JohnMilton-ParadiseLost弥尔顿的《失乐园》

JohnMilton--ParadiseLost失乐园JohnMilton,apoetandpoliticalcommenteroftheEnglishBourgeoisRevolution,isthemostsublimeandmostlonelyfigureinEnglishliterature,whoseimportanceisacknowledgedallovertheworld.HeisthelastrearguardoftheRenaissanceandtheprimarypromoterofEnlightenment.Theloveofeveryformofhumancultureandthesteadfastdevotiontodutyasthehighestobjectinhumanlifehaveshapedhisentirecareer.Ofallhisgreatworks,ParadiseLostisthemostcomplicatedandmostprofoundone,whichwinshimendlesshonor.ItisindeedtheonlygenerallyrecognizedepicinEnglishliteraturesinceBeowulfandaheroicpoeminRenaissancestyle.ItdealswithrevoltfromGod,withsinandfall,andwiththepossiblesalvation.Itpresentstheauthor’sviewsinanallegoricreligiousform,andreaderswilleasilydiscernitsbasicidea—exposureofthewaysofSatanandjustificationofthewaysofGodtomen.ItisthereflectionofthereactionaryforcesofMilton’stimeandthepassionateappealforfreedom.AsthemaincharacterofParadiseLost,Satanisdefinitelyimpressiveandpowerful,whoseambivalencecatchesallcritics’eyesandleadstocenturies’disputes.Thosecommenterscanbeclassifiedintothreegroups.Thefirstgroupmainlyconsistsofrevolutionists.Theytraditionallyread

thisepicwithstrongpoliticalinclination,puttingSatanattheplaceofprotagonistandconsideringhimasymbolofrevolution,whichmustbeinfluencedgreatlybythosewesternromanticpoetssuchasWilliamBlakeandPercyB.Shelley(Fowler45).Theyaregenerallycalledpro-Satanists.ShortCommentonSataninParadiseLostsinceApollo’sdivineword“tounderstandyourself”,thewesternliteraturehasbeenalwaysfulfillingsuchpursuitandbeingincontinuousself-questioning.LikePuluomixius’rejectiontodivinity,亚哈’stonature,Satan’sfightingagainstGodalsoendedupwithfailure.Theyareshowingpeoplewiththelimitationofmankind,remindingpeopleo...“ParadiseLost”isMinton’smasterpiece.Itisalongepicin12books,writteninblankverse.ThestoryweretakenfromtheOldTestament:thecreationoftheearthandAdamandEve,thefallenangelsinhellplottingagainstGod,Satan’stemptationofEve,andthedepartureofAdamandEvefromEden.Satanandhisfollowersarebanishedfromheavenanddrivenintohell,butevenhereinhell,mistflamesandpoisonousfumes,Satanandhisadherentsarenotdiscouraged.Thepoem,aswearetoldattheoutset,

was“tojustifythewaysofGodtoman”,ietoadvocatesubmissiontotheAlmighty.Theepicshowsthewriter’smiseryaftertheRestoration,andhisdeterminationforrevolution.Thestyleoftheepicisgrand,whichistheresultofhislife-longclassicalandbiblicalstudy.简介：ThisNortonCriticalEditionisdesignedtomakeParadiseLostaccessibleforstudentreaders,providinginvaluablecontextualandbiographicalinformationandthetoolsstudentsneedtothinkcriticallyaboutthislandmarkepic.GordonTeskey'sfreshlyeditedtextofMilton'smasterpieceisaccompaniedbyanewintroductionandsubstantialexplanatoryannotations.Spellingandpunctuationhavebeenmodernized,thelatter,importantly,withinthelimitsimposedbyMilton'ssyntax."SourcesandBackgrounds"collectsrelevantpassagesfromtheBibleandMilton'sprosewritings,includingselectionsfromTheReasonofChurchGovernmentandthefulltextofAreopagitica."Criticism"bringstogetherclassicinterpretationsbyAndrew

Marvell,JohnDryden,VictorHugo,andT.S.Eliot,amongothers,andthemostimportantrecentcriticismandscholarshipsurroundingtheepic,includingessaysbyNorthropFrye,BarbaraLewalski,ChristopherRicks,andHelenVendler.AGlossaryandSelectedBibliographyarealsoincluded.AbouttheSeries:NootherseriesofclassictextsequalsthecaliberoftheNortonCriticalEditions.Eachvolumecombinesthemostauthoritativetextavailablewiththecomprehensivepedagogicalapparatusnecessarytoappreciatetheworkfully.Carefulediting,first-ratetranslation,andthoroughexplanatoryannotationsalloweachtexttomeetthehighestliterarystandardswhileremainingaccessibletostudents.Eacheditionisprintedonacid-freepaperandeverytextintheseriesremainsinprint.NortonCriticalEditionsarethechoiceforexcellenceinscholarshipforstudentsatmorethan2,000universitiesworldwide.内容简介WrittenatatimeofpersonalandpoliticalcrisisinMilton'sca-reer(1658-65),ParadiseLostisthegreatestepicpoeminEnglishliterature.It

