同济大学博士生英语综合考试阅读理解复习题

1

Drunken-drivingsometimescalledAmerica'ssociallyacceptedformofmurder--has

becomeanationalepidemic.EveryhourofeverydayaboutthreeAmericansonaverage

arekilledbydrunkendrivers,addinguptoanincredible250,000overthepast

decade.

Adrunkendriverisusuallydefinedasonewitha0.10bloodalcoholcontentorroughly

threebeers,glassesofwineorshotsofwhiskydrunkwithintwohours.Heavydrinking

usedtobeanacceptablepartoftheAmericanmachoimageandjudgeswerelenient

inmostcourts,butthedrunkenslaughterhasrecentlycausedsomanywell-publicized

tragedies,especiallyinvolvingyoungchildren,thatpublicopinionisnolonger

sotolerant.

Twentystateshaveraisedthelegaldrinkingageto21,reversingatrendinthe

1960storeduceitto18.AfterNewJerseylowereditto18,thenumberofpeople

killedby18-20-year-olddriversmorethandoubled,sothestaterecentlyuppedit

backto21.

Reformers,however,fearraisingthedrinkingagewillhavelittleeffectunless

accompaniedbyeducationalprogrammestohelpyoungpeopletodevelop''responsible

attitudes"aboutdrinkingandteachthemtoresistpeerpressuretodrink.

Toughnewlawshaveledtoincreasedarrestsandtestsandinmanyareasalready,

toamarkeddeclineinfatalities.Somestatesarealsopenalizingbarsforserving

customerstoomanydrinks.AtaverninMassachusettswasfinedforservingsixor

moredoublebrandiestoacustomerwhowas"obviouslyintoxicated/"andlaterdrove

offtheroad,killinganine-year-oldboy.

Asthefatalitiescontinuetooccurdailyineverystate,someAmericansareeven

beginningtospeakwellofthe13yearsnationalprohibitionofalcoholthatbegan

in1919,whichPresidentHoovercalledthe"nobleexperiment”.Theyforgetthatlegal

prohibitiondidn，tstopdrinking,butencouragedpoliticalcorruptionandorganized

crime.Aswiththeboomingdrugtradegenerally,thereisnoeasysolution.

1.DrunkendrivinghasbecomeamajorprobleminAmericabecause.

A)mostAmericansareheavydrinkers

B)Americansarenowlessshockedbyroadaccidents

C)accidentsattractsomuchpublicity

D)drinkingisasociallyacceptedhabitinAmerica

2.Whyhaspublicopinionregardingdrunkendrivingchanged?

JA)Detailedstatisticsarenowavailable.

□B)Thenewsmediahavehighlightedtheproblem.

C)Judgesaregivingmoreseveresentences.

D)Driversaremoreconsciousoftheirimage.

3.StatisticsissuedinNewJerseysuggestedthat

eA)manydriverswerenotoflegalage

eB)youngdriverswereoftenbaddrivers

cc)thelevelofdrinkingincreasedinthe1960s

eD)thelegaldrinkingageshouldberaised

4.Lawsrecentlyintroducedinsomestateshave.

JA)reducedthenumberofconvictions

JB)resultedinfewerseriousaccidents

JC)preventedbarsfromservingdrunkencustomers

JD)specifiedtheamountdriverscandrink

5.Whyistheproblemofdrinkinganddrivingdifficulttosolve?

JA)Alcoholiseasilyobtained.

JB)Drinkingislinkedtoorganizedcrime.

JC)Legalprohibitionhasalreadyfailed.

JD)Legislationaloneisnotsufficient.

DBDBD

2

LosAngeles-BillJoyisnotaLuddite.Heisnotafraidofnewtechnology.Asfounder

andchiefscientistoftheSiliconValleyCompany,hehasbeenonthevanguardof

thehightechrevolutionfor20years.ButrecentlyJoytookaglimpseintothefuture

anditscaredhimtodeath.Whathesawwasaworldinwhichhumanshavebeen

effectivelysupplantedbymachines;aworldinwhichsuperpowerfulcomputerswith

atleastsomeattributesofhumanintelligencemanagetoreplicatethemselvesand

developtheirownautonomyandpeoplebecomesuperfluousandriskbecomingextinct.

〃Itmightbearguedthatthehumanracewouldneverbefoolishenoughtohandover

allthepowertothemachines.Butwhatwedosuggestisthatthehumanracemight

easilypermititselftodriftintoapositionofsuchdependenceonthemachines

thatitwouldhavenopracticalchoicebutacceptallofthemachines，decisions.

Associetyandtheproblemsthatfaceitbecomemoreandmorecomplexandmachines

becomemoreandmoreintelligent,peoplewillletmachinesmakemoreoftheir

decisionsforthem.Eventuallyastagemaybereachedatwhichthedecisions

necessarytokeepthesystemrunningwillbesocomplexthathumanwillbeincapable

ofmakingthemintelligently.Atthatstagethemachineswillbeineffectivecontrol.

Peoplewon'tbeabletojustturnthemachinesoff,becausetheywillbesodependent

onthemthatturningthemwouldamounttosuicide.〃

Previously,Joyhaddismissedsuchscenariosassci-fifantasy,butthenhelistened

tofriendswhowereexpertsinroboticsandrealizedthatthisbravenewworldwas

muchcloserthananyofusmightimagine--ascloseas30yearsaway.Thefurther

thatJoydugintothecuttingedgeofresearchinthenewtechnologies一robotics,

geneticengineeringandNantechnology--themorehorrifiedhebecame.Notonly

didheseescenariosinwhichrobotswouldliketotakeonalifeoftheirownand

exterminatethehumanrace,butalsohebegantoseewaysinwhichotherstaples

ofsci-fihorrormightcometopass.Specifically,robots,engineeredorganism,and

Nanbotsshareadangerousamplifyingfactor:theycanself-replicate.Abombis

blownonlyonce-butonerobotcanbecomemany,andquicklygetoutofcontrol.

〃Ithinkitisnoexaggerationtosayweareonthecuspofthefurtherperfection

ofextremeevil,anevilwhosepossibilityspreadswellbeyondthatwhichweapons

ofmassdestructionbequeathedtothenation-states,ontoasurprisingandterrible

empowermentofextremeindividuals.Wearebeingpropelledintothisnewcentury

withnoplan,nocontrol,nobrakes.〃Joyconcludes."Havewealreadygonetoofar

downthepathtoaltercourse?Idon'tbelieveso,butwearen'ttryingyet,and

thelastchancetoassertcontrol--thefail-safepoint-israpidlyapproaching.

1.Accordingtothepassage,theword"Luddite”(inparagraph1,line1)means?

JA)thenameofaplacewherescienceisunderdeveloped.

JB)thenameofacountry.

JC)thenameofanorganizationwhichaimstoadvocatedevelopingthenew

technology.

JD)thenameofapartywhichprotestatdevelopingscience.

2.Fromthepassage,weknowthatitisthatscaredBillJoytodeath?

A)robotshavebