仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5-210APPROACHPROCEDURE公开课

APPROACHApproachProceduresSafelyFindingTheAirport?PrecisionApproachesPrecisionApproachesprovideverticalguidanceinadditiontolateralguidance,mostoftenthroughtheuseofanelectronicglideslope.PrecisionApproachesinclude:ILS(InstrumentLandingSystem)GPS(LAAS)MLS(MicrowaveLandingSystem)(5inUS)PAR–PrecisionApproachRadarNon-PrecisionApproachesprovidelateralguidanceonly,descentisstagedatspecificdistancesalongtheapproach.Non-PrecisionApproachesinclude:Non-PrecisionApproachesVORNDBRNAV(GPS)ASR–AirportSurveillanceRadarLocalizer(front&backcourses)LDA/SDF/RNAVTheUnitedStatesStandardforTerminalInstrumentProcedures(TERPS)istheapprovedcriteriaforformulatinginstrumentapproachprocedures.TheFAAHandbookisFAAOrder8260.3B.AirForce,Navy,ArmyandCoastGuardhavetheirownHandbookmanualnumber.ApproachSegmentsFourapproachsegmentsInitialIntermediateFinalMissedApproachFivesegmentsifyoucounttheupfrontfeederroute.SegmentsofanApproachInitialApproachSegmentAlignsyouraircraftwiththeapproachcourseDMEArcProcedureTurnorHoldingPatternGuidedcourseInitialApproachFixAlwayslabeled“IAF”onchartIntermediateApproachSegmentPositionsyouraircraftforfinaldescenttotheairportIntermediatefix(IF)Beginsatpointwhereyouareproceedinginboundtothefinalapproachfix,properlyaligned.NotallapproacheshaveanintermediatefixNotallapproacheshaveanintermediatefixFinalApproachSegmentNavigatesyoufromFAF/FAPtoapoint(MDAorDH/DA)whereyoumaydescendtorunway,ifrequiredvisualreferencesareinsight.Precision GlideslopeprovidesverticalguidancebetweenpointofGSintercepttominimums(DH/DA).NonprecisionFinalapproachfix(FAF)Finalapproachpoint(FAP)PTintersectsfinalapproachcourseinbound.FinalsegmentofILSapproach

(precision)TheGlideSlopeNotefinalsegmentofthisNDBApproach

(non-precisionwithFAF)FinalSegmentofaVORApproach

(non-precisionwithFAP)MissedApproachSegmentNavigatefromMAPtomissedapproachholdingpoint.DepictedoneveryapproachForradarapproaches,givenverbally.ATCmaygiveyouinstructionsotherthanthepublishedmissedprocedure(bepreparedtocopy!).MissedApproachPointForPA:atdecisionheight/altitude(DH/DA).ForNPA:eitheratafixortiming.ExampleofamissedapproachPreparingForTheApproachInplanning,befamiliarwiththeavailableIAPs…atPrimaryANDAlternateAirports.Nearingdestination,acontrollerorATIStellsyoutheexpectedIAP.It’snotyoursuntilyou’re“clearedfortheapproach.”NowthoroughlyreviewtheIAP.Setupradiosandnavaidsearlyon.ApproachClearanceIfyou’reclearedforaspecificapproach,andyoupreferanother,askthecontrollerforyourdesired.If“Clearedforapproach”onlyYoucanchooseanypublishedapproach.ExecuteentireprocedurefromfeederrouteorIAFunless:Radarvectoredtofinalapproachcourse.LISTEN LISTEN LISTENStraight-inApproachDoesnotrequire,norareyouauthorizedtodoaprocedureturnorcoursereversal….evenifpublished.Initiatedat:fixcloselyalignedtofinalapproachcoursecompletionofDMEarcvectorstofinalapproachcourse‘NoPT’onchartmeansprocedureturnnotauthorizedonthissegment“Clearedforstraight-inapproach”ThismeansyouareclearedtoexecutetheapproachWITHOUTTHECOURSEREVERSALPROCEDURETURNDifferencebetweenstraight-inapproachandstraight-inlanding…Straight-inLANDINGFinalApproachCoursewithin30°oftherunway.Sometimesnotpossiblebecause:VORnotcloselyalignedwithanyusablerunways.Landingminimumstoohighfornormaldescenttoalanding.(e.g.:LHU)Straight-InLandingThisiswhatyoudoattheENDofanapproach.Landonrunwayspecifiedinapproachtitle.Asopposedtocircling….Mostapproachminimaarewrittenforstraight-inlandingsbasedontheapproach….VersusCirclingminimaforrunwaysNOTaligned.UseofATCRadarforApproachesASRPARMonitornon-radarapproachesGuidancetofinalapproachcourseRadarvectorsaregiventoplaceyouontheIAPortoestablishyouonthefinalapproachcoursepriortotheFAF.ClassBandCTerminalRadarServicesProvidevectoringandseparationbetweenIFRandVFRtrafficandVFRsequencingwithinterminalareasandhandlesthetransitionfromtheenroutesegmenttotheterminalenvironment.Monitoraircraftoninstrumentapproaches.Radarapproachesareavailablewherecivilinstrumentapproachminimumsarepublished.AirportSurveillanceRadar(ASR)ApproachASRisdesignedforhigh-resolution,short-rangecoverageingeneralvicinityofanairport.Non-PrecisionapproachesareavailableatairportsthathaveanapprovedASRprocedure.ASRprovidesradarvectorstotheFAF,thenazimuthinformationduringtheapproach.Alongwithrangefromtherunway,thepilotisadvisedofMDA,whentobegindescent,andwhenattheMDA.Ifrequested,recommendedaltitudeswillbefurnishedeachmilewhileonfinalapproach.TherearenographicalASRapproachplates(NACO).AirportSurveillanceRadar(ASR)ApproachAirportSurveillanceRadar(ASR)ApproachAirportSurveillanceRadar(ASR)ApproachAirportSurveillanceRadar(ASR)ApproachPrecisionApproachRadar(PAR)ApproachesThePARisoneinwhichacontrollerprovideshighlyaccuratenavguidanceinbothazimuthandelevation.Pilotsaregivenheadingtokeeptheaircraftalignedwiththerunway.Pilotsaretoldtoanticipatedescentapproximately10-30secondsbeforeitbegins.Pilotsarethentoldwhentobeginthedescent.DHisgivenifthepilotrequestsit.Deviationfromtheglidepathisgiventothepilot.Thereare

