阅读表达-就某事发表观点精讲（篇章1）

阅读表达

--就某事发表观点（篇章1）文本分析文章类型说明文文本大意

作者介绍了一种心理学家称之为功能固着的现象，即人们把某种功能赋予某种物体的倾向。这种现象与智力无关，在高智商的人身上也同样能发现；因为功能固着或思维冻结，人们不再质疑本应质疑的根深蒂固的思想，也使人们对不符合他们世界观的想法视而不见。文章主旨“功能固着”这一心理现象影响人的思维，不利于新假设的提出和问题的解决。我们应该努力去克服它。主题语境人与自我什么是功能固着功能固着定义：功能固着指个体在解决问题时往往只看到某种事物的通常功能，而看不到它其他方面可能有的功能。这是人们长期以来形成的对某些事物的功能或用途的固定看法。实验：结论：个体在解决问题时往往只看到某种事物的通常功能，而看不到它其他方面可能有的功能。也可以说是，功能固着会影响问题的解决。文本分析-篇章结构1.Inlife,onceonapath,wetendtofollowit,forbetterorworse.What’ssadisthatevenifit’sthelatter,weoftenfollowacertainpathanywaybecauseweareusedtothewaythingsarethatwedon’tevenrecognizethattheycouldbedifferent.Thisisaphenomenonpsychologistscalledfunctionalfixedness.功能固着2.Thisclassicexperimentwillgiveyouanideaofhowitworksandasenseofwhetheryoumayhavefallenintothesametrap:Peoplearegivenaboxoftacks(大头钉)andsomematchesandaskedtofindawaytoattachacandletoawallsothatitburnsproperly.3.Typically,thesubjectstrytackingthecandletothewallorlightingittofixitwithmeltedwax(石蜡).Thepsychologistshad,ofcourse,arrangeditsothatneitheroftheseobviousapproacheswouldwork.Thetacksaretooshort,andthecandledoesn’tfastentothewall.Sohowcanyouaccomplishthetask?4.Thesuccessfultechniqueistousethetackboxasacandleholder.Youemptyit,tackittothewall,andstandthecandleinsideit.5.Tothinkofthat,youhavetolookbeyondthebox'susualroleasacontainerjustfortacksandreimagineitservinganentirelynewpurpose.Thatisdifficultbecauseweallsuffer—toonedegreeoranother—fromfunctionalfixedness.6.Theinabilitytothinkinnewwaysaffectspeopleineverycornerofsociety.ThepoliticaltheoristHannahArendcoinedthephrasefrozenthoughtstodescribedeeplyheldideasthatwenolongerquestionbutshould.InArendt’seyes,theself-contentrelianceonsuchaccepted“truths”alsomadepeopleblindtoideasthatdidn’tfittheirworldview,evenwhentherewasampleevidenceforthem.Frozenthinkinghasnothingtodowithintelligence,shesaid,“Itcanbefoundinhighlyintelligentpeople.”7.Anothercontextinwhichfrozenthinkingcanturntrulydangerousismedicine.Ifyoulandinthehospital,it’snaturaltowanttobetreatedbythemostexperiencedphysiciansonstaff.Butaccordingtoa2014studyintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation(JAMA),you’dbebetteroffbeingtreatedbytherelativenovicesorjuniordoctors.1.concept2.theexperiment3.result4-5.analysis6.influenceintheoryandidea7.influenceinreallifeandconclusion40.Whatdoes“functionalfixedness”mean?原文:weoftenfollowacertainpathanywaybecauseweareusedtothewaythingsarethatwedon’tevenrecognizethattheycouldbedifferent.Thisisaphenomenonpsychologistscalledfunctionalfixedness.(Para.1)40.Whatdoes“functionalfixedness”mean?

2分Itmeansweareusedtothewaythingsarethatwedon’tevenrecognizethattheycouldbedifferent.Itmeansweoftenfollowacertainpathanywaybecauseweareusedtothewaythingsarethatwedon’tevenrecognizethattheycouldbedifferent.40-42题语言错误扣分统一说明：语言错误最多扣1分一般的单词拼写错误、标点错误、名词单复数等都扣0.5分动词错误或者3处及以上各类错误扣1分2分Byusingthetackboxasacandleholder,thatis,toemptythetackbox,tackittothewall,andstandthecandleinsideit.Tousethetackboxasacandleholder,toemptythetackbox,tackittothewall,andstandthecandleinsideit.Hecanusethetackboxasacandleholder,emptythetackbox,tackittothewall,andstandthecandleinsideit.41.Howcanapersonsuccessfullyattachthecandletothewall?

42.Pleasedecidewhichpartisfalseinthefollowingstatement,thenunderlineitandexplainwhy.

Frozenthinkingiscommonamongordinarypeopleaswellasthosehighlyintelligentpeoplealthoughfrozenthinkinghasmuchtodowithintelligence.原文：Frozenthinkinghasnothingtodowithintelligence,shesaid,“Itcanbefoundinhighlyintelligentpeople.”(Para.6)43.Howcanyouavoidfrozenthoughtsinyourdailylife?（Inabout40words）审题关键词：youavoidfrozenthoughts——

Tothinkofthat,youhavetolookbeyondthebox'susualroleasacontainerjustfortacksandreimagineitservinganentirelynewpurpose.原文how——介绍某一或某几种方式来避免冻结的思维（功能固着），且有适当展开。

*Howcanyouavoidfrozenthoughts?

*Whateffectcanithave?

43.Howcanyouavoidfrozenthoughtsinyourdailylife?（Inabout40words）

talktopeoplewhodisagreewithme,whichallowsmetobreakthelimitationofmythoughtsthinkoutsidethebox,whichcanbroadenmythinkingincountlessways.thinkfrommultipleangles,whichwillhelpmeseethewholepictureofthesituationcultivateinnovativethinking,sothatIcanexploreandacceptnewthings...结构:具体方法+解释说明Pos