公共管理专业英语部分课文翻译

1.OpeningAdministrationtothePublic政务公开CitizensofBengbuCity,AnhuiProvince,nowhavetheopportunitytobeavisitoratmunicipalgovernmentmeetings,thankstothegovernment’srecenteffortstoopenitsadministration-adoptingtheMeasuresforInvitingCitizenstoListentotheAdministrativeMeeting,whichcameintoeffectonDecember16,.得益于11月16日生效政府最近实施邀请市民旁听政府会议行政事务公开改革方法,安徽省蚌埠市市民现在有机会参加市政府会议。Tencitizensareinvitedtobepresentateachmeetingonadministrativeaffairs.Thenumberofcitizenlistenersinvitedtoveryimportantmeetingcanvary.Thelistenerscanbedeputiestothecity’speople’scongress,membersofthelocalcommitteeoftheChinesePeople’sPoliticalConsultativeConference,personagesofdemocratic,membersoftheAssociationofIndustryandCommerceandothers.Theymustbeatleast18yearsofage,andwillinglytobeavisitoratthemeeting.每次行政事务会议邀请10名市民参加。邀请参加主要会议人数是能够改变。这些旁听者能够是人大代表、政协委员、民主党派要员、工商联代表及其余。他们要最少18岁，而且愿意参加会议。Listenerscanairtheiropinionsthroughthegovernmentofficeinawrittenform.旁听者能够经过政府部门以书面形式发表他们意见。IncreasingTransparency增加透明度Onthebasisofpilotprojectcarriedoutinsomecitiesandcountries,GuangdongProvincehasaskeditsgovernmentsatorabovecountryleveltoopentheiradministrativeaffairsduringthefirsthalfofthisyear.在部分城市和农村基础上，今年上六个月，广东省已要求村及村以上政府行政事务都要公开。Allaffairsrelatingtolawsandregulationsandtoadministrativedecisionsthatpeoplemustfollow,aslongastheydonotinvolvesecretsofthePartyortheCentralGovernment,shouldbeopentothepublic,Contentsareasfollows:全部关于法律、规章和公民必须遵照政府决定，只要不包括政党和中央政府机密，都要向公众公开。详细内容以下：-Strategyofsocialandeconomicdevelopment,worktargetsandtheiraccomplishments;经济社会发展战略，工作目标和它们完成情况；-Processformakingbigdecisionsandpolicies;重大决议和政策主动过程；-Financialbudgetsandimplementation;财政预算和执行情况；-Distributionanduseofspecialfundsandpurchaseofimportantmaterials;专用基金分配和主要物资购置；-Majorcapitalconstructionprojectsandtheirbidding;主要基本建设计划和它们招投标；-Itemsofpublicwelfareinvestedbythegovernment;政府投资公共福利项目；-Projectsexaminedandapprovedbythegovernmentandtheiraccomplishments;政府审批项目及完成情况；-Theaccomplishmentsofworkthegovernmentpromisedtodoforthepublic;政府向公众承事项完成情况；-Lawenforcementinrelationtotheinterestsandrightsofcitizens,legalpersonsandorganizations;关于公民、法人、组织权益法律实施；-Handingofmajorincidents;重大事件处理；-Selectingandappointingofficials,employingpublicservantsandappraisingofmodelworkers,transferringworkersandstaffmembersininstitutionalreformsandotherissuesofpublicconcern;官员选拔任用，公务员录用，先进工作者评价，员工调动标准改革及公众关心其余问题；-Administrativefunctionsandtheofficialduties;政府机构职能和官员职责；-Workingcontent,conditions,proceduresandtimetableaswellastheresult;工作内容、条件、流程和时间以及工作效果；-Workingprinciples,commitmentandthewaytosuepromise-breachingactivities,aswellasinvestigationresultsofthecases.工作标准，负担义务、对违反应负担义务起诉方法及调查结果；Apartfromopeningadministrativeaffairstosociety,variousdepartmentsoftheGuangdongProvincialGovernmenthavebeenrequiredtoopentheirinternalsystemconstruction,workoperationsandmanagement,specificallytheself-disciplineofofficials;incomeandexpenditureofthedepartment;managementofthehumanresources,distributionofincometoworkersandstaffmembersaswellastheirwelfaretreatment;andotherissues.