesandfamousfiguresD.biographiescanservedifferentpurposes问题3选项A.Anauthenticbiographyseldomappealstoitsreaders.B.Anauthenticbiographyisoneauthorizedbythesubject.C.Noonecanwriteaperfectbiography.D.Authorizedbiographieshaveawiderreadership.问题4选项A.itportraysthesubjectbothfaithfullyandvividlyB.itcontainsinterestinginformationaboutthesubject’'sprivatelifeC.itrevealsalotofaccuratedetailsunknowntooutsidersD.itusuallygivesasympatheticdescriptionofthesubject’'scharacter问题5选项A.thedifficultyofabiographerinfindingtheproperperspectivetodohisjobB.thesecretofabiographertowinmorereadersC.thetechniquesrequiredofabiographertowriteagoodbiographyD.thecharacteristicsofdifferentkindsofbiographies5.单选题WildBillDonovanwouldhavelovedtheInternet.TheAmericanspymasterwhobuilttheOfficeofStrategicServicesinWorldWarⅡandlaterlaidtherootsfortheCIAwasfascinatedwithinformation.Donovanbelievedinusingwhatevertoolscametohandinthe“greatgame”ofespionage—spyingasa“profession”.ThesedaystheNet,whichhasalreadyre-madesucheverydaypastimesasbuyingbooksandsendingmail,isreshapingDonovan’svocationaswell.Thelatestrevolutionisn’tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen’se-mail.Thatkindofelectronicspyinghasbeengoingonfordecades.Inthepastthreeorfouryears,theWorldWideWebhasgivenbirthtoawholeindustryofpoint-and-clickspying.Thespooks(间谍)callit“open-sourceintelligence”,andastheNetgrows,itisbecomingincreasinglyinfluential.In1995theCIAheldacontesttoseewhocouldcompilethemostdataaboutBurundi.Thewinner,byalargemargin,wasatinyVirginiacompanycalledOpenSourceSolutions,whoseclearadvantagewasitsmasteryoftheelectronicworld.AmongthefirmsmakingthebiggestsplashinthisnewworldisStraitford,Inc.,aprivateintelligence-analysisfirmbasedinAustin,Texas.Straitfordmakesmoneybysellingtheresultsofspying(coveringnationsfromChiletoRussia)tocorporationslikeenergy-servicesfirmMcDermottInternational.Manyofitspredictionsareavailableonlineatwww.S.StraitfordpresidentGeorgeFriedmansaysheseestheonlineworldasakindofmutuallyreinforcingtoolforbothinformationcollectionanddistribution,aspymaster’sdream.LastweekhisfirmwasbusyvacuumingupdatabitsfromthefarcornersoftheworldandpredictingacrisisinUkraine.“Assoonasthatreportruns,we’llsuddenlyget500newInternetsign-upsfromUkraine,”saysFriedman,aformerpoliticalscienceprofessor.“Andwe’llhearbackfromsomeofthem.”Open-sourcespyingdoeshaveitsrisks,ofcourse,sinceitcanbedifficulttotellgoodinformationfrombad.That’swhereStraitfordearnsitskeep.FriedmanreliesonaleanStaffof20inAustin.Severalofhisstaffmembershavemilitary-intelligencebackgrounds.Heseesthefirm’soutsiderstatusasthekeytoitssuccess.Straitford’sbriefsdon’tsoundliketheusualWashingtonback-and-forthing,wherebyagenciesavoiddramaticdeclarationsonthechancetheymightbewrong.Straitford,saysFriedman,takesprideinitsindependentvoice.1.TheemergenceoftheNethas______.2.Donovan’sstoryismentionedinthetextto______.3.Thephrase“makingthebiggestsplash”(line1,paragraph3)mostprobablymeans______.4.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraph4that______.5.Straitfordismostproudofits______.问题1选项A.receivedsupportfromfanslikeDonovanB.remoldedtheintelligenceservicesC.restoredmanycommonpastimesD.revivedspyingasaprofession问题2选项A.introducethetopicofonlinespyingB.showhowhefoughtfortheUSC.giveanepisodeoftheinformationwarD.honorhisuniqueservicestotheCIA问题3选项A.causingthebiggesttroubleB.exertingthegreatesteffortC.achievingthegreatestsuccessD.enjoyingthewidestpopularity问题4选项A.Straitford’spredictionaboutUkrainehasprovedtrueB.StraitfordguaranteesthetruthfulnessofitsinformationC.Straitford’sbusinessischaracterizedbyunpredictabilityD.Straitfordisabletoprovidefairlyreliableinformation问题5选项A.officialstatusB.nonconformistimageC.efficientstaffD.militarybackground6.单选题I______withthanksthehelpofmycolleaguesinthepreparationofthisnewcolumn.问题1选项A.expressB.confessC.verifyD.acknowledge7.单选题______shouldanymoneybegiventoasmallchild.问题1选项A.OnnoaccountB.FromallaccountC.OfnoaccountD.Byallaccount8.单选题Thisisoneofthefewjobsyoucandointhisplaceand___beingcompletelydrunk.问题1选项A.contributetoB.getawaywithC.makeforD.tryon9.填空题Directions:Thispartconsistsofashortpassage.Inthispassage,therearealtogether10mistakes,oneineachnumberedline.Youmayhavetochangeawordordeleteaword.Markoutthemistakesandputthecorrectionsintheblanksprovided.Ifyouchangeaword,crossitoutandwritethecorrectwordinthecorrespondingblank.Ifyoudeleteaword,crossitoutandputaslash(/)intheblank.10.单选题Atonetime,marriageswerealways_____bythechurch,butthisisnotthecasenow.问题1选项A.sanctifiedB.underpinnedC.scannedD.appreciated11.单选题ShoppinghabitsintheUnitedStateshavechangedgreatlyinthelastquarterofthe20thcentury.（1）

