研究生英语真题及答案

考研英语试题解析SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Resourcescanbesaidtobescarceinbothanabsoluteandarelativesense:thesurfaceoftheearthisfinite,1absolutescarcity;butthescarcitythatconcernseconomistsistherelativescarcityofresourcesindifferent2.Materialusedforonepurposecannotatthesametimebeusedforotherpurposes;3thequantityofaninputislimited,theincreaseduseofitinonemanufacturing4mustcauseittobecomelessavailableforotheruses.Thecostofaproduct5moneymaynotmeasureitstruecost6society.Thetruecostof,say,theconstructionofasupersonicjetisthe7oftheschoolsandrefrigeratorsthatwillneverbebuiltasa8.Everyactofproductionusesupsomeofsociety'savailableresources;itmeansthe9ofanopportunitytoproducesomethingelse.In10howtouseresourcesmosteffectivelytosatisfythe11ofthecommunity,thisopportunitymustbetakenintoaccount.Inamarket12thepriceofagoodandthequantity13dependsonthecostofmakingit,andthecost,14,isthecostofnotmakingothergoods.Themarketmechanism15thisrelationship.Thecostof,say,apairofshoesisthepriceoftheleather,thefuel,andother16usedupinproducingthem.Butthepriceofthese17,inturn,dependsonwhattheycanproduce18—iftheleathercanusedtoproducehandbagsthatare19highlybyconsumers,thepriceoftheleatherwillbebidup20.问题：1.[A]composing[B]imposing[C]exposing[D]disposing2.[A]uses[B]ways[C]areas[D]forms3.[A]since[B]unless[C]as[D]if4.[A]plant[B]firm[C]process[D]procedure5.[A]inregardto[B]intermsof[C]inviewof[D]inrelationto6.[A]to[B]in[C]on[D]of7.[A]charge[B]expense[C]price[D]value8.[A]product[B]purpose[C]result[D]rule9.[A]diminishing[B]abandoning[C]discarding[D]substituting10.[A]deciding[B]assessing[C]predicting[D]projecting11.[A]wants[B]desires[C]premises[D]facilities12.[A]state[B]system[C]condition[D]economy13.[A]presented[B]delivered[C]supplied[D]forwarded14.[A]accordingly[B]ultimately[C]consequently[D]practically15.[A]formulates[B]regulates[C]enhances[D]enforces16.[A]components[B]substances[C]elements[D]materials17.[A]outputs[B]inputs[C]goods[D]articles18.[A]anyway[B]somehow[C]somewhere[D]elsewhere19.[A]appraised[B]appealed[C]approved[D]approached20.[A]passionately[B]unanimously[C]spontaneously[D]correspondinglySectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Cancomputerreason?Reasoningrequirestheindividualtotakeagivensetoffactsanddrawcorrectconclusions.Unfortunately,errorsfrequentlyoccur,andwearenottalkingaboutsimplecarelessnessasoccurswhentwonumbersareincorrectlyadded,nordowemeanerrorsresultingfromsimpleforgetfulness.Rather,wehaveinminderrorsofalogicalnature—thoseresultingfromfaultyreasoning.Now,oratleastsoon,computerswillbecapableoferror'freelogicalreasoninginavarietyofareas.Thekeytoavoidingerrorsistouseacomputerprogramthatreliesontherecentresearchinthefieldofautomatedtheoremproving.AURA(AutomatedReasoningAssistant)istheprogramthatbestexemplifiesthisuseofthecomputer.AURAsolvesaprogrambydrawingconclusionsfromagivensetoffactsabouttheproblem.Theprogramreacheslogicalconclusionsflawlesslyasitusesvarioustypesofreasoningandsolvesalmostallproblemsbyusingsophisticatedtechniquestofindacontradiction.Onegenerallystartswithasetofassumptionsandaddsastatementthatthegoalisunreachable.Forexample,iftheproblemistotestasafetysystemthatautomaticallyshutsdownanuclearreactorwheninstrumentsindicateaproblem,AURAistoldthatthesystemwillnotshutthereactordownunderthosecircumstances.IfAURAfindsacontradictionbetweenthestatementandthesystem‘sdesignassumptions,thenthisaspectofthereactor'sdesignhasbeenprovedsatisfactory.ThisstrategyletsAURAconcentrateontheproblemathandandavoidthemanyfruitlessstepsrequiredtoexploretheentiretheoryunderlyingtheproblem.ThechiefuseforAURAatthistimeisforelectroniccircuitdesignvalidation,butanumberofotheruseswillarise.Forexample,therealreadyexist“expertsystems”thatarespecialpurposeprogramsdesignedtoautomatereasoninginaspecificareasuchasmedicaldiagnosis.Theseexpertsystemscontinuetoimproveandhaveanindefinitelifespan.Moreover,theycanbeduplicatedforpennies.Ahumanwhocanexpertlypredictwheretodrillforoilisingreatdemand.Aprogramthatcanpredictequallywellwouldbeinvaluableandcouldbeduplicatedanynumberoftimes.Willthecomputerreplacethehumanbeing?Itseemslikelythatcomputerprogramswillreproducemorecleverprogramsandmoreefficientcomponents.Reasoningprogramswillalsoanalyzetheirownprogress,learnfromtheirattemptstosolveaproblem.Suchprogramswillassist,ratherthanreplace,humans.Reasoningassistantswillenablehumanmindstoturntodeeperandfarmorecomplexideas,whichwillbepartiallyformulatedandthencheckedforreasoningflawsbyareasoningprogram.Manyerrorswillbeavoided.21.TheauthorsuggestsinPar.1thathumansare[A]liabletoirrationalthinking.[B]apttoerrinsimplecounting.[C]pronetomemorydysfunction.[D]subjecttounwittingreasoning.22.ThewayAURAworksinisto[A]explorethefaultsindesigning.[B]discoverthebugsinaprogram.[C]stateagainstthesetsuppositions.[D]makeassumptionsbyreasoning.23.AllofthefollowingarementionedasareasforAURAEXCEPT[A]electronicengineering.[B]detectionoffossilfuels.[C]identificationofdiseases.[D]complicatedmentallogic.24.AllofthefollowingareadvantagesofexpertprogramsEXCEPT[A]theycanbeduplicatedinfinitely.[B]theyarefeaturedbyselfanalysis.[C]theymaybeenrichedincontents.[D]theyarereproducedalmostfree.25.Thebesttitleforthetextseemstobe[A]PracticalUsesofComputers.[B]SuggestedApplicationsforAURA.[C]TheTechnicalPerfectionofAURA.[D]ComputerAidtoHumanReasoning.Text2Halftheworld‘spopulationwillbespeakingorlearningEnglishby,researcherssay.TwobillionpeopleareexpectedtostartlearningEnglishwithinadecadeandthreebillionwillspeakit,saysaBritishCouncilestimate.Otherlanguages,suchasFrench,riskbecomingthecasualtiesofthis“linguisticglobalization”.Buttheboomwillbeoverby2050andtheEnglishlanguageteachingindustrywillhavebecomeavictimofitsownsuccess,saysDavidGraddol,authorofthereport,TheFutureofEnglish.Mr.Graddol‘sresearchwasbasedonacomputermodeldevelopedtoestimatedemandforEnglishlanguageteachingaroundtheworld.Thelecturer,whohasworkedineducationandlanguagestudiesattheOpenUniversityforthepast25years,saidthemodelchartedlikelystudentnumbersthroughto2050.ItwascompiledbylookingatvariousestimatesfromtheUnitedNationsEducation,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(Unesco)oneducationprovision,demographicprojections,governmenteducationpoliciesandinternationalstudentmobilityfigures.TheimpactofeducationalinnovationsandotherdevelopmentsaffectingtheworldpopulationincludingtheChinesegovernment‘spolicyofonebabyperfamilywerealsofactoredin.Basedonitsfindings,Mr.GraddolhaspredictedthattheworldisabouttobehitbyatidalwaveofEnglish.