除了向社会公开行政事务，广东省已经要求各政府部门公开机关内部结构，工作运转方式和管理情况，尤其是官员自律情况；部门收入和经费开支情况，工作人员收入分配和他们福利待遇，以及其它事项。Knowinggovernmentadministrationisoneofpeople’sfundamentalrights,andtheopeningofadministrativeinformationhasbecomeanindispensablepartinthegovernment’sadministration.Inthemeantime,openinggovernmentadministrationisalsoamainprincipleoftheWTO,listedonmostofitsdocuments.AfterChina’sentryintotheWTO,itwasrequiredtobebetterinthisfield.China’stransformationofgovernmentfunctionslagsbehindthatofitseconomicgrowth.了解政府行政行为是公民基本权力之一，政务公开是政府应尽职责。公开行政信息是已经是政府管理中必不可少部分。同时，政务公开也是WTO一项主要标准，被列在WTO大部分文件中。在中国加入WTO后，被要求在这方面做得愈加好。中国政府职能转变落后于它经济增加。Afreshmovetheopeningofgovernmentadministrationstillneedsimprovement.Expertsappealedtothestatetoplacegreatimportanceontheissuebysettingupspecialdepartmenttohandlerelatedaffairs,anddevisingalawonopeninggovernmentadministrations.政务公开作为一项新举措仍需要改进。教授希望政府将其放在更主要位置，经过设置处理相关事务专门部门，对政务公开进行立法。Red-TitleDocumentOpentothePublic对公众公开红头文件Attheendoflastyear,theBeijingmunicipalgovernment,locatedonZhengyiluRoad,placedareceptiondeskattheentranceofitswestgatefromMondaytoFridaytoreceivecitizenswhocometotheBeijingMunicipalGovernmentBulletin.Sincethebulletinopenedtothepublicinearly,thetelephoneattheeditorialofficehaskeptringing.ManyofthecallscomefromGuangdong,Zhejiang,HeilongjiangprovincesandHongKongSAR,inquiringaboutsubscriptionprocedures.在去年底，位于遵义路上北京市政府，每七天一到周五在其西大门入口处放置接待桌以接收市民来征订《北京市政府公告》。早在政府公告向公众公开后，编辑部电话就一直响着。许多电话来自广东、浙江、黑龙江和香港特区，来咨询征订程序。Thebulletin,whichcontainsgovernmentregulations,administrativeordersanddecisions,ispopularlyknownasa“red-titledocument”andisamysterytomostpeople,becauseitonlyreachedleadersabovebureaulevelinthepast.包含政府规章、行政命令和决定公文过去常称为红头文件，对大多数人而言是神秘，因为它过去只发到局级以上干部。WeiGuiqin,directoroftheBeijingHuiyuanLawOffice,isamongthefirsttosubscribetothebulletin.“Thepublicdistributionofthebulletinhelpsusalotinourjob,”hesaid.魏贵勤，北京惠元律师事务所所长，是第一批来征订公告。他说：“公告公开发行对我们工作帮助很大。”Thegovernmentofmanyotherprovincesandcitieshavealsoopenedtheirbulletinstothepublic,includingHenanandShanxiprovinces,andcitiessuchasGuangzhou,Wuhan,QingdaoandYinchuan.Thegovernmentofthebulletinsarefunctionallythesameasotherofficialdocuments.许多别省市也已经向公众公布了公告，如河南、陕西，城市如广州、武汉、青岛和银川。政府公告与其它官方文件功效上是一样。Shanghaiwasthefirstcitytoopenitsbulletintothepublic.Sincethebeginningoflastyear,thebulletinshavebeensentnotonlytomajorinstitutionsandenterprisesunderthejurisdictionofthemunicipalgovernment,butalsoto100selectednewspaperandmagazinebooths,50postalzones50Xinhuabookstores,wherecitizenscangetthemforfree.Thebulletinshaveattractedtheattentionofmanypeople,mostofwhomarelawyersandaccountants.上海是第一个向公众公布了公告城市。自去年初，公告不但经过市政府正常渠道发送到主要公共机构和企业，还发送到经挑选产生100个报刊亭、50个邮政亭、50个新华书店，在那里市民能够无偿取得公告。公告已经引发许多公民注意，其中大部分是律师和会计。“Supermarket"ofadministrativeAffairs政务超市Fiveyearsago,HuangSongji,alaid-offfemaleemployeeinNanjing,invesred50000yuantosetupakindergarten.However,shewassoonaskedtoclosedown,asshefailedtofollowrelevantprocedures.ShesoughtassistanceattheSupermarketofAdministrativeAffairs,andwithguidancebythestaff,Huangquicklyobtainedallnecessaryprocedures.