2015太奇二期英语讲义

（一）态度题

第一部分：专项训练Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthescenes,theyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse:theaccountingstandard-setters.Theirrules,moanthebanks,havedthemtoreportenormouslosses,andit'sjustnotfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch.Unfortunay,banks'lobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybeunknowable,buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.And,unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult.AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,America'sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard(FASB)rushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksmore domtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheirestatement.BobHerz,theFASB'schairman,criedoutagainstthosewho"questionourmotives."Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbygroup y"theuseofjudgmentbyEuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)dolikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallnning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrong.McCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warnedtheIASBthatitdid"notliveinapoliticalvacuum"but"intherealword"andthatEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules.Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongnet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausetheylargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.Butbank'ssharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,suggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains.Togetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith.America'snewntobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfindattractive.Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandevencombativestandard-setters.TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaninguprulesonstockoptionsandpensions,forexample,againsthostilityfromspecialinterests.Butbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemoreconcessions.Q.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsstandard-settersisone A. B. C. D.Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.Gilbert’sowninterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:AlexRoss,aclassical-musiccritic,hasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicinto“amarkedlydifferent,morevibrantorganization.”Butwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifference?Merelyexpandingtheorchestra’srepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicaretosucceed,theymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica’soldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopestoattract.Q.RegardingGilbert’sroleinrevitalizingthePhilharmonic,theauthorfeels JohnDonahueatHarvard’sKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofcultureinWesterncivilservicessuitthosewhowanttostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250,000ayearareuniversitysportscoachesandtheoftheUnitedStates.Bankers’fatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.Q.JohnDonahue’sattitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystemisoneof [A]disapproval. Alsouncleariswhy hasgoneitalone.Afterall,ithasanadbusinesstoo,whichitsayswillcomplywithDNTrequests,thoughitisstillworkingouthow.Ifitistryingtoupset,whichreliesalmostwhollyondefaultwill ethenorm.DNTdoesnotseemanobviouslyhugesellingpointforwindows8-thoughthefirmhascomparedsomeofitsotherproductsfavourablywith'sonthatcountbefore.BrendonLynch,'schiefprivacyofficer,blogged:"webelieveconsumersshouldhavemorecontrol."Coulditreallybethatsimple?Q.Theauthor'sattitudetowardswhatBrendonLynchsaidinhisblogisone [A]indulgence.[B] [C] [D]考研英语二2010Throughexperimentsandobservation,socialscientistslikeDr.Berninghavelearnedthatthereispowerintyingcertainbehaviorstohabitualcuesthroughruthlessadvertising.Asthisnewscienceofhabithasemerged,controversieshaveeruptedwhenthetacticshavebeenusedtosellquestionablebeautycreamsorunhealthyfoods.Q.Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheinfluenceofadvertisementonpeople’shabits A. B. C. D.2012Theirsuccessmaybedeterminedbyasuitrelatedtothisissue,broughtbytheMayoClinic,whichtheSupremeCourtwillhearinitsnextterm.TheBIOrecentlyheldaconventionwhichincludedsessionstocoachlawyersontheshiftinglandscapeforpatents.EachmeetingwasQ.Generallyspeaking,theauthor’sattitudetowardgenepatenting A. B. C. D.2013Ourabilitytomuteourhard-wiredreactionsbypausingiswhatdifferentiatesusfromanimals:dogecanthinkaboutthefutureonlyintermittentlyorforafewminutes.Buthistoricallywehavespentabout12percentofourdayscontemtingthelongerterm.Althoughtechnologymightchangethewaywereact,ithasn’tchangedournature.Westillhavetheimaginativecapacitytoriseabovetemptationandreversethehigh-speedtrend.Q.Theauthor’sattitudetowardreversingthehigh-speedtrend A. B. C. D.