“Manygovernments,especiallyincountrieswhichhaverelativelyrecentlygainedindependence,areintroducingtheteachingofEnglishunderautilitarianbanner.”“ButEnglishpredominatesinthebusinessworld,andforsuchcountriestobeabletocompeteforwork,includinglucrative(profitable)outsourcingcontracts,Englishisbeingpushedheavilyfromkindergartenon.”Thepotentialbonanza(sourceofwealth)onofferfromoutsourcingmeansevenmathsandsciencearebeingtaughtinEnglishatsecondaryschoolsinMalaysia.ButdemandforEnglishteachingwoulddropaschildrenprogressthroughacademia,andmoreuniversitiesacrosstheworldchoosetoteachinthelanguage.Mr.Graddolalsoestimatedthattheboomwouldbeoverby2050.“Englishlanguagestudentswillbedownfromtwobillionto500millionthen,”hesaid,“Increasingly,asEnglishspreadacrosstheglobe,morepeoplewillbecomebilingual,evenmultilingualandsuchskillsarehighlyprizedinbusiness.ButBritainhasnotgotthebestreputationforlearningotherlanguages.”ThereportalsoshowedthatEnglishwasnottheonlylanguagespreading,andtheworld,farfrombeingdominatedbyEnglish,wastobecomemoremultilingual.Mr.Graddolsaid,“Chinese,ArabicandSpanishareallpopular,andlikelytobelanguagesofthefuture.”26.ItisestimatedthatinadecadeEnglishwillbe［A］activelystudiedbyover200millionpeople.［B］freelyspokenbyglobalEnglishlearners.［C］popularwithover80%ofworldinhabitants.［D］reallymasteredby50%ofpeopleworldwide.27.Accordingtothetext,“linguisticglobalization”will［A］eliminateFrenchfromtheglobe.［B］defeatotherEuropeanlanguages.［C］failalllanguagesexceptEnglish.［D］makeEnglishthebiggestwinner.28.DavidGraddolpredictsthatthethrivingperiodofEnglishwill［A］terminatewithinhalfacentury.［B］climaxinthemiddleofthecentury.［C］endurefornolessthanfivedecades.［D］quittillthebeginningofthe2050s.29.Thereport“TheFutureofEnglish”factoredinallofthefollowingEXCEPT［A］theeducationalconditionandpolicy.［B］thedirectionsanddesignsofUnesco.［C］thestatisticsaboutpopulation.［D］themovementsofoverseasstudents.30.Thewriterofthereportdeemsthatoutsourcingisto［A］resultintheincreaseofEnglishsubjects.［B］leadtothedropofinterestinEnglishstudy.［C］accountforthefurtherspreadofEnglish.［D］bringabouttransitionincollegecurricula.Text3Inbothdevelopedanddevelopingnations,governmentsfinance,produce,anddistributevariousgoodsandservices.Inrecentyears,therangeofgoodsprovidedbythegovernmenthasextendedbroadly,includingmanygoodsthatdonotmeettheeconomicpurist‘sdefinitionof“publicgoods”.Asthesizeofthepublicsectorhasincreasedsteadily,therehasbeenagrowingconcernabouttheeffectivenessofthepublicsector‘sperformanceasproducer.Criticsarguethatthepublicprovisionofcertaingoodsisinefficientandhaveproposedthattheprivatesectorshouldreplacemanycurrentpublicsectoractivities,thatis,theseservicesshouldbeprivatized.Since1980s,greaterprivatizationeffortshavebeenpursuedintheUnitedStates.Concurrentwiththistrendhasbeenastrongendorsement(support)byinternationalbilateraldonor(aid)agenciesforheavierrelianceontheprivatesectorindevelopingcountries.Theunderlyingclaimisthattheprivatesectorcanimprovethequalityofoutputsanddelivergoodsmorequicklyandlessexpensivelythanthepublicsectorinthesecountries.Thisclaim,however,hasmixedtheoreticalsupportandlittleempiricalverificationintheThirdWorld.Thepolitical,institutional,andeconomicenvironmentsofdevelopingnationsaremarkedlydifferentfromthoseofdevelopedcountries.Itisnotclearthatthetheoriesandempiricalevidencethatclaimtojustifyprivatizationindevelopedcountriesareapplicabletodevelopingnations.Oftenpolicymakersindevelopingnationsdonothavesufficientinformationtodesigneffectivepolicyshiftstoincreaseefficiencyofprovidinggoodsthroughprivateinitiatives.Additionally,thereisalackofbasicunderstandingaboutwhatpolicyvariablesneedtobealteredtoattaindesiredoutcomesofprivatizationindevelopingcountries.OnestudyofprivatizationinHondurasexaminedthepolicyshiftfrom“directadministration”to“contractingout”forthreeconstructionactivities:urbanupgradingforhousingprojects,ruralprimaryschools,andruralroads.Ittestedkeyhypothesesapplyingtotheeffectivenessofprivatization,focusingonthreeaspects:cost,time,andquality.ThemainfindingwasthatcontractingoutinHondurasdidnotleadtothecommonexpectationsofitsproponentsbecauseinstitutionalbarriersandlimitedcompetitivenessinthemarketplacehavepreventedprivatecontractorsfromimprovingqualityandreducingthetimeandcostrequiredforconstruction.Privatizationindevelopingcountriescannotproducegoodsandservicesefficientlywithoutsubstantialreforminthemarketandregulatoryprocedures.Policymakersinterestedinprivatizationasapolicymeasureshouldconsidercarefullythemultipleobjectivesatthenationallevel.31.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthateconomicpurists[A]opposeshiftinggoodsfrompublictoprivate.[B]supportthesubstantialreformofprivatization.[C]approveprivatizationonlyindevelopednations.[D]haveastrictdescriptionofpublicmerchandise.32.Since1980s,therehasbeen[A]broadinternationalsupportforprivatization.[B]muchevidenceforprivatizationinpoornations.[C]endorsementforprivatizationofdonoragencies.[D]maximumdependenceonprivatecapitalintheU.S..33.Theauthoritiesofdevelopingnationsseemincapableof[A]attainingpoliticalstability.[B]makingmajorpolicyshifts.[C]upgradingbasicurbaneconomy.[D]enhancingproductionefficiency.34.Theauthor‘sappraisalofHondurasstudyimpliesthatindevelopingcountries[A]directadministrationofservicesrequiresmorecapital.[B]theirmarketplacesystemleavesmuchtobedesired.[C]privatizationispoliticallyunfitfortheireconomies.[D]newfacilitiesratherthancontractingoutareneeded.35.Theauthor‘sprimaryintentionisto[A]outlinemajorhindrancetoprivatizationindevelopingnations.[B]offerasolutionforthefuturecourseofeconomicpolicyshifts.[C]justifyheavierrelianceontheprivatesectorintheThirdWorld.[D]explainrequirementsforprivatizationoftheThirdWorldeconomies.Text4Manycriticsofthecurrentwelfaresystemarguethatexistingwelfareregulationsfosterfamilyinstability.TheymaintainthatthoseregulationswhichexcludemostpoorhusbandandwifefamiliesfromAidtoFamilieswithDependentChildren(AFDC)assistancegrants,contributetotheproblemoffamilydissolution.Thus,theyconcludethatexpandingthesetoffamilieseligibleforfamilyassistanceplansorguaranteedincomemeasureswouldresultinamarkedstrengtheningofthelowincomefamilystructure.Ifallpoorfamiliescouldreceivewelfare,wouldtheincidenceofinstabilitychangemarkedly?Theanswertothisquestiondependsontherelativeimportanceofthreecategoriesofpotentialwelfarerecipients.Thefirstisthe“cheater”—thehusbandwhoisreportedtohaveabandonedhisfamilybutinfactdisappearsonlywhenthesocialcaseworkerisintheneighborhood.Thesecondconsistsofalovinghusbandanddevotedfatherleavessothathiswifeandchildrenmayenjoytherelativebenefitprovidedbypublicassistance.Thereisverylittleevidencethatthesecategoriesaresignificant.Thethirdcategoryistheunhappilymarriedcouple,whoremaintogetheroutofasenseofeconomicresponsibilityfortheirchildren,becauseofthehighcostsofseparation,orbecauseoftheconsumptionbenefitofmarriage.Thisgroupislarge.Theformation,maintenance,anddissolutionofthefamilyisinlargepartafunctionoftherelativebalancebetweenthebenefitsandcostsofmarriageasseenbytheindividualmembersofthemarriage.Themajorbenefitgeneratedbythecreationofafamilyistheexpansionofthesetofconsumptionpossibilities.Thebenefitsfromsuchapartnershipdependlargelyontherelativedissimilarityoftheresourcesorbasicendowmentseachpartnerbringstothemarriage.Personswithsimilarproductivecapacitieshavelesseconomic“cement”holdingtheirmarriagetogether.Sincethefamilyperformscertainfunctionssocietyregardsasvital,acomplexnetworkofsocialandlegalbuttresseshasevolvedtoreinforcemarriage.Muchofthevariationinmaritalstabilityacrossincomeclassescanbeexplainedbythevariationincostsofdissolutionimposedbysociety.Maritalstabilityisrelatedtothecostsofachievinganacceptableagreementonfamilyconsumptionandproductionandtotheprevailingsocialpriceofinstabilityinthemarriagepartners‘socialeconomicgroup.ExpectedAFDCincomeexertspressuresonfamilyinstabilitybyreducingthecostofdissolution.Sowelfareopportunitiesareasignificantdeterminantoffamilyinstabilityinpoorneighborhoods,butthisisnottheresultofAFDCregulationsthatexcludemostintactfamiliesfromcoverage.Rather,welfarerelatedinstabilityoccursbecausepublicassistancelowersboththebenefitsofmarriageandthecostsofitsdisruptionbyprovidingasystemofgovernmentsubsidizedalimony(maintenance)payments.36.Thetextiswrittenwiththeaimof[A]analyzingthecausesofaphenomenon.[B]discussingthefather‘sroleinthefamily.[C]advocatingreformsinthewelfaresystem.[D]criticizingsomeattitudestowelfarerecipients.37.Manycriticsassertitastruethatthewelfaresystemis[A]liableformostdivorces.[B]onthevergeofcollapse.[C]tobecomeobsolete.[D]unjusttotheneedy.38.Accordingtotheauthor,themaritalstabilityreliesmainlyon[A]thesteadyincomeofthecouple.[B]thebalanceofbothsides‘property.[C]thedifferenceinspousalcontributions.[D]thebenefitsfromgovernmentsubsidies.39.AllofthefollowingarefactorstendingtoperpetuateamarriageEXCEPT[A]theexpenditureofchildsupport.[B]thelossofpropertyupondivorce.[C]thegreaterconsumptionofmarriedpeople.[D]thewelfareprovisionfordivorcedwomen.40.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainideaofthetext?[A]Welfarerestrictionsmostlyaccountforfamilyunsteadiness.[B]Poorfamilydissolutionislittleattributedtohelplessfathers.[C]Officialwelfarepaymentscanslowthegrowingdivorcerate.[D]Lowincomefamilydisruptionresultsinpoorwelfarebenefits.PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutviewsonenvironmentalandresourceproblems.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA—Fforeachnumberedparagraph（41～45）.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)［A］Abadthingmaybringaboutagoodresult.［B］Pollutionandpovertyareleadingustodestruction.［C］Theworriesofhumanistsareunfounded.［D］Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.［E］Isourplanetgettinglesshabitablethanitusedtobe?