inthe1900smostAmericantownsandcitieshadaMainStreet.MainStreetwasalwaysintheheartofatown.Thisstreetwas（2）

onbothsideswithmany（3）

businesses.Here,shopperswalkedintostorestolookatallsortsofmerchandise:clothing,furniture,hardware,groceries.（4）

,someshopsoffered（5）

.Theseshopsincludeddrugstores,restaurants,shoerepairstores,andbarberorhairdressingshops.（6）

inthe1950s,achangebeganto（7）

.ToomanyautomobileshadcrowdedintoMainStreet（8）

toofewparkingplaceswere（9）

shoppers.Becausethestreetswerecrowded,merchantsbegantolookwithinterestattheopenspaces（10）

thecitylimits.Openspaceiswhattheircardrivingcustomersneeded.Andopenspaceiswhattheygot（11）

thefirstshoppingcenterwasbuilt.Shoppingcenters,orrathermalls,（12）

asacollectionofsmallnewstores（13）

crowdedcitycenters.（14）

byhundredsoffreeparkingspace,customersweredrawnawayfrom（15）

areastooutlyingmalls.Andthegrowing（16）

ofshoppingcentersled（17）

tothebuildingofbiggerandbetter-stockedstores.（18）

thelate1970s,manyshoppingmallshadalmostdevelopedintosmallcitiesthemselves.Inadditiontoprovidingthe（19）

ofone-stopshopping,mallsweretransformedintolandscapedparks,（20）

benches,fountains,andoutdoorentertainment.问题1选项A.AsearlyasB.EarlyC.EarlyasD.Earlier问题2选项A.builtB.designedC.intendedD.lined问题3选项A.variedB.variousC.sortedD.mixedup问题4选项A.ApartfromB.HoweverC.InadditionD.Aswell问题5选项A.medicalcareB.foodC.cosmeticsD.services问题6选项A.SuddenlyB.AbruptlyC.ContrarilyD.But问题7选项A.betakingplaceB.takeplaceC.betakenplaceD.havetakenplace问题8选项A.whileB.yetC.thoughD.andthen问题9选项A.availableforB.availabletoC.usedbyD.readyfor问题10选项A.overB.fromC.outofD.outside问题11选项A.whenB.whileC.sinceD.then问题12选项A.startedB.foundedC.setupD.organized问题13选项A.outofB.awayfromC.nexttoD.near问题14选项A.AttractedB.SurprisedC.DelightedD.Enjoyed65.问题15选项A.innerB.centralC.shoppingD.downtown66.问题16选项A.distinctionB.fameC.popularityD.liking67.问题17选项A.onB.inturnC.byturnsD.further68.问题18选项A.ByB.DuringC.InD.Towards69.问题19选项A.cheapnessB.readinessC.convenienceD.handiness70.问题20选项A.becauseofB.andC.withD.provided12.单选题

Icouldseethatmywifewas_____havingthatraincoat,whetherIapproveofitornot.问题1选项A.adequateforB.intentonC.shortofD.deficientin13.单选题Bymovingtheradarbeamaroundslowlyincircles,wecan______thesurroundings.问题1选项A.exploreB.exposeC.exploitD.expand14.单选题Beforehestartedthework,Iaskedthebuildertogivemean______ofthecostofrepairingtheroof.问题1选项A.assessmentB.estimateC.announcementD.evaluation15.单选题Intheendthelittleboywenttoschoolwithoutsomucha________ofprotest.问题1选项A.whimperB.whimC.whirlD.whistle16.单选题Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired—rentedatthelowestpossiblecost—muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhumanresourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofcorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).Bywayofcontrast,inJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral—usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutive,aftertheCEO,inthefirm’shierarchy.WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforces,infacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.Asaresult,problemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkers,forexample,takemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermany(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacity,andtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.1.WhichofthefollowingappliestothemanagementofhumanresourcesinAmericancompanies?2.Whatisthepositionoftheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementinanAmericanfirm?3.ThemoneymostAmericanfirmsputintrainingmainlygoesto_______.4.Accordingtothepassage,thedecisivefactorinmaintainingafirm’'scompetitionadvantageis_______.5.WhatisthemainideaofthePassage?问题1选项A.Theyhirepeopleatthelowestcostregardlessoftheirskill.B.Theyseethegainingofskillsastheiremployees’'ownbusiness.C.Theyattachmoreimportancetoworkersthantoequipment.D.Theyonlyhireskilledworkersbecauseofkeencompetition.问题2选项A.Heisoneofthemostimportantexecutivesinthefirm.B.Hispostislikelytodisappearwhennewtechnologicareintroduced.C.Heisdirectlyunderthechieffinancialexecutive.D.Hehasnosayinmakingimportantdecisionsinthefirm.问题3选项A.workerswhocanoperatenewequipmentB.technologicalandmanagerialstaffC.workerswholackbasicbackgroundskillsD.topexecutives问题4选项A.theintroductionofnewtechnologiesB.theimprovementofworkers’'basicskillsC.therationalcompositionofprofessionalandmanagerialemployeesD.theattachmentofimportancetothebottomhalfoftheemployees问题5选项A.AmericanfirmsaredifferentfromJapaneseandGermanfirmsinhuman-resourcemanagement.B.Extensiveretrainingisindispensabletoeffectivehuman-resourcemanagement.C.Theheadofhuman-resourcemanagementmustbeinthecentralpositioninafirm’'shierarchy.D.Thehuman-resourcemanagementstrategiesofAmericanfirmsaffecttheircompetitivecapacity.17.单选题Myhusbandatea____breakfastbeforehesetoffforhisremotefarmhouse.问题1选项A.primeB.convenientC.heartyD.heady18.单选题Theriseofmultinationalcorporations,globalmarketing,newcommunicationstechnologies,andshrinkingculturaldifferenceshaveledtoanunparalleledincreaseinglobalpublicrelationsorPR.Surprisingly,sincemodernPRwaslargelyanAmericaninvention,theU.S.leadershipinpublicrelationsisbeingthreatenedbyPReffortsinothercountries.Tenyearsago,forexample,theworld’'stopfivepublicrelationsagencieswereAmerican-owned.In1991,onlyonewas.TheBritishinparticulararebecomingmoresophisticatedandcreative.ArecentsurveyfoundthatmorethanhalfofallBritishcompaniesincludePRaspartoftheircorporateplanningactivities,comparedtoaboutonethirdofU.S.companies.ItmaynotbelongbeforeLondonreplacesNewYorkasthecapitalofPR.WhyisAmericalaggingbehindintheglobalPRrace?First,Americansasawholetendtobefairlyprovincialandtakemoreofaninterestinlocalaffairs.Knowledgeofworldgeography,forexample,hasneverbeenstronginthiscountry.Secondly,AmericanslagbehindtheirEuropeanandAsiancounterpartsinknowingasecondlanguage.Lessthan5percentofBurson-Marshall’'sU.S.employeesknowtwolanguages.OgilvyandMatherhasaboutthesamepercentage.Conversely,someEuropeanfirmshavehalformoreoftheiremployeesfluentinasecondlanguage.Finally,peopleinvolvedinPRabroadtendtokeepaclosereyeoninternationalaffairs.InthefinancialPRarea,forinstance,mostAmericansreadtheWallStreetJournal.Overseas,theircounterpartsreadtheJournalaswellastheFinancialTimesofLondonandtheEconomist,publicationsnotoftenreadinthiscountry.PerhapsthePRindustrymighttakealessonfromTedTurnerofCNN(CableNewsNetwork).Turnerrecentlyannouncedthattheword“foreign”’’wouldnolongerbeusedonCNNnewsbroadcasts.AccordingtoTurner,globalcommunicationshavemadethenationsoftheworldsointerdependentthatthereisnolongeranysuchthingasforeign.41.Accordingtothepassage,U.S.leadershipinpublicrelationsisbeingthreatenedbecauseof______.42.LondoncouldsoonreplaceNewYorkasthecenterofPRbecause______.43.Theword“provincial”(Line2,Para.3)mostprobablymeans“______”.44.WelearnfromthethirdparagraphthatemployeesintheAmericanPRindustry______.45.WhatlessonmightthePRindustrytakefromTedTurnerofCNN?问题1选项A.anunparalleledincreaseinthenumberofpublicrelationscompaniesB.shrinkingculturaldifferencesandnewcommunicationstechnologiesC.thedecreasingnumberofmultinationalcorporationsintheU.S.D.increasedeffortsofothercountriesinpublicrelations问题2选项A.BritishcompaniesaremoreambitiousthanU.S.companiesB.BritishcompaniesplacemoreimportanceonPRthanU.S.companiesC.BritishcompaniesareheavilyinvolvedinPlanningactivitiesD.Fouroftheworld’'stoppublicrelationsagenciesareBritish-owned问题3选项A.limitedinoutlookB.likepeoplefromtheprovincesC.rigidinthinkingD.interestedinworldfinancialaffairs问题4选项A.speakatleastoneforeignlanguagefluentlyB.areignorantaboutworldgeographyC.arenotassophisticatedastheirEuropeancounterpartsD.enjoyreadingagreatvarietyofEnglishbusinesspublications问题5选项A.AmericanPRcompaniesshouldbemoreinternationally-minded.B.TheAmericanPRindustryshoulddevelopglobalcommunicationstechnologies.C.PeopleworkinginPRshouldbemorefluentinforeignlanguages.D.PeopleinvolvedinPRshouldavoidusingtheword"“foreign”".19.单选题AfterwinningtheChampionshiptheteammembers__________theheadcoachtotheirshouldersinshoutingtriumph.问题1选项A.tiltedB.hoistedC.hauledD.accompanied20.单选题Takingadvantageofhispopularityintheopinionpolls,thePrimeMinisterhasdecidedtocalla________electionfornextmonth.问题1选项A.convincingB.magneticC.snapD.clean-cut21.单选题Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacking,youmightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviorisregardedas“alltoohuman”,withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature,suggeststhatitisalltoomonkey,aswell.Theresearchersstudiedthebehavioroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-natured,co-cooperativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodreadily.Aboveall,liketheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof“goodandservices”thanmales.SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan’sandDr.deWaal’sstudy.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normally,themonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.However,whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbehaviorbecamemarkedlydifferent.Intheworldofcapuchins,grapesareluxurygoods(andmuchpreferabletocucumbers).Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertoken,thesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatall,theothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamber,orrefusedtoacceptthesliceofcucumber.Indeed,themerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamber(withoutanactualmonkeytoeatit)wasenoughtoinduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin.Theresearcherssuggestthatcapuchinmonkeys,likehumans,areguidedbysocialemotions.Inthewild,theyareaco-operative,group-livingspecies.Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousindignation,itseems,arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.1.Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicby______.2.Thestatement“itisalltoomonkey”(Lastline,paragraph1)impliesthat______.3.Femalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausetheyare______.4.Dr.BrosnanandDr.deWaalhaveeventuallyfoundintheirstudythatthemonkeys______.5.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?问题1选项A.posingacontrastB.justifyinganassumptionC.makingacomparisonD.explainingaphenomenon问题2选项A.monkeysarealsooutragedbyslackingrivalsB.resentingunfairnessisalsomonkey’snatureC.monkeys,likehumans,tendtobejealousofeachotherD.noanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuchemotions问题3选项A.moreinclinedtoweighwhattheygetB.attentivetoresearchers’instructionsC.niceinbothappearanceandtemperamentD.moregenerousthantheirmalecompanions问题4选项A.prefergrapestocucumbersB.canbetaughttoexchangethingsC.willnotbeco-operativeiffeelingcheatedD.areunhappywhenseparatedfromothers问题5选项A.Monkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialemotions.B.Humanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainsource.C.Animalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansdo.D.Cooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyintheworld.22.单选题Inrecentyears,railroadshavebeencombiningwitheachother,mergingintosupersystems,causingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.Asrecentlyas1995,thetopfourrailroadsaccountedforunder70percentofthetotalton-milesmovedbyrails.Nextyear,afteraseriesofmergersiscompleted,justfourrailroadswillcontrolwellover90percentofallthefreightmovedbymajorrailcarriers.Supportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowforsubstantialcostreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.Anythreatofmonopoly,theyargue,isremovedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.Butmanyshipperscomplainthatforheavybulkcommoditiestravelinglongdistances,suchascoal,chemicals,andgrain,truckingistoocostlyandtherailroadsthereforehavethembythethroat.Thevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersareservedbyonlyonerailcompany.Railroadstypicallychargesuch"“captive”"shippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.Shipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalgovernment’sSurfaceTransportationBoardforraterelief,buttheprocessisexpensive,timeconsuming,andwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases.Railroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainstcaptiveshippersonthegroundsthatinthelongrunitreduceseveryone’scost.Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaveragerate,theyargue,shipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddoso,leavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeepinguptheline.Itisatheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribe,butinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail."“Dowereallywantrailroadstobethearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthemarketplace”"asksMar-tinBercovici,aWashingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshipper.Manycaptiveshippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehiswitharoundofhugerateincreases.Therailroadindustryasawhole,despiteitsbrighteningfortuningfortunes,stilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.Yetrailroadscontinuetoborrowbillionstoacquireoneanother,withWallStreetcheeringthemon.Considerthe$10.2billionbidbyNorfolkSouthernandCSXtoacquireConrailthisyear.Conrail’snetrailwayoperatingincomein1996wasjust$427million,lessthanhalfofthecarryingcostsofthetransaction.Whoisgoingtopayfortherestofthebill.Manycaptiveshippersfearthattheywill,asNorfolkSouthernandCSXincreasetheirgriponthemarket.1.Accordingtothosewhosupportmergers,railwaymonopolyisunlikelybecause___________.2.Whatismanycaptiveshippersattitudetowardstheconsolidationintherailindustry?.3.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3that___________.4Theword"“arbiters”"mostprobablyreferstothose___________.5.Accordingtothetext,thecostincreaseintherailindustryismainlycausedby___________.问题1选项A.costreductionisbasedoncompetitionB.servicescallforcross-tradecoordinationC.outsidecompetitorswillcontinuetoexistD.shipperswillhavetherailwaybythethroat问题2选项A.IndifferentB.SupportiveC.IndignantD.Apprehensive问题3选项A.shipperswillbechargedlesswithoutarivalrailroadB.therewillsoonbeonlyonerailroadcompanynationwideC.overchargedshippersareunlikelytoappealforratereliefD.a