五年前，黄松基，南京一名下岗女工，投资5万元办了一个育儿园。然而，她很快被勒令关门，因为她没有推行相关手续。她在政务超市寻求帮助，在工作人员帮助下，她很快办理了全部手续。WhatistheSupermarketofAdministrativeAffairsandhoweffectiveisit?什么是政务超市？它效果怎样？ThefirstsupermarketwaslaunchedbythegovernmentofXiaguanDistrict,NanjingCity,intheresidentialcommunitiesofXiaoshiandRehenanluonOctober16,.thegovernmentsetupitsofficesinabighalltohandlevariousadministrativeaffairs,includingmorethan40servicesrelatedtocivilaffairs,employment,municipalconstruction,economy,handingofcomplaintsandlawenforcement.Itindeedhassupermarketfeaturesofopenness,efficiencyandavarietyofchoice,hencethename,SupermarketofAdministrativeAffairs.Fiveotherofresidentialquartersfollowedsuitayearlater.第一个政务超市是Thesupermarketpracticesaresponsibilitysystemtosolveproblems,andserveclients.Inaddition,supervisionandfeedbackprocedureshavealsobeenadopted.Thesystem,whichenablescitizenstolearnaboutgovernmentadministrativeaffairs,contributestothegovernment’sefforttoopenadministrativeaffairs.SunWei,a“supermarket”staffmember,saidthatinthepast,policieswerelockedintheofficedrawer.Nowtheyareplacedonthewall,clearlyindicatingproblemsandpossibletimelinesfortheirsolution.Furthermore,thetelephonenumbertocontactincasesofcomplaintagainstthebehaviorof“supermarket”employeesisalsoavailabletothepublic.Employeessubjecttocustomercomplaintsaregiventhreechances,andpenaltiesincludecriticismthefirsttime,bonusdeduotionthesecondtime,anddismissalthethirdtime.政务超市提供了一个处理问题、服务委托人负责任系统。另外，监督和反馈程序已经被采取。这个能够使公众了解政府行政事务系统，归功于政府政务公开。孙伟，一名“政务超市”工作人员说，在过去政策是被锁在办公室抽屉里。现在是挂在墙上，清楚地标明问题和处理这些问题时间。更主要是，针对政务超市工作人员投诉电话是向公众公开。工作人员有三次被客户投诉机会，处罚包含第一次批评，第二次扣奖金，第三次辞退。Sincedistrictgovernmentpowershavebeentransferredtothe“supermarket”,theserviceitemsarewiderthanthoseformerlyofferedbytheresidentialcommunity,suchastheapprovalofsmallloanstohelpthepoorandvictimsofnaturaldisasters;handlingapplicationsforsubsidiesiftheirlivingstandardsisbelowthepovertyline;grantinglicensestosmallrestaurants;leasingnewspaperboothsandregisteringtheunemployed.Apartfromtheseservices,the“supermarket”hasalsosetupatrainingroom,alawconsultationroomandasuggestionbox,aswellasatelephonehotlinetoanswerquestions.Inaddition,governmentleadersregularlyvisitthe“supermarket”tointeractwiththepublicinperson.自从地方行政权力转到“超市”，服务项目比过去居委会提供范围更大了，如对贫困户和突发自然灾害小额贷款审批，受理低保补助申请，小酒店许可证核发，报刊摊位出租和失业登记。除了这些服务，“超市”还提供一个服务间，一个咨询室和意见箱，一部回答下列问题热线电话。另外，政府领导定时到“超市”同公众面对面交流。Manycitizenshaveexpressedtheirsatisfactionwiththe“supermarket”.许多市民对“超市”表示满意。“Itquicklysolvesproblems,andshortensthepsychologicaldistancebetweenleadersandthemasses.Surveysrecentlyconductedinfive‘supermarkets’indicatedthatcitizensaresatisfiedwithmeasures,”saidXuXuwqin,whoisinchargeofthepublicityoftheXiaguanresidentialcommunity.“它很快处理问题，缩短了领导和群众之间心理距离。对五个“超市”调查表明群众对这些方法是满意”许学琴，一名居委会宣传部门责任人说。The“supermarket”ofadministrativeserviceinNanjinghasexertedapositiveinfluencetotheentirecountry.SimilarsupermarketshaveopenedinShenyang,ShanghaiandFuzhou.