［F］Theviewonresourcecrisisdeviatesfromfacts.Agreatmanyarticlesandbooksdiscussingenvironmentalandresourceproblemsbeginwiththepropositionthatthereisanenvironmentalandresourcecrisis.Ifthismeansthatthesituationofhumanityisworsenowthaninthepast,thentheideaofacrisis—andallthatfollowsfromit—isdeadwrong.Inalmosteveryrespectimportanttohumanity,thetrendshavebeenimproving,notdeteriorating.41.Ourworldnowsupports6billionpeople.Inthenineteenthcentury,theearthcouldsustainonly1billion.And10,000yearsago,only1millionpeoplecouldkeepthemselvesalive.Peoplearenowlivingmorehealthilythaneverbefore.42.Onewouldexpectloversofhumanity—peoplewhohatewarandworryaboutfamineinAfrica—tojumpwithjoyatthisextraordinarytriumphofthehumanmindandhumanorganizationovertherawforcesofnature.Instead,theylament(feelsorrowfor)thattherearesomanyhumanbeings,andwringtheirhandsabouttheproblemsthatmorepeopleinevitablybring,andtheproblemthatresourceswillbefurtherdiminished.43.Itisamazingbuttruethataresourceshortageresultingfrompopulationorincomegrowthusuallyleavesusbetteroffthaniftheshortagehadneverarisen.IffirewoodhadnotbecomescarceinseventeenthcenturyEngland,coalwouldnothavebeendeveloped.Ifcoalandwhaleoilshortageshadn‘tloomed,oilwellswouldnothavebeendug.44.Thepricesoffood,metals,andotherrawmaterialshavebeendecliningbyeverymeasuresincethebeginningofthenineteenthcentury,andasfarbackasweknow;thatis,rawmaterialshavebeengettinglessscarcethroughouthistory,defyingthecommonsensenotionthatifonebeginswithaninventoryofaresourceandusessomeup,therewillbelessleft.Thisisdespite,andindirectlybecauseof,increasingpopulation.Wedon‘tsaythatalliswelleverywhere,andwedon‘tpredictthatallwillberosyinthefuture.Childrenarehungryandsick;peopleliveoutlivesofphysicalorintellectualpovertyandlackofopportunity;warorsomeotherpollutionmaydousin.45.Also,wedonotsaythatabetterfuturehappensautomaticallyorwithouteffort.Itwillhappenbecausemenandwomen—sometimesasindividuals,sometimesasenterprisesworkingforprofit,sometimesasvoluntarynonprofitgroups,andsometimesasgovernmentalagencies—willaddressproblemswithmuscleandmind,andwillprobablyovercome,ashasbeenusualthroughhistory.Weareconfidentthatthenatureofthephysicalworldpermitscontinuedimprovementinhumankind‘seconomiclotinthelongrun,indefinitely.Ofcourse,therearealwaysnewlyarisinglocalproblems,shortages,andpollution,resultingfromclimateorincreasedpopulationandincomeandnewtechnologies.Sometimestemporarylargescaleproblemsarise.Buttheworld‘sphysicalconditionsandtheresilience(powerofrecoveringquickly)ofawellfunctioningeconomicandsocialsystemenableustoovercomesuchproblems,andthesolutionsusuallyleaveusbetteroffthaniftheproblemhadneverarisen.Thatisthegreatlessontobelearnedfromhumanhistory.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Disposingofcomputers,monitors,printersandmobilephonesisalargeandgrowingenvironmentalproblem.Some20m-50mtonsof“ewaste”isproducedeachyear,mostofwhichendsupinthedevelopingworld.InJulynewrulescameintoforceinbothEuropeandCaliforniatoobligetheindustrytotakeresponsibilityforit.46)InEuropetheRestrictionofHazardousSubstances(RoHS)directivelimitstheuseofmanytoxicmaterialsinnewelectronicproductssoldintheEuropeanUnion,whereasinCaliforniaManytechnologyfirmsarealreadyeliminatingcertainchemicalsandofferingrecyclingschemestohelptheircustomersdisposeofobsoleteequipment.47)Yetthereisawidevariationinjusthowgreendifferentcompaniesare,accordingtoGreenpeace,anenvironmentallobbygroupthatlaunchedanewewastecampaigninAugust.IthasrankedthetopmobilephoneandPCmakersbasedontheirprogressineliminalingchemicalsandintakingbackandrecyclingproducts.TheRoHSrulesbanproductscontaininganymorethantraceamountsoflead,mercury,cadmiumandotherhazardoussubstances,includingsomenastymaterialscalledbrominatedflameretardants(BFRs).48)TodowellinGreenpeace‘srankings,firmsmustmakesurebothproductsandproductionprocessesarefreeofpolyvinylchloride(PVC)andsomeBFRsthatarenotontheRoHSlist.Greenpeacealsowantscompaniestoadopta“precautionaryprinciple”andavoidchemicalsiftheirenvironmentalimpactisuncertain.AlthoughnoteveryoneagreeswithGreenpeace‘smethodology,itsrankingstillhassomemerit.Nokiadoeswell:theworld‘sbiggesthandsetmakerhasalreadygotridofPVCfromitsproductsandwilleliminateallBFRsfromnextyear.But,Greenpeacegrumbles,itisnotsufficiently“precautionary”inotherareas.49)Dell,however,scoreswellinthisregardandonrecycling,butlosesmarksfornothavingphasedoutPVCandBFRsyet,thoughithassetadeadlinefordoingso.PerhapsthebiggestsurpriseisthepoorratingofApple.ThecompanyinsiststhatithasastrongrecordinrecyclingandhaseliminatedBFRsandPVCfromthemainplasticpartsinitsproducts.50)Itscoresbadlybecauseithasnoteliminatedsuchchemicalsaltogether,hasnotsettimelimitsfordoingso,doesnotprovideafulllistofregulatedsubstancesandisinsufficientlyprecautionaryforGreenpeace‘stastes.Asforrecycling,the9,500tonsofelectronicsApplesaysithasrecycledsince1994isslightgiventheamountofequipmentthefirmsells,saysGreenpeace.AlasforApple,whatevertheprosandcons(advantagesanddisadvantages)ofGreenpeace‘srankingcriteria,consumersarelikelytobeinfluencedbyitanyway.SectionⅢWritingPartA51.Directions:WritealettertotheEconomicsYoushouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“LiMing”instead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160~200wordsbasedonthefollowingpicture.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethepicturebriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)makeyourcommentsandsuggestions.答案与解析：ModelTest1SectionⅠUseofEnglish1.［答案］[B]imposing［解析］由所给出选项可知，此处需一现在分词作伴随状语，相当于次要谓语，说明“地球表面有限”与“绝对资源短缺”关系。据此判断，［B］“强加（带来，造成）”表明这种“绝对短缺”是一个自然情况，是我们无法改变，用在此处最恰当。［A］“组／组成”，［C］“暴露；揭示”，［D］“安排；处理”，四个词词根相同，词义各异，形成双重干扰。2.［答案］[A]uses［解析］仅从与介词“in”搭配上看，四个选项皆可用，但据其下文看，包括都是资源应用问题，故此题答案非［A］“使用方法；用途”莫属。［B］“方法／式”，［C］“领域”，［D］“形式”，均不合文意。3.［答案］[D]if［解析］上句说明了“相对资源短缺”一个意义。此句则解释它另一意义：投入资源数量是有限，它用于制造某种产品上数量增加，必定造成在其余应用上降低。由此判断，［D］“假如”表示通常条件，为正确答案。［A］“因为；既然”，［B］“假如……不；除非”，［C］“因为”，皆不合句意逻辑。4.［答案］[C]process［解析］由上题分析可知，此题答案应是［C］“过程”：manufacturingprocess意指“制造／生产某物过程”。［A］“工厂”，［B］“企业”，［D］“程序”，皆不适用。5.［答案］[B]intermsof［解析］据句意判断，［B］“按照；就……而言”是符合句意唯一选项。介词短语“intermsofmoney”修饰“thecostofaproduct”,意为“一产品货币成本。”［A］“关／至于”，［C］“鉴／因为”，［D］“关系到”，均不可取。6.［答案］[A]to［解析］“thecostofsth.”意为“……费用／成本”，“thecosttosb./sth.”意为“……所付出费用／代价”。依句意此处自然应选［A］。此句句意：“一产品货币成本不能表明社会付出实际代价。”下句以实例对此作了深入说明。7.［答案］[D]value［解析］此空处于表语地位，应与其主语“thetruecost”相呼应，故答案非［D］“价值；（公平）代价”莫属。［A］“要价；收费”，［B］“花费；开支”，［C］“价格／钱”，皆不适用。8.［答案］[C]result［解析］将各选项分别代入句中：［A］“asaproduct”（作为一个产品），［B］“asapurpose”(作为一个用途)，［C］“asaresult”(作为结果；所以)，［D］“asarule”(通常)，只有［C］符合句意：“比如，制造一架超音速喷