hadanimmenseinfluenceontheEnglishRoman-ticsand,throughthem,onmodernpoetryThisNortonCriticalEditionisbasedonthe1674editionofthepoem,thelasttoap-pearinMilton'slifetime,withafewemendationsandadoptionsfromthefirsteditionandfromthescribalmanuscript,asnoted.GordonTeskeyprovidesreaderswithafreshlyeditedtextin-tendedforthoseapproachingMiltonforthefirsttime.Spellingandpunctuationhavebeenmodernized,thelatterwithinthelimitsimposedbyMilton'ssyntax.Thetextisaccompaniedbyanintroduction,anaccountofMilton'slife,ampleannotations,aglossary,andsuggestionsforfurtherreading."SourcesandBackgrounds"includesselectionsfromtheBibleandfromMilton'sprosewritings,includinghisgreatestprosework,Areopagitica,initsentirety.Anunusuallyrich"Criticism"sectioncollectsforty-eightdi-versecommentariesandinterpretations,culledfromtheenor-mousbodyofscholarlywritingonthepoem.Classicassess-mentsareprovidedbyJohnDryden,Voltaire,SamuelJohnson,WilliamBlake,SamuelTaylorColeridge,PercyByssheShelleVictorHugo,andT.S.Eliot,amongothers.Moderncontribu-torsincludeC.S.Lewis,WilliamEmpson,DouglasBush,NorthropFrye,BarbaraLewalski,BalachandraRajan,StanleyFish,MaryAnnRadzinowicz,ChristopherRicks,ReginaSchwartz,JuliaWalker,andHelenVcndler.

整理2009-12-31时间：ParadiseLostisanepicpoeminblankversebythe17th-centuryEnglishpoetJohnMilton.Itwasoriginallypublishedin1667intenbooks.Asecondeditionfollowedin1674,redividedintotwelvebooks(inthemannerofthedivisionofVirgil'sAeneid)withminorrevisionsthroughoutandanoteontheverification.ThepoemconcernstheChristianstoryoftheFallofMan:thetemptationofAdamandEvebythefallenangelSatanandtheirexpulsionfromtheGardenofEden.Milton'spurpose,statedin小说BookI,isto"justifythewaysofGodtomen"[1]andelucidatethe简介：conflictbetweenGod'seternalforesightandfreewill.MiltonincorporatesPaganism,classicalGreekreferences,andChristianitywithinthepoem.Itdealswithdiversetopicsfrommarriage,politics(MiltonwaspoliticallyactiveduringthetimeoftheEnglishCivilWar),andmonarchy,andgrappleswithmanydifficulttheologicalissues,includingfate,predestination,theTrinity,andtheintroductionofsinanddeathintotheworld,aswellasangels,fallenangels,Satan,andthewarinheaven.Miltondrawsonhisknowledgeoflanguages,anddiversesources—primarilyGenesis,muchoftheNewTestament,thedeuterocanonicalBookofEnoch,andotherpartsoftheOldTestament.《失乐园》以史诗一般的磅礴气势揭示了人的原罪与堕落。诗中叛逆之神撒旦，因为反抗上帝的权威被打入地狱，却毫不屈服，为复仇寻至伊甸园。亚当与夏娃受被撒旦附身的蛇的引诱，偷吃了上帝明令禁吃的知识树上的果子。最终，撒旦及其同伙遭谴全变成了蛇，亚当与夏娃被逐出了伊甸园。该诗体现了诗人追求自由的崇高精神，是世界文学史、思想史上的一部极重要的作品。内容介绍英国诗人约翰‧米尔顿（JohnMilton,1608-1674）最重要的作品《失乐园》（ParadiseLost），内容是圣经里面创世纪的第一章：亚当与夏娃受到撒旦的引诱，吃下了禁果，而被上帝驱逐出伊甸乐园。张隆溪教授解释，以往西方传统的史诗故事，比如荷马或弗吉尔的史诗，总是关于战争和英雄，然而米尔顿的《失乐园》，它所描写的不是一个肉体的形容，不是大英雄，也不是打仗、战功，它写的完全是精神性的。故事里面最中心、核心的一个动作，就是一个女人从树上摘了一个果子吃，这个动作虽然很微小，但却充满了象征意义，它的象征就在于善跟恶之间的区隔，在于无知跟知识间的区别。因此，张隆溪教授认为这部史诗是精神的史诗，因为它描述不是人肉体的力量，而是描写人的精神，永恒的追求。书摘哲学与宗教的困惑成为主题《失乐园》内容丰富，当中确实包含了弥尔顿激进的共和思想。然而英国革命对于全面理解弥尔顿及其著作固然重要，但就阅读《失乐园》而言，我认为那并不是一个包罗无遗的背景，甚至不是最重要的背景。善与恶的矛盾、知识与自由的困惑、乐园的幻想与对乐园的不断追求，这类意义深刻的哲学和宗教问题才是这部史诗作品的核心，也正是这些问题使这部史诗能超越某一时代之历史和政治，具有永恒的哲理之魅力。弥尔顿自己宣称说，他之所以写作《失乐园》，目的在于要“申明永恒的天命，对人类证明上帝之公正”（I.25）。颇值得注意的倒不在弥尔顿有如此雄心壮志，要达到这样的目的，而是上帝的公正竟然需要对人类做出证明。换言之，上帝是否公正，人失