南京这种行政服务“超市”已经在整个国家产生了正面影响。在沈阳、上海和福州都建了类似超市。The“supermarket”inShanghai,knownastheCenterofResidentialAffairs,nowhas80branchesintheentirecity,offeringmorethan50services.Acivilaffairsofficialsaidthatinthenextthreeyears,everycommunityandtownwouldsetupsuchasa“supermarket”toformanetworkcoveringtheentirearea.上海“超市”，作为居民事务中心，现在整个城市有80个分支，提供50项服务。一名国内事务政府官员说在未来三年，每一个小区和集镇都要建类似“超市”以形成覆盖整个地域网络。Mediareportsrecentlystatedthatrelevantdepartmentshaveplannedtosetupamulti-functionalandmulti-levelservicesystemthroughoutthecountry,whichoffersservicesonpersonnelmatters,domicileregistration,matrimonialregistration,enterpriseregistration,taxpayment,licensedistributionandtheapprovaloflandutilization.Servicecentersandrelatedrancheswillbesetupindenselypopulatedcommunities.Meanwhile,astandardizedservicenetworkandunifiedregulationswillalsobeestablished,andrelatedworkerswillwearnametagsforthebenefitofcustomers.媒体报道，关于部门已经计划在全国建设多功效、多层次服务体系，以提供人事事务、居民登记、婚姻注册、企业登记交税、许可证分配和土地使用权审批。服务中心和关于分支机构将被建在人口密集小区。同时，标准服务网络和统一制度也将建立，相关工作都将在为将在为用户目标下进行。“E-Government”电子政府PlacinggovernmentadministrativeaffairsontheInternetappearstobeagrowingworldtrendforgovernmentworkingtowardopenadministration.ResourcesongovernmentworkavailableontheInternetcanbeeffectivelyutilized.Furthermore,thispracticewillenhancethetransparencyifthegovernment,reduceadministrativeexpense,improveworkefficiencyandfacilitatetheconstructionofadiligentandhonestgovernment.将政府行政事务在互联网上公布越来越成为世界上政府向公众公开事务一个倾向。研究表明，提供在互联网政府工作是被有效利用。更主要是，这个实践将提升政府透明度，降低行政费用，提升工作效率并更利于数字政府和诚信政府建设。Chinahasalongwaytogobeforeitcandevelopanonlinegovernment.However,beginninginthemid-1980swhenChinafirstcalledforofficeautomation,upuntil1998whenChinabegantodevelope-governmentproject,ithaspromotede-commerceingovernmentdepartments,usingtheInternettoreleaseinformation,handlingday-to-dayofficebusinessandofferingotherservices.中国在发展在线政府还有很长路要走。然而，自80年代中期中国首先提出办公自动化到1998年开始发展电子政府项目，它已经促进政府部门网上交流，日常办公事务处理和提供其余帮助。Inrecentyears,Chinahasrapidlydevelopedthee-commercedevelopmentandimplementation.Second,manygovernmentwebsiteswithincreasinglyrichcontentandsophisticatedfunctionshaveappeared.Arecentsurveystatedthatmorethan2200governmentwebsitescurrentlyexistintheentirecountry,andhaveplayedamajorroleindrivingtheconstructionofinformationindustry.近年来，中国加紧电子政府发展。首先，工商部门，海关税务和公共安全部门已经率先加紧电子政府发展和设备配置步伐。其次，许多具备越来越多内容和高级功效政府网站已经出现。最近调查表明整个国家有2200个政府网站，已经在促进信息工业建设方面负担了主要角色。Abilingualwebsite,Chinashanghai,inbothEnglishandChinese,waslaunchedonSeptember28,.itservesasaplatformforgovernmentinformationdisseminationforthebenefitthecitizens.“中国上海”，一个英汉双语网站，在9月28日建成。它为市民提供政府信息传输服务平台。