nographicalPARapproachplates.PrecisionApproachRadar(PAR)ApproachesPrecisionApproachRadar(PAR)ApproachesRadar-RequiredApproachesRADARREQUIREDThoughnotaPAR,manyapproachesdorequireradarRadar-RequiredApproachesTheSERRA/FAFisidentifiedbyRadarMICCOIntersectionisidentifiedbyRadarRadarVectoringIfradarvectored,don’tturninboundontofinalapproachcourseuntilclearedfortheapproach.Ifcrossingapproachcourse-query!Minimumvectoringaltitude(MVA)Sectorspecific/ControllerresponsibleMaybelowerthanMSAPayattention!NotpublishedonchartsCourseReversalGenerallylimitedtowithin10nmofprimaryaidorfix(notedonprofileview)Threetypes:Procedureturn:NACO-barbedarrowJepp-fullturndepictedHolding(racetrack)Teardroppattern200KIASmaximuminPTWhenpresent,thesemustbeflownasdepictedonchartThistypecoursereversaldoesnothavetobeflownasdepictedShapeandtypeofturnoptionalTimedApproachesfromaHoldingFixAIM5-4-10Whenused?RadarsystemfortrafficsequencingisoutofserviceNumerousaircraftarewaitingforapproachclearanceNotstatedasatimedapproachButyou’regivenatimetoleaveaholdingfix.TimedApproachesfromaHoldingFix

AIM5-4-10TimedApproachesfromaHoldingFixTheholdingfix:FAFfornonprecisionapproachOutermarkerorsubstituteforprecisionConditionsrequiredtobemet-OperatingcontroltowerDirectcommunicationNOcoursereversalsinmissedapproachesIfonly1missedapproachprocedure,ceiling&visibilityhigherthanhighestcirclingminimumsProcedureturnnotauthorized:

“NORTH”(memoryaid)N:“NoPT”onroutesegmentO:

OtherwisedirectedbyATC(“clearedstraight-in)R:RadarvectorstofinalapproachcourseT:TimedapproachfromholdingfixH:HoldingpatternorteardropinlieuofPTOperatingbelowMDAorcontinuinganapproachbelowDH

ALL3CRITERIAMUSTBEMET!!!

“FAR”(91.175)Flightvisibilityisatleastlandingminimumsforthatapproach.AircraftmustbeinpositiontomakenormaldescenttolandRunwayenvironmentinsight:AtleastONEoffollowingvisualreferencesdistinctlyvisible&identifiable:RunwayorRunwayMarkings,RunwayLights…TouchdownZoneorMarkings,TDZlightsThreshold,ThresholdMarkings,ThresholdLightsREILVisualApproachSlopeIndicator(VASI;PAPI,etc…)ApproachLightSystem,butifALSisONLYreferencemaynotdescendbelow100’HATUNLESS

REDBARS

INSIGHT

(ALSF-1redterminatingbars;ALSF-2redside-rowbars)FinalDescentTechniquesPrecisionapproach:followglideslope.IfglideslopebecomesinopinIMC,transitiontolocalizerimmediately&useLOCminimums.Nonprecisionapproach:DescendtoMDApriortoreachingtheMAP.Beawareoftheadjustmentfrominstrumentstovisual-tricky!VASIsareagreataidwheninsightVASIIllusionsCirclingApproachesSizeofprotectedarea(definedbyTERPs)varieswithaircraftcategory.WhencanyougobelowdesignatedcirclingMDA?OnlywheninnormalpositionforlandingrunwayCanexecuteastraight-inlandingfor“circlingonly”approachif:runwayisinsight.plentyoftimeremainingtogetdownusing“normal”procedures—I.E.“StabilizedApproach”.TERPSCriteriaforCirclingKnowyourcategoryCirclingManeuversCirclingErrorsSidestepManeuverOnlyavailablewhenparallelrunwaysare1,200feetorlessapart.Remember,minimumsarehigherthanstraight-in,butlowerthancircling