去乐园而有恶在世间存在，这永恒之天命究竟是否合理，都是人们产生的疑问。正是对这些宗教和伦理问题的深刻思考取代了轰轰烈烈的行动，构成弥尔顿史诗的主要内容，引导读者去深入探讨。采用《圣经》中亚当和夏娃的故事，也非常契合弥尔顿的目的，因为这个故事以生动而有高度象征意义的形式，提出了有关责任、知识和人的自由等人生的根本问题。恶的存在就是一个根本问题。受人崇拜的上帝如果宠爱人，如果无边的神，力为什么人世间还有这么多苦难，为什么恶人往往可以逞凶，好人却无端遭受痛苦，受尽欺凌呢？这大概就是人会产生上帝的公正需要证明的原因吧？上帝造人之初，亚当和夏娃生活在伊甸园中，天真无邪，但同时也懵然不知善恶，无法识别真伪，所以魔鬼撒旦潜入乐园，化为一条蛇，他们当然不能辨识而终致受其他又有疑问，而蛊惑。上帝预知人会受撒旦诱惑，在伊甸园处处设防，派天使们把守。可是撒旦第一次潜入乐园虽被发现，被遣返地狱，第二次却居然逃过众天使的目光，终于在乐园中成功诱惑夏娃，使人违背上帝禁令而堕落。可是如果天使尚且不能识破撒旦的伪装，阻止魔鬼潜入伊甸，那么毫无神而力且天真无知的人类受诱惑而食禁果，何以就要承担那么严重的后果，受到那么严厉的惩罚呢？究竟谁应该为人之堕落负责呢？上帝全能全知，早已预知亚当和夏娃会堕落，可是他为什么放手不管呢？既然他预知人会堕落，甚至可以说他容许了这样的事情发生，那么在人堕落之后，他又为什么那样震怒，要处罚亚当和夏娃呢？人之堕落究竟是预先注定必然会发生的事？还是亚当和夏娃用他们

的意志所做的自由选择，因而要由他们来承担全部责任呢？就我们的人性和人类状况说来，这一切又能给我们怎样的启迪呢？这些就是使《失乐园》成为世界文学中一部伟大经典的问题，无论人们对弥尔顿的艺术或个人信仰提出怎样的疑问，在这些质疑早已被人遗忘之后，《失乐园》探讨的问题还仍然会引人思索，这部经典作品也一定还会有读者，会长存于世。JohnMilton(1608-1674)重点掌握:1，Life：1.JohnMiltonexcelledinlanguagesandclassicalstudies.withaheavytendencytowardPuritanismwantedtogointotheministryThebeginningofthePuritanRevolutionfoundMiltonbackinEngland,fightingforamorehumanistandreformedchurch.setasidepoetrytowritepoliticalandreligiouspamphletsforthecauseofPuritanism.MiltonwasborninaRomanCatholicfamilyandbothhisparentswereunderstandingparents.AsaPuritan,however,hebelievedthattheBiblewastheanswerandtheguidetoall,evenifitwentagainstdemocracyitself.WheretheBibledidn'taffordananswer,Miltonwouldturntoreason.TheclassicalinfluencesinhisworkHomer,Ovid,butespeciallyVirgil.Shakespearewastheleadingplaywrightofhisday,andtherearesomereferencestohisworksinMilton'sownpoetry.Thestyleand