（二）含义题Inspiteof“endlesstalkofdifference,”Americansocietyisanamazingmachineforhomogenizingpeople.Thereis“thedemocratizinguniformityofdressanddiscourse,andthecasualnessandabsenceofdeference”characteristicofpopularculture.Peopleareabsorbedinto“acultureofconsumption”launchedbythe19th-centurydepartmentstoresthatoffered“vastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere.Insteadofintimateshopscateringtoaknowledgeableelite,”thesewerestores“anyonecouldenter,regardlessofclassorbackground.Thisturnedshopintoapublicanddemocraticact.”Themassmedia,advertisingandsportsareothersforhomogenization.Theword“homogenizing”(Line2,Paragraph1)mostprobably [B] [C] [D]Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.WhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.Theyhavelookedathalfacenturyofdatafromfisheriesaroundtheworld.Theirmethodsdonotattempttoestimatetheactualbiomass(theamountoflivingbiologicalmatter)offishspeciesinparticularpartsoftheocean,butratherchangesinthatbiomassovertime.AccordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedinNature,thebiomassoflargepredators(animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals)inanewfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fishedareas,ithashalvedagainsincethen.Dr.Wormacknowledgesthatthesefiguresareconservative.Onereasonforthisisthatfishingtechnologyhasimproved.Today’svesselscanfindtheirpreyusingsalitesandsonar,whichwerenotavailable50yearsago.Thatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeingcaught,sotherealdifferencebetweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecordedbychangesincatchsizes.Intheearlydays,too,longlineswouldhavebeenmoresaturatedwithfish.Someindividualswouldthereforenothavebeencaught,sincenobaitedhookswouldhavebeenavailabletotrapthem,leadingtoanunderestimateoffishstocksinthepast.Furthermore,intheearlydaysoflonglinefishing,alotoffishwerelosttosharksaftertheyhadbeenhooked.Thatisnolongeraproblem,becausetherearefewersharksaroundnow.Q.Bysayingthesefiguresareconservative(Line1,paragraph3),Dr.Wormmeansthatfishingtechnologyhasimprovedthencatch-sizesareactuallysmallerthenthemarinebiomasshassufferedagreaterthedatacollectedsofarareoutofWhatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenon?Hereareafewguesses:a)certainastrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoccerskills;b)winterbornbabiestendtohavehigheroxygencapacity,whichincreasessoccerstamina;c)soccer-madparentsaremorelikelytoconceivechildreninspringtime,attheannualpeakofsoccermania;d)noneoftheabove.Theword“mania”(Line4,Paragraph2)mostprobably . [B] [C] [D]AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwasdeterminedtofinishcollege.“Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescape,togotoschool,andgetaheadanddobetter.”Later,hermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother.“It’sthehardestthingtotakecareofateenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”Thesentence“Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”(Line6,Para.5)shows AlvarezcaredaboutnothingbutmakingAlvarez’ssalarybarelycoveredherhouseholdAlvarezgotpaychecksfromdifferentAlvarezpaidpracticallyeverythingbyButdon'tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;oncethoserutsofprocedurearewornintothehippocampus,they'retheretostay.Instead,thenewhabitswedeliberayingrainintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads.Q."ruts"(inlineone,paragraph3)hasclosestmeaning [A] [B] [C] [D]Theresearchers’argumentstemsfromasimpleobservationaboutsocialinfluence,withtheexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey—whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinteral,influence—eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon’tinctwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebringinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccur,however, soaffected,musttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,andsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplethecascadeofchangewon’tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.Q.Theunderlinedphrase“thesepeople”inparagraph4referstotheones stayoutsidethenetworkofsocialhavelittlecontactwiththesourceofareinfluencedandtheninfluenceareinfluencedbytheinitialThedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneisunconventional.ForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.SaysKorn/FerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey:”Ican’tthinkofasinglesearchI’vedonewhereaboardhasnotinstructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfirst.”Q.Theword“poached”(Line3,Paragraph4)mostprobably [A]approved [B]attendedto.[C]hunted [D]guardedAdealisadeal-except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.The ,amajorenergyrinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclearInstead,the hasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnotchallengetheconstitutionalityofVermont’srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerntrunning.It’sastunningmove.Q.Thephrase“renegingon”(Line3.para.1)isclosestinmeaning [A]condemning.[B] [D]Thistop-downconceptionofthefashionbusinesscouldn’tbemoreoutofdateoratoddswiththefeverishwouldbedescribedinOverdressed,ElizabethCline’sthree-yearindictmentof“fastfashion”.Inthelastdecadeorso,advancesintechnologyhaveallowedmass-marketlabelssuchasZara,H&M,andUniqlotoreacttotrendsmorequicklyandanticipatedemandmoreprecisely.Quickerturnaroundsmeanlesswastedinventory,morefrequentrelease,andmoreprofit.Theselabelsencouragestyle-consciousconsumerstoseeclothesasdisposable-meanttolastonlyawashortwo,althoughtheydon’tadvertisethat–andtorenewtheirwardrobeeveryfewweeks.Byofferingon-trenditemsatdirt-cheapprices,Clineargues,thesebrandshavehijackedfashioncycles,shakinganindustrylongaccustomedtoaseasonalQ.Theword“indictment”(Line3,Para.2)isclosestinmeaning [A] [B] [C] [D]（三）推断题Thevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersareservedbyonlyonerail .Railroadstypicallychargesuch“captive”shippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.Shipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalernment’sSurfaceTransportationBoardforraterelief,buttheprocessisexpensive,time-consuming,andwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3 shipperswillbechargedlesswithoutarivaltherewillsoonbeonlyone overchargedshippersareunlikelytoappealforrateaernmentboardensuresfairyinrailwayThattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.WhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.Theyhavelookedathalfacenturyofdatafromfisheriesaroundtheworld.Theirmethodsdonotattempttoestimatetheactualbiomass(theamountoflivingbiologicalmatter)offishspeciesinparticularpartsoftheocean,butratherchangesinthatbiomassovertime.AccordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedinNature,thebiomassoflargepredators(animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals)inanewfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fishedareas,ithashalvedagainsincethen.WecaninferfromDr.MyersandDr.Worm’spaper thestockoflargepredatorsinsomeoldfisherieshasreducedbythereareonlyhalfasmanyfisheriesastherewere15yearsthecatchsizesinnewfisheriesareonly20%oftheoriginalthenumberoflargerpredatorsdroppedfasterinnewfisheriesthanintheThecurrentstateofaffairsmayhavebeenencouraged–thoughnotjustified–bythelackoflegalpenalty(inAmerica,butnotEurope)fordataleakage.UntilCaliforniarecentlypassedalaw,Americanfirmsdidnothavetolanyone,eventhevictim,whendatawentastray.Thatmaychangefast:lotsofproposeddata-securitylegislationisnowngtheroundsinWashington,D.C.Meanwhile,thetheftofinformationaboutsome40millioncredit-cardaccountsinAmerica,disclosedonJune17th,overshadowedahugelyimportantdecisionadayearlierbyAmerica’sFederalTradeCommission(FTC)thatputscorporateAmericaonnoticethatregulatorswillactiffirmsfailtoprovideadequatedatasecurity.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5 .dataleakageismoresevereinFTC’sdecisionisessentialtodataCaliforniatakestheleadinsecuritylegalpenaltyisamajorsolutiontodataThat’safardifferentimagefromthecherry-tree-chopGeorgemostpeoplerememberfromtheirhistorybooks.Butrecently,manyhistorianshavebeguntofocusontherolesslaveryyedinthelivesofthefoundinggeneration.TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998,whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.Andonlyoverthepast30yearshavescholarsexaminedhistoryfromthebottomup.Worksofseveralhistoriansrevealthemoralcompromisesmadebythenation’searlyleadersandthefragilenatureofthecountry’sinfancy.Moresignificantly,theyarguethatmanyoftheFoundingFathersknewslaverywaswrong–andyetmostdidlittletofightit.Wemayinferfromthesecondparagraph DNAtechnologyhasbeenwidelyappliedtohistoryinitsearlydaystheU.S.wasconfrontedwithdelicatehistoriansdeliberaymadeupsomestoriesofJefferson’spoliticalcompromisesareeasilyfoundthroughouttheU.S.Manyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers.Thefinancialcrisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadone."Thetraditionalrulewasit’ssafertostaywhereyouare,butthat’sbeenfundamentallyinverted,"saysoneheadhunter."Thepeoplewho’vebeenhurttheworstarethosewho’vestayedtoolong."Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph topperformersusedtoclingtotheirloyaltyoftopperformersisgettingout-topperformerscaremoreaboutit’ssafertosticktothetraditionalIt’shardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbecauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous:mostadultsunderstandthatababyisnotahaircut.Butit’sinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstress-,happiness-enhancingparenthoodaren’tinsomesmall,subconsciouswaycontributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththeactualexperience,inthesamewaythatasmallpartofushopedgetting“theRachel”mightmakeuslookjustalittlebitlikeJenniferAniston.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastHavingchildrencontributeslittletotheglamourofcelebrityCelebritymomshaveinfluencedourattitudetowardschildHavingchildrenintensifiesourdissatisfactionwithWesometimesneglectthehappinessfromchild seemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnothinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearntisapublictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,the hasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthe ’sapplication,itshouldkeepitmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph Entergy’sbusinesselsewheremightbetheauthorityoftheNRCwillbeEntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthThoughseveralfast-fashioncompanieshavemadeeffortstocurbtheirimpactonlaborandtheenvironment–includingH&M,withitsgreenConsciousCollectionline–Clinebelieveslastingchangecanonlybeeffectedbythecustomer.Sheexhibitstheidealismcommontomanyadvocatesofsustainability,beitinfoodorinenergy.Vanityisaconstant;peoplewillonlystartshopmoresustainablywhentheycan'taffordnotto.