Chinashanghaiisdevotedtotheestablishmentofan“e-government.”Itshomepage,entitledToday’sEvent,providesinformationonmajoractivitiesandevents,andreportsonvarioushottopicsofdiscussion.Pagescontaininggovernmentbulletins,governmentdocuments,regulationsandotherinformationhavealsobeenreleased.TheLawandRegulationspageintroducesvariousrulesandregulations,theShanghaiBriefpageprovidesinformationontheleastdevelopmenttrendsinthecity,andtheInvestmentpageoffersinformationontheinvestmentenvironmentandvariousinvestmentpolicies,explainingtheurbanconstructionplan,thedevelopmentofthePudongNewArea,thedevelopmentofdevelopmentzonesandinvestmentprojects.TheServicespage,ontheotherhand,providesinformationontopicsmorecloselyrelatedtopeople’slives,suchasweather,transport,healthcare,educationandtourism.Thispagealsoofferslegalassistancetodisadvantagedgroups.TheBusinessGuidancepageprovidesusefulinformationoncompetentinstitutions,aswellastheiraddresses,contactdetails,proceduresforhandlingcertainaffairs,andchannelsfordealingwithlawsuits.Finally,theHandlingAffairsOnlinepageenablesuserstoinquireoncertainitems,anddownloadonlineformsandapplications.“中国上海”致力于电子政府创建。它主页标有今日大事，提供主要活动和事件信息，多个热点讨论话题报道。页面包含政府公告，政府公文、规章和其它已公布信息。法律规章页面介绍了多个规章制度，网站首页提供了城市最新发展趋势，投资页面提供投资环境信息和各种投资政策，说明城市建设规划、浦东新区发展、开发区发展和投资项目。另首先，服务页面提供诸如天气、交通、保健、教育和旅游等更贴近百姓生活内容。这一页也对弱势群体提供法律救助。商务导航页面提供有法定资格协会有用信息，如地址、联络方式、详细事务处理程序、诉讼渠道。最终，在线事务处理使用户能够咨询详细事务，在线下载表格和申请。Chinashanghaiwillalsoconnectwithitsaffiliatedstationstoestablishabettergovernmentnetworkbytheendofthisyear.Inaddition,Shanghaiplanstosetupalargeportalwithinthenextfiveyears,whichwillbeamongChina’sfirst-classonesandmatchinternationaladvancedlevel.Bytheendofthe10thFive-YearPlanperiod(-),allthegovernmentdepartmentsrelatedtosocialmanagementandserviceswillbeonthenetwork.到今年底，“中国上海”也将增加联网隶属站点以愈加好实现政府网络工作。另外，上海计划在下一个五年建立一个在中国处于一流、达成世界水平大型门户网站。至第十个五年计划期末，全部与社会管理和服务政府部门都要实现网上工作。OpenUrbanPlanning公开城市建设规划Overthepasttwoyears,Beijing,Shanghai,andTianjinhavemadepublictheircityconstructionplan,achangefromtheirformerclosed-doorworkingstyle.Theproceduresandtimetablefortheexaminationandapprovalofprojects,regulationsandlaws,andtechnologicalindexesinrelationtotheprojectsarenowalsooutintheopen,muchtothegreatenthusiasmofthecitizens.过去两年间，北京，上海和天津已经公布了他们城市建设规划，这和以前关门工作是个改变。项目申报审批程序和时间、规章制度、项目相关技术流程标准现在都公开，更多是广大热心市民。LastOctober,Beijingheldanexhibitionontheoverallcityplanning.Duringholidaysandweekends,the3000-square0meterhallreceivedabout1500peopleeachday.“Wehavenotexpectedsomanycitizenstobesointerestedincityplanning,”saidQiuYue,amemberoftheBeijingMunicipalCityPlanningCommittee.去年10月，北京举行了城市整体建设规划展览会。在节假日和周日，平方米展览厅天天接待1500名来访者。“我们没有想到有这么多市民对城市建设规划感兴趣。”邱越，北京市城市规划委员会工作人员说。Manyvisitorsfilledthicksuggestionbookswithfeedback,providingconstructiveideas,suchasbuildinganotherworldtradecenterinthenorth;retainingthelay-outofthenarrowalleysandthecourtyardhomes;andinformingcitizensoncityconstructionprojectsontime.Theexhibitionorganizersthensortedthesuggestionsanddeliveredthemtothedecision-makingdepartment.许多来访者写了厚厚提议，提出了建设性提议，如在北部建设另一个世界贸易中心，及时将城市建设项目通知市民。随即，展览会组织者整理了这些提议，将它们提供给了决议部门。“Beijingcityplanningtothepublicshowsthegovernment’sdeterminationtopromotetheopeningupofadministrationaffairs,andthisisasignificantdevelopment,”saidavisitor.“将北京城市建设规划向公众展示表明了政府在促进行政事务开放决心，这是一个有主要意义进步”以名来访者说。