structureoftheSpencer's"TheFaerieQueen,"wasanotherinfluenceonParadiseLost.ItwasoneofonlyafewbooksthatwereownedbytheMiltonsduringJohn'supbringing.Miltondiedfrom"gout"in1674andwasburiedintheChurchofSt.GilesinLondon.Miltonwasnicknamed“theladyofChrist’s”becausehewasashandsomeasalady.Miltonisagreatstylist.Heisfamousforhisgrandstyleforitsdignityandpolish,whichistheresultofhislife-lingclassicalbiblicalstudyMiltonwasthegreatestEnglishpoetafterShakespeare.The“mightyline”referstothepoemofMilton.Miltonisthegreatwriteroftheseventeenthcentury,andoneofthegiantsofEnglishliterature.Miltonisthegloriouspioneertointroduceblankverseintonon-dramaticpoetry.Miltonwasamasterofblankverse.HefirstuseditinParadiseLost.masterpiecesParadiseLost,"Lycidas"(1638)ParadiseRegained,SamsonAgonistesafterblindness.2.3.SatantemptsEvetoeatanapplefromtheforbiddentree.2,SamsonAgonistesisapoeticaldrama.ItdealswiththestoryofSamsonfromtheBookofJudgesintheOldTestament.ThemoststrikingsimilaritiesbetweenMiltonandSamsonAgonistesaretheirblindnessandunhappymarriage.greatestpoetsOneofthegreatestpoetsoftheEnglishlanguage,best-knownforhisepicpoemPARADISELOST(1667).Milton'spowerful,rhetoricproseandtheeloquenceofhispoetryhadanimmenseinfluenceespeciallyonthe18th-centuryverse.Besidespoems,Miltonpublishedpamphletsdefendingcivilandreligiousrights."OfMan'sfirstdisobedience,andthefruitOfthatforbiddentreewhosemortaltasteBroughtdeathintotheworld,andallourwoe,

WithlossofEden."(fromParadiseLost)重点掌握:1，SatantemptsEvetoeatanapplefromtheforbiddentree.2，Satanisacharacterwithastrongdesireforfreedom.作品：ParadiseLost失乐园第一部分选段以及译文1OFMansFirstDisobedience,andtheFruit2OfthatForbiddenTree,whosemortaltast3BroughtDeathintotheWorld,andallourwoe,4WithlossofEden,tillonegreaterMan5Restoreus,andregaintheblissfulSeat,[5]1关于人类最初违反天神命令2偷尝禁树的果子，3各种各色的灾祸带来人间，4伊甸乐园，5才为我们恢复乐把死亡和其他并失去直等到一个更伟大的人来，土的事，请歌咏吧，6SingHeav'nlyMuse,thatonthesecrettop7OfOreb,orofSinai,didstinspire8ThatShepherd,whofirsttaughtthechosenSeed,9IntheBeginninghowtheHeav'nsandEarth10RoseoutofChaos:OrifSionHill[10]6天庭的诗神缪斯呀！您当年曾在那7神秘的何烈山头，或西奈的峰巅，8点化过那个牧羊人，最初向您的选民9宣讲太初天和地怎样从混沌中生出；10那郇山似乎更加蒙您的喜悦，11Delighttheemore,andSiloa'sBrookthatflow'dFastbytheOracleofGod;IthenceInvokethyaidtomyadventrousSong,Thatwithnomiddleflightintendstosoar15Aboveth'AonianMount,whileitpursues[15]11下有西罗亚溪水在神殿近旁奔流；12因此我向那儿求您助我吟成这篇

13大胆冒险的诗歌，追踪一段事迹——14从未有人尝试缡彩成文，吟咏成诗的15题材，遐想凌云，飞越爱奥尼的高峰。17ThingsunattemptedyetinProseorRhime.AndchieflyThouOSpirit,thatdostpreferBeforeallTemplesth'uprightheartandpure,Instructme,forThouknow'st;ThoufromthefirstWastpresent,andwithmightywingsoutspread[20]16特别请您，17和清洁的胜过所有的神殿。18请您教导我，19您从张开巨大的翅膀，20象鸽子一圣灵呀！您喜爱公正心胸，因为您无所不知；太初便存在，样孵伏那洪荒，使它怀孕，21Dove-likesatstbroodingonthevastAbyss22Andmad'stitpregnant:Whatinmeisdark23Illumin,whatislowraiseandsupport;24ThattothehighthofthisgreatArgument25ImayassertEternalProvidence,[25]21愿您的光明照耀我心中的蒙昧，22提举而且撑持我的23适应这个伟大卑微，使我能够主题的崇高境界，24使我能够阐明永恒的天理，25向世人昭天示道的公正。26AndjustifiethewayesofGodtomen.Sayfirst,forHeav'nhidesnothingfromthyviewNorthedeepTractofHell,sayfirstwhatcauseMov'dourGrandParentsinthathappyState,Favour'dofHeav'nsohighly,tofalloff[30]26请先说，天界和地狱深渊，27在您的眼中，一切都了如指掌，28请先讲，为什么我们的始祖，29在那样的乐土，得天惠那样独厚，30除了那唯一的禁令以外，他们俩31FromthirCreator,andtransgresshisWill