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastVanityhasmoreoftenbeenfoundinThefast-fashionindustryignoresPeoplearemoreinterestedinunaffordablePricingisvitaltoenvironment-friendly第二部分Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors’namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.Nolonger.TheInternet–andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit–ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)hasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientific,TechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitlyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthor thebackgroundinformationofjournalthepublicationroutineoflaboratorytherelationsofauthorswithjournalthetraditionalprocessofjournalWhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDIt ernment-fundedItintroducesaneffectivemeansofItupsetsprofit-makingjournalItbenefitsscientificresearchAccordingtothetext,onlinepublicationissignificantin itprovidesaneasieraccesstoscientificitbringshugeprofitstoscientificitemphasizesthecrucialroleofscientificitfacilitatespublicinvestmentinscientificWiththeopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperisrequired coverthecostofitssubscribetothejournalpublishingallowotheronlinejournalstouse completethepeer-reviewbeforeWhichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainideaoftheTheInternetisposingathreattoAnewmodeofpublicationis ethenewchannelforPublicationisrenderedeasierbyonlineIntheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneofonlythreeyersintheNationalBasketballAssociation(NBA)listedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadyedlastseason,however,hewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesyingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyears,andmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbigger,longerframes.Thetrendinsports,though,maybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,today’speople–especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations–apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyaren’tlikelytogetanytaller.“Inthegeneralpopulationtoday,atthisgenetic,environmentallevel,we’veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecango,”saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.InthecaseofNBAyers,theirincreaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeofrecruitingyersfromallovertheworld.Growth,whichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20,demandscaloriesandnutrients–notably,protein–tofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20thcentury,under-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butasdietandhealthimproved,childrenandadolescentshave,onaverage,increasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20years,apatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.YetaccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,averageheight–5′9″formen,5′4″forwomen–hasn’treallychangedsince1960.Geneticallyspeaking,thereareadvantagestoavoidingsubstantialheight.Duringchildbirth,largerbabieshavemoredifficultypassingthroughthebirthc.Moreover,eventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyears,ourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcannoteasilywithstandrepeatedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs.“Therearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythegeneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganism,”saysanthropologistWilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity. umscanchange,butdon’texpectthistohappensoon.ClaireC.Gordon,senioranthropologistattheArmyResearchCenterinNatick,Mass.,ensuresthat90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithoutaltion.Shesaysthat,unlikethoseforbasketball,thelengthofmilitaryuniformshasnotchangedforsometime.Andifyouneedtopredicthumanheightinthenearfuturetodesignapieceofequipment,Gordonsaysthatbyandlarge,“youcouldusetoday’sdataandfeelfairlyconfident.”WiltChamberlainiscitedasanexample illustratethechangeofheightofNBAshowthepopularityofNBAyersinthecomparedifferentgenerationsofNBAassesstheachievementsoffamousNBAWhichofthefollowingysakeyroleinbodygrowthaccordingtotheGeneticNaturalLivingDailyOnwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostprobablyNon-AmericansaddtotheaverageheightoftheHumanheightisconditionedbytheuprightAmericansarethetallestonaverageintheLargerbabiestend etallerinWelearnfromthelastparagraphthatinthenearthegarmentindustrywillreconsidertheuniformthedesignofmilitaryuniformswillremaingenetictestingwillbeemployedinselectingtheexistingdataofhumanheightwillstillbeThetextintends lus thechangeofhumanheightfollowsacyclichumanheight ingevenmoreAmericanshavereachedtheirgeneticgrowththegeneticpatternofAmericanshasItisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild,buttodayamancanboosthispaternal(fatherly)wisdom–oratleastconfirmthathe’sthekid’sdad.Allheneedstodoissour$30forpaternitytestingkit(PTK)athislocaldrugstore–andanother$120togettheMorethan60,000peoplehavepurchasedthePTKssincetheyfirst eavailablewithoutprescriptionslastyears,accordingtoDougFog,chiefoperatingofficerofIdentigene,whichmakestheover-the-counterkits.MorethantwodozencompaniessellDNAtestsDirectlytothepublic,ranginginpricefromafewhundreddollarstomorethan$2500.Amongthemostpopular:paternityandkinshiptesting,whichadoptedchildrencanusetofindtheirbiologicalrelativesandfamiliescanusetotrackdownkidsputupforadoption.DNAtestingisalsothelatestrageamanypassionategenealogists-andsupportsbusinessesthatoffertosearchforafamily’sgeographicroots.Mosttestsrequirecollectingcellsbywebbingsalivainthemouthandsendingittothefortesting.AlltestsrequireapotentialcandidatewithwhomtocompareDNA.Butsomeobserversareskeptical,“Thereisakindoffalseprecisionbeinghawkedbypeopleclaimingtheyarengancestrytesting,”saysTreyDuster,aNewYorkUniversitysociologist.Henotesthateachindividualhasmanyancestors-numberinginthehundredsjustafewcenturiesback.Yetmostancestrytestingonlyconsidersasinglelineage,eithertheYc