ZhouChang,SecretarygeneraloftheChinaArchitecturalSociety,agreed.“Theopeningupoftheurbanplanningprocesscanimprovethingsgreatly,asmajordecisionswillgothroughtheapprovalofexperts,thesuggestionsofcitizensandthesupervisionofthemedia,”saidZhou.周畅，中国建筑协会秘书长同意这种观点。他说“城市规划公开程序会使极大促进规划工作，因为决议要经过教授审核、市民提议和舆论监督”ShanQixiang,directoroftheBeijingMunicipalCityPlanningCommittee,saidtheopinionsofthebothexpertsandthemasseswillbepooledtogetherbeforeadecisiononanyimportantplansforurbanconstructionarereached.单启祥，北京市城市规划委员会主任说在任何主要城市建设计划做出之前全部教授和群众意见都将会被集中起来。Administrativeaffairs 行政事务Financialbudget 财政预算Domicileregistration 居民登记Matrimonialregistration 婚姻登记HandlingAffairsOnline 在线事务办理5.WhatIsCommunity?什么是小区Communitiesarenaturalhumanassociationsbasedontiesofrelationshipandsharedexperiencesinwhichwemutuallymeaninginourlives,meetneeds,andaccomplishthepersonsweweremeanttobecome,discovermeaning,generateethicalvalues,anddevelopacultureaculturewhichwouldbeimpossibleforsingle,isolatedindividualstoaccomplishalone.小区是基于各种相互联络和共同经历而形成自然人类组织.在小区里,我们生活相互影响,包含怎样满足需要,怎样成为我们理想中人,意义发觉,伦理价值产生,以及开创一个文化.这种文化对于单独,孤立个体来说是不可能创造.Whenwetalkaboutcommunity,wetalkabouttwothingssimultaneously.Communityislocatedinspaceandtimeanditexistsbeyondspaceandtime.Communityisembodiedinaspace,structure,andpresence,butcommunitytranscendslocation;itcannotconfinedbystructureormerehistory.当我们谈论小区时，我们同时谈论两个方面。小区处于时空中,但它能超越时空而存在。小区表现为一定空间,结构和现在，但它又超越了地点,而且不可能被仅仅局限于某种结构或历史。EmbodiedCommunity小区详细性Everyoneofusneedscommunity.Communityarisesspontaneouslybecauseofaninnatesocialityofthehumancondition.Withrelativelyrareexceptionscommunityhasbeentheformofhumanassociatedlifebywhichpeoplehaverelatedthroughouthistory.Yourselfcannot,infact,reachitsfullrealizationinisolation,butonlyasyouarenurtured,guided,andsuffusedwithlifeofthecommunityinwhichyouexist.我们每一个人都需要小区。因为人类所固有社会性，小区就自然产生了。除了相对罕见特例,小区是与人类关于生活方式,经过这种方式人们才在历史中相互有了联络。实际上,光靠你自己孤立力量不可能实现自我充分发展，只有当你在所生存小区中被培养，教诲，充分融入生活才能做到这一点。Localizedcommunityneedstobeembodiedtohaveexistence.Initspurestsense,communityisanarenaofsocialinteraction,amilieuofsocialrelationshipsinwhichweengageoneanotheratatimeandinaplacewherewegathertogether.Formanycommunitiestohavepermanence,theyoftenbecomeidentifiedwithphysicalspacethatthecommunityclaimsasitsown.Thiscouldbeaterritoryoraneighborhoodthatweidentifywithanameandincludeshomes,schools,andshops.Communitiessuchasalocalchurch,neighborhood,orethnicorcivilassociationoftendevelopastructureoraformofassociation,infuseitwithvalues,andderivemeaningformit.Thelocationorthestructurebecomestheembodimentofandsymbolizescommunity.Thusitisappropriatetotalkaboutcommunityasaneighborhoodorassociationthatexistsinspaceandtime,thathaspermanenceandstructure.区域化小区需要被实现才能存在。在最基本定义里，小区是社会交际舞台，是我们在某时或聚集在某地而形成各种社会关系环境.对许多能够持久小区来说，它们通常因为拥有自己地理范围而被人们所确认.这个地理范围能够是国家领土,也能够是包含家庭、学校和商店有自己名称居民区.诸如地方教会、居民区以及种族或市民协会这么一个小区,经常会形成一个有着自己价值观及相关意义系统小区结构.小区就是经过所划分地理范围和所形成小区结构来详细得到实现.