Foronerestraint,LordsoftheWorldbesides?Whofirstseduc'dthemtothatfoulrevolt?Th'infernalSerpent;heitwas,whoseguileStirdupwithEnvyandRevenge,deceiv'd[35]31本是世界的主宰；竟背叛而自绝于32他们的创造主？当初是谁引诱33他们犯下这不幸的忤逆呢？34原来是地狱的蛇，是他由于35嫉妒和仇恨，激起他的奸智，TheMotherofMankind,whattimehisPrideHadcasthimoutfromHeav'n,withallhisHostOfRebelAngels,bywhoseaidaspiringTosethimselfinGloryabovehisPeers,Hetrustedtohaveequal'dthemostHigh,[40]36欺骗了人类的母亲37致使他和他的38那时他由于造39使他己比众光荣，他相信：40如果他反叛，就能和至高者分庭抗礼，。他的高傲全部天军被逐出天界，反天军的援助，觉得自Ifheoppos'd;andwithambitiousaimAgainsttheThroneandMonarchyofGodRais'dimpiousWarinHeav'nandBattelproudWithvainattempt.HimtheAlmightyPowerHurldheadlongflamingfromth'EtherealSkie[45]41于是包藏野心，觊觎神的宝座和主权，42枉费心机地43不逊不44倒栽葱，45摔下在天界掀起了敬的战争。全能的神把他全身火焰，从净火天上去，这个敢于向全能全力者WithhideousruineandcombustiondownTobottomlessperdition,theretodwellInAdamantineChainsandpenalFire,Whodurstdefieth'OmnipotenttoArms.NinetimestheSpacethatmeasuresDayandNight[50]

46挑战的神魔迅速坠下，一直落到47无底的地狱深渊，被禁锢在48金刚不坏的镣铐和永不熄灭的刑火中。49依照人间的计算，大约九天九夜，50他和他那一伙可怕的徒众，Tomortalmen,hewithhishorridcrewLayvanquisht,rowlinginthefieryGulfeConfoundedthoughimmortal:ButhisdoomReserv'dhimtomorewrath;fornowthethoughtBothoflosthappinessandlastingpain[55]51沉沦辗转在52虽属不53但这个刑54既失去了幸福，55他抬起忧虑的烈火的深渊中。死之身，却象死者一样横陈，罚反激起他更大的忿怒，又受无穷痛苦的煎熬。双眼，环视周遭，Tormentshim;roundhethrowshisbalefuleyesThatwitness'dhugeafflictionanddismayMixtwithobdurateprideandstedfasthate:AtonceasfarasAngelskennheviewsThedismalSituationwasteandwilde,[60]摆在眼前的是莫大的隐忧和烦恼，顽固的傲气和难消的憎恨交织着。霎时间，他竭尽天使的目，力望断际涯，但见悲风弥漫，浩渺无垠，四面八方围着他的是个可怕的地牢，ADungeonhorrible,onallsidesroundAsonegreatFurnaceflam'd,yetfromthoseflamesNolight,butratherdarknessvisibleServ'donelytodiscoversightsofwoe,Regionsofsorrow,dolefulshades,wherepeace[65]象一个洪炉的烈火四射，但那火焰却不发光，只是灰蒙蒙的一片，可以辨认出那儿的苦难景况，悲惨的境地和凄怆的暗影。

和平和安息绝不在那儿停留，Andrestcanneverdwell,hopenevercomesThatcomestoall;buttorturewithoutendStillurges,andafieryDeluge,fedWithever-burningSulphurunconsum'd:SuchplaceEternalJusticehadprepar'd[70]希望无所不到，唯独不到那里。只有无穷无尽的苦难紧紧跟着永燃的硫磺不断地添注，不灭的火焰，洪水般向他们滚滚逼来。这个地方，就是正义之神为那些Forthoserebellious,herethirPrisonordain'dInutterdarkness,andthirportionsetAsfarremov'dfromGodandlightofHeav'nAsfromtheCenterthricetoth'utmostPole.Ohowunliketheplacefromwhencetheyfell![75]叛逆者准备的，在天外的冥荒中为他们设置的牢狱，那个地方离开天神和天界的亮光，相当于天极到中心的三倍那么远。啊，这里和他所从坠落的地方Therethecompanionsofhisfall,o'rewhelm'dWithFloodsandWhirlwindsoftempestuousfire,Hesoondiscerns,andweltringbyhissideOnenexthimselfinpower,andnextincrime,LongafterknowninPalestine,andnam'd[80]比起来是何等的不同呀！和他一起坠落的伙伴们掩没在猛火的洪流和旋风之中，他辨认得出，在他近旁挣扎的，论权力和罪行都仅次于他的神魔，Beelzebub.Towhomth'Arch-Enemy,AndthenceinHeav'ncall'dSatan,withboldwordsBreakingthehorridsilencethusbegan.

Ifthoubeesthe;ButOhowfall'n!howchang'dFromhim,whointhehappyRealmsofLight[85]后来在巴勒斯坦知道他的名字叫别西卜。这个在天上叫做撒但的首要神敌，用豪言壮语打破可怕的沉寂，开始向他的伙伴这样说道，“是你啊；这是何等的坠落！Cloth'dwithtranscendentbrightnessdidstout-shineMyriadsthoughbright:IfheWhommutualleague,Unitedthoughtsandcounsels,equalhopeAndhazardintheGloriousEnterprize,Joyndwithmeonce,nowmiseryhathjoynd[90]何等的变化呀！你原来住在光明的乐土，全身披覆着无比的光辉，胜过群星的灿烂，你曾和我结成同盟，同心同气，同一希望，在光荣的大事业中Inequalruin:intowhatPitthouseestFromwhathighthfall'n,somuchthestrongerprov'dHewithhisThunder:andtillthenwhoknewTheforceofthosedireArms?yetnotforthose,NorwhatthePotentVictorinhisrage[95]和我在一起。现在，我们是从何等高的高天上，沉沦到了何等深的深渊呀！他握有雷霆，确是强大，谁知道这凶恶的武器竟有那么大的威力呢？Canelseinflict,doIrepentorchange,Thoughchang'dinoutwardlustre;thatfixtmindAndhighdisdain,fromsenceofinjur'dmerit,Thatwiththemightiestrais'dmetocontend,Andtothefiercecontentionbroughtalong[100]可是，那威力，那强有力的胜利者的狂，暴都不能

叫我懊丧，或者叫我改变初衷，虽然外表的光彩改变了，但坚定的心志和岸然的骄矜InnumerableforceofSpiritsarm'dThatdurstdislikehisreign,andmepreferring,Hisutmostpowerwithadversepoweroppos'dIndubiousBattelonthePlainsofHeav'n,Andshookhisthrone.Whatthoughthefieldbelost?[105]决不转变，由于真价值的受损，激动了我，决心和强权决一胜负，率领无数天军投入剧烈的战斗，他们都厌恶天神的统治而来拥护我，拿出全部力量跟至高的权力对抗，Allisnotlost;theunconquerableWill,Andstudyofrevenge,immortalhate,Andcouragenevertosubmitoryield:Andwhatiselsenottobeovercome?ThatGlorynevershallhiswrathormight[110]在天界疆场上做一次冒险的战斗，动摇了他的宝座。我们损失了什么了并非什么都丢光：不挠的意志、热切的复仇心、不灭的憎恨，以及永不屈服、永不退让的勇气，Extortfromme.TobowandsueforgraceWithsuppliantknee,anddeifiehispower,WhofromtheterrourofthisArmsolateDoubtedhisEmpire,thatwerelowindeed,Thatwereanignominyandshamebeneath[115]还有什么比这些更难战胜的呢？他的暴怒也罢，威力也罢，绝不能夺去我这份光荣。经过这一次战争的惨烈，好容易才使他的政权动摇，Thisdownfall;sincebyFatethestrengthofGods

AndthisEmpyrealsubstancecannotfail,SincethroughexperienceofthisgreateventInArmsnotworse,inforesightmuchadvanc't,Wemaywithmoresuccessfulhoperesolve[120]这时还要弯腰屈膝，向他哀求怜悯，拜倒在他的权力之下，那才真正是卑鄙、可耻，比这次的沉沦还要卑贱。因为我们生而具有神力，TowagebyforceorguileeternalWarrIrreconcileable,toourgrandFoe,Whonowtriumphs,andinth'excessofjoySolereigningholdstheTyrannyofHeav'n.Sospaketh'ApostateAngel,thoughinpain,[125]秉有轻清的灵质，不能朽坏，又因这次大事件的经验，我们要准备更好的武器，更远的预见，更有成功的希望，用暴力或智力向我们的大敌Vauntingaloud,butracktwithdeepdespare:Andhimthusanswer'dsoonhisboldCompeer.OPrince,OChiefofmanyThronedPowers,Thatledth'imbattelldSeraphimtoWarrUnderthyconduct,andindreadfuldeeds[130]挑起不可调解的持久战争。他现在正自夸胜利，得意忘形，天上掌握虐政呢。”独揽大权，在背叛的天使这样说了，虽忍痛说出豪言壮语，心却为深沉的失望所苦。Fearless,endanger'dHeav'nsperpetualKing;AndputtoproofhishighSupremacy,Whetherupheldbystrength,orChance,orFate,ToowellIseeandruethedireevent,Thatwithsadoverthrowandfouldefeat[135]