所以,把小区作为某居民区或协会来谈论是适当,因为它们有固定结构和永久性,在时空中详细存在.TranscendentCommunity小区超越性Althoughacommunitycanbefoundinalocalityorbeembodiedbyastructuralform,communityisneversimpleastaticphysicallocationthatweinhabit,associalecologistsassert;norisitmerelyastructureormechanicalprocess,assystemstheoristssuggest.Communityistheactbywhichweengageoneanother,experiencerelationships,andbecomeapeople.Whereverhumansexist,wespontaneouslyseekandformcommunity.即使小区有一定地理范围或结构形式，但小区决不但仅象社会生态学家所断言那样,"是一个我们所居住静止不变地理区域"，也不但仅是系统理论家所提出"一个结构或机械过程".小区是一个行为,经过这个行为我们相互交往，体验关系，而且成为一个民族。只要是有些人类存在地方，我们就会自发地寻找并形成小区。Communitiesareanindeliblecomponentofthehumancondition,notrelativetoaparticularhistoricalera,place,ortime.Neitherarecommunitiesuniquetoonerace,national,orculturalgroup.Communitytranscendshistoryandcannotbecontainedbymerehistory.Deeplytootedinournature,communitymaybesaidtobeauniversalhumanphenomenon,notcontingentoncircumstances.小区是人类环境一个不可或缺组成部分.它并不是相对于特定历史时代、地点或时间来说,也不是专属于某一个族、民族或者文化组织。小区超越历史，而且不可能仅仅被历史所包含。因为人类天性使然,，小区能够说是一个人类普遍现象，并非伴随某条件发生偶然现象。Communitytranscendslocation.Aspeopleincommunitymovefromplacetoplace,wecarryourcommunitywithus.WhenthenationofIsraelwasdestroyedandmostofherpeoplewereexiledtoBabylonin597B.C.,theylosttheirland,buttheyneverlostthemselves,theircommunity.Theywerethen,and2600yearslaterremainapeople,acommunity,regardlessofwheretheyarelocated.小区超越地点。当小区内人们迁移时,小区也随之迁移。公元前597年,当以色列人国家被摧毁，而且大多数人被放逐到巴比伦时,他们丧失了他们土地，但他们未曾丧失自己以及他们小区。不论他们生存在哪里.他们那时是,而且26后依然是一个民族和小区.Communitytranscendsitsstructure.Theoriginalgroupthatcalledthemselves“peopleoftheWay”wasasmallassociationwhosemembersmetintheTempleasJerusalem,inoneanother’shomes,andwhoownedeverythingincommon.Christianchurchestodayarefardifferentfromthoseoriginalcommunitiesinthewaytheyarestructuresandgoverned,andinthemannerandlanguageinwhichworshipisconducted.Yettheyremaincommunitiesuntiedinacommonbeliefandheritage.小区超越它结构。最初,一个自称为“路上人们”小组是一个很小协会,这个协会组员共享一切,在耶路撒冷圣殿或彼此家里祭拜上帝.现在基督教会在结构和管理上以及祭拜方式和语言上，与那些原始小区远远不一样。然而，他们依然是同一个有着相同信仰和传统涣散小区。Communitytranscendstime,acommunityexistsbeforewewerebornandwillliveonafterwedie.Wedevelopasharedmemoryandobtainasenseofourselvesbymeansofourcommonhistorytogether.Thesymbolsandmeaningthatcommunityincorporates,whileoriginationintime,becometimeless.小区超越时间。一个小区在我们出生前就存在，而且会延续到我们死去之后。我们经过共同历史来形成共同记忆以及自我意识。小区所包含象征和意义，即使起源于时间，但会变得永恒。Thereisnotjustonemodelofcommunityoronecommunityideal.Eachcommunityisauniqueblendingofthepeopleofwhichitiscomposed.Themanygoodcommunitiesthatcomeintobeingaddtotheshapeandtextureofhumanexistence.Themorecommunitiesthatdevelop,therefore,themoreopportunitiesforustoexplorealternativewaysofbeingintheworld,anddifferentwaysofachievingrichnessofcharacter.小区并非只有一个模式，也不存在某一理想小区模式。每个小区都是其组成人民独特联合。许多成立好小区丰富了人类存在形式和结构。所以，建立越多小区，我们就会有更多机会来探索在世上生存可能方式，同时也能探索使自己个性丰满不一样方式。