他那勇敢的伙伴立即回答他说，“大王，掌权天使的首长啊，掌权者们率领英勇的撒拉弗天军在您的指挥之下去作战，大无畏地，投身于惊险的行动，HathlostusHeav'n,andallthismightyHostInhorribledestructionlaidthuslow,AsfarasGodsandHeav'nlyEssencesCanperish:forthemindandspiritremainsInvincible,andvigoursoonreturns,[140]使天上永生的王陷于危急，他靠暴力、侥幸，或靠命运，来支持自己至高无上的权力，我目睹而哀痛这次可怕的事件，可悲的覆没，可耻的败绩，ThoughallourGloryextinct,andhappystateHereswallow'dupinendlessmisery.ButwhatifheourConquerour,(whomInowOfforcebelieveAlmighty,sincenolessThensuchcouldhavorepow'rdsuchforceasours)[145]使我们失去天界，这样的大军竟遭到这么大的失败，沉沦到这样的阴间里来，我们原是神灵，气质轻清，论破灭可说已经到了尽头，HaveleftusthisourspiritandstrengthintireStronglytosufferandsupportourpains,Thatwemaysosufficehisvengefulire,OrdohimmightierserviceashisthrallsByrightofWarr,whate'rehisbusinessbe[150]因为我们还留有心志和精神，不可战，胜很快就会恢复元气。他使我们还留有这样的精力，大概是要使我们更能忍受痛苦，

吃足苦头，承受他那报复的怒火，《英國文學選讀——Unit4JohnMilton--ParadiseLost失乐园（151-190）》HereintheheartofHelltoworkinFire,OrdohisErrandsinthegloomyDeepWhatcanitthenavailthoughyetwefeelStrengthundiminisht,oreternalbeingToundergoeternalpunishment?[155]或者是要我们服更大的苦役，把我们当做俘虏，当做奴隶，在地狱猛火的中心来干苦活，在幽暗的深渊中为他奔走。这样，我们将永受无穷刑罚，Wheretowithspeedywordsth'Arch-fiendreply'd.Fall'nCherube,tobeweakismiserableDoingorSuffering:butofthisbesure,Todooughtgoodneverwillbeourtask,Butevertodoilloursoledelight,[160]即使是自己觉得力量还没衰退，甚至是永生的，那又有什么好处？”大魔王立刻用急激的话语回答他：“坠落的基路伯呀，示弱是可悲的，无论做事或受苦，但这一条是明确的：AsbeingthecontrarytohishighwillWhomweresist.IfthenhisProvidenceOutofourevilseektobringforthgood,Ourlabourmustbetopervertthatend,Andoutofgoodstilltofindmeansofevil;[165]行善决不是我们的任务，做恶才是我们一唯的乐事，这样才算是反抗我们敌对者的

高强意志。如果他想要从我们的恶中寻找善的话，Whichofttimesmaysucceed,soasperhapsShallgrievehim,ifIfailnot,anddisturbHisinmostcounselsfromthirdestindaim.ButseetheangryVictorhathrecall'dHisMinistersofvengeanceandpursuit[170]我们的事业就得颠倒目标，就要寻求从善到恶的途径。如果我不失算，定会屡次奏效，使他烦恼，搅乱他极密的计划；使它们对不准所预定的目标。BacktotheGatesofHeav'n:TheSulphurousHailShotafterusinstorm,oreblownhathlaidThefierySurge,thatfromthePrecipiceOfHeav'nreceiv'dusfalling,andtheThunder,Wing'dwithredLightningandimpetuousrage,[175]你看，那忿怒的胜利者已经把复仇和袭击的使者召回天门，暴风雨一般追击我们的硫磺火霰已经静下来了，迎接我们从天界的悬崖上Perhapshathspenthisshafts,andceasesnowTobellowthroughthevastandboundlessDeep.Letusnotslipth'occasion,whetherscorn,OrsatiatefuryyielditfromourFoe.SeestthouyondrearyPlain,forlornandwilde,[180]坠落下来的火焰的洪波也平静些了，以赭红的闪电和狂暴的忿怒，因为带翅膀的轰雷，大概已经用完了弹头，现在已经不在漠无边的深渊中吼响了。Theseatofdesolation,voydoflight,Savewhattheglimmeringoftheselividflames

Castspaleanddreadful?ThitherletustendFromoffthetossingofthesefierywaves,Thererest,ifanyrestcanharbourthere,[185我们不要放过这个机会，不管这是由于敌人的轻蔑，或者是由于他气头已过的机会。你没看见那一片荒凉的原野吗？寂寞、荒芜、绝无人迹、不见亮光，AndreassemblingourafflictedPowersConsulthowwemayhenceforthmostoffendOurEnemy,ourownlosshowrepair,HowovercomethisdireCalamity,WhatreinforcementwemaygainfromHope,[190]Ifnotwhatresolutionfromdespare.Satanholdscourtinhell[GustaveDoré]只有这么一些铅色的幽焰，闪着青灰色的，可怕的幽光。我们往那儿去，一避火浪的冲击，可以休息的话，就休息一下，重新集合我们疲惫的队伍，大家讨论，怎样给敌人更多的损害，怎样弥补我们自己的损失，怎样战胜这个可怕的灾祸，从希望中可以得些怎样的援助，或从失望中来一个怎样的决策。”《英國文學選讀——Unit4JohnMilton--ParadiseLost失乐园--Summary》ShortSummaryofParadiseLostMilton'sepicpoemopensonthefierylakeofhell,whereSatanandhisarmyoffallenangelsfindthemselveschained.Satanandhisleutenant

Beezlebubgetupfromthelakeandyelltotheotherstoriseandjointhem.Musicplaysandbannersflyasthearmyofrebelangelscomestoattention,tormentedanddefeatedbutfaithfultotheirgeneral.Theycreateagreatandterribletemple,perchedonavolcanotop,andSatancallsacounciltheretodecideontheircourseofaction.Thefallenangelsgivevarioussuggestions.Finally,Beezlebubsuggeststhattheytakethebattletoanewbattlefield,aplacecalledearthwhere,itisrumoured,Godhascreatedanewbeingcalledman.Manisnotaspowerfulastheangels,butheisGod'schosenfavoriteamonghiscreations.BeezlebubsuggeststhattheyseekrevengeagainstGodbyseducingmantotheircorruptedside.Satanvolunteerstoexplorethisnewplacehimselfandfindoutmoreaboutmansothathemaycorrupthim.Hisfallenarmyunanimouslyagreesbybangingontheirswords.Satantakesofftothegatesofhell,guardedbyhisdaughter,Sin,andtheirhorribleson,Death.Sinagreestoopenthegatesforhercreator(andrapist),knowingthatshewillfollowhimandreignwithhiminwhateverkingdomheconquers.Satanthentravelsthroughchaos,andfinallyarrivesatearth,connectedtoheavenbyagoldenchain.GodwitnessesallofthisandpointsoutSatan'sjourneytohisSon.GodtellshisSonthat,indeed,SatanwillcorruptGod'sfavoritecreation,man.HisSonofferstodieamortaldeathtobringmanbackintothegraceandlightofGod.GodagreesandtellshowhisSonwillbeborntoavirgin.GodthenmakeshisSonthekingofman,sonofbothmanandGod.Meanwhile,SatandisguiseshimselfasahandsomecherubinordertogetbytheangelUrielwhoisguardingearth.UrielisimpressedthatanangelwouldcomeallthewayfromheaventowitnessGod'screation,andpointstheGardenofEdenouttoSatan.SatanmakeshiswayintotheGardenandisinaweatthebeautyofEdenandofthehandsomecoupleofAdamandEve.Foramoment,hedeeplyregretshisfallfromgrace.Thisfeelingsoonturns,however,tohatred.Uriel,however,hasrealizedthathehasbeenfooledbySatanandtellsthe

angelGabrielasmuch.GabrielfindsSatanintheGardenandsendshimaway.God,seeinghowthingsaregoing,sendsRaphaeltowarnAdamandEveaboutSatan.RaphaelgoesdowntotheGardenandisinvitedfordinnerbyAdamandEve.Whilethere,henarrateshowSatancametofallandthesubsequentbattlethatwasheldinheaven.Satanfirstsinwaspride,whenhetookissuewiththefactthathehadtobowdowntotheSon.Satanwasoneofthetopangelsinheavenanddidnotunderstandwhyheshouldbow.SatancalledacouncilandconvincedmanyoftheangelswhowerebeneathhimtojoininfightingGod.Atremendous,cosmicthree-daybattleensuedbetweenSatan'sforcesandGod'sforces.Onthefirstday,Satan'sforceswerebeatenbackbythearmyledbythearchangelsMichaelandGabriel.Onthesecondday,Satanseemedtogaingroundbyconstructingartillery,literallycannons,andturningthemagainstthegoodforces.Onthethirdday,however,theSonfacedSatan'sarmyaloneandtheyquicklyretreat,fallingthroughaholeinheaven'sfabricandcascadingdow