TheEconomicPerspectiveforthePeople’sRepublicofChina中国经济前景WithastrongperformanceinthetradesectorafterWorldTradeOrganizationaccession,recordinflowofforeigndirectinvestment,andlargefixedinvestment,thecountrycontinueditsrapideconomicexpansionin,recordingoneofitsfastestratesin5years.Strongeconomicperformanceisexpectedtocontinue,thoughgrowthwillslowslightlyin-.however,manychallengesremain,includingslowgrowthinruralincomes,theneedtocreatejobsandanenablingenvironmentfortheprivatesector,growingdisparitiesbetweenthecoastalandinteriorprovinces,andfinancialsectorweaknesses.伴随加入WTO后贸易部门强劲表现，创纪录外国直接投资流入，以及大量固定资产投资，，我国经济继续高速扩张，创下5年来最快速度。强劲经济表现能够期望继续下去，尽管-增加速度将会稍慢。然而同时，许多挑战还存在，包含：农村收入增加迟缓，增加就业需求，私营企业需要更宽松环境，沿海与内地省份发展差距，以及金融部门发展落后。1.MacroeconomicAssessment宏观经济评定GDPgrowthinPRCacceleratedto8%infrom7.3%in,movinghigherthan7.8%averageoftheprevious5years.Thishigherthanexpectedfigureresultedfromexportsperformingbetterthananticipated,surgingforeigndirectinvestment(FDI),andbuoyantdomesticdemand.Expansionaryfiscalandmonetarypoliciesalsoplayedarole.中国GDP增加率从7.3%加速到8%，快于过去五年7.8%平均水平。比预计数字快是因为出口表现好于预期，外国直接投资（FDI）涌入，以及活跃国内需求。扩张性财政与货币政策也饰演了角色。Industry(includingconstruction)wasthekeyengineofeconomicgrowth,withvalueaddedacceleratingto9.9%infrom8.7%in.electronicequipment,transportationequipment,andchemicalproductsalldidwell.AsurgeinFDIandexportgrowthresultedinthevalueaddedoftheforeign-fundedenterprisesincreasingby13.3%.supportedmainlybygrowthintransportation,telecommunications,andrealestate,theservicessectorexpandedby7.3%in(thoughbecauseofweaknessesinthestatisticalsystem,growthinthissectorisprobablyunderestimated).Despiteaspringdrought,agriculturesectorperformanceimprovedslightlycomparedwiththeprevious2years,Grainoutput,whichdroppedby2.1%in,roseby1%.工业（包含建设）是经济增加主要龙头，产值增加率从8.7%加速到9.9%。电子设备，交通运输，化学产业发展都很好。FDI涌入和出口增加造成外资企业增加率达成13.3%。主要受交通运输业，电讯业，房地产业增加支持，服务业部门在增加了7.3%（因为统计方法缺点，这一部门增加很可能被低估）。尽管受到春旱影响，农业部门表现比过去两年稍有改进。谷物出口下降率2.1%,改进了1%。Asurgeinfixed,assetinvestment,whichgrewby16.1%,stimulateddomesticdemand.Privateinvestmentroseby15.7%intheyear,fasterthanin.Acrosssectors,investmentinrealestatewasparticularlystrong,registeringa21.9%increasein,ashousingreformsandmorehousingmortgageloansledtobuoyantpropertymarket.SupportedbytheGovernment’swesternregiondevelopmentstrategy,investmentinthatregiongrewby20.6,fasterthaninthecentral(20%)andeastern(16.2)regions.汹涌固定资产投资增加了16.1%，刺激了国内需求。私营资本投资增加了15.7%，快于。跨越各行业之间，房地产业投资尤其强劲，登记了21.9%增加，因为住房改革和更多住房抵押贷款带动资产市场上扬。受政府西部大开发发展战略支持，西部投资增加了20.6%，快于中部20%和东部16.2%。Domesticconsumptionstrengthenedby8.8%.thesteadygrowthindomesticspendingwasmainlydrivenbyurbanhouseholds,,whichspent10%morethaninthepreviousyear.Ruralresidentsspendingregistereda6.8%increase,reflectingthecontinuedwideningofurban-ruralincomedisparities.Percapitaurbandisposableincomegrewby13.4%inrealtermstoexceedCNY7700($928),whilepercapitarealruralcashincomeincreasedbyonly4.8%toreachCNY2476($298).Therapidincreaseinurbanincomestriggeredapurchasingboomforprivatecars,telecommunicationsequipmentandhousesgrewby69%and39%,respectively.国内消费增加了8.8%。国内消费平稳增加主要是因为城市居民家庭，他们比去年多支出了10%。农村居民消费增加了6.8%，反应了城镇居民收入差距扩大在继续。每个城市居民实际可分配收入增加了13.4%达成7700元，而每个农村居民现金收入只增加了4.8%达成2476元。城市居民收入高速增加引发了对私人汽车、电信产品、住房购置高潮。，汽车进口增加了77%，通讯设备和住房分别增加了69%和39%。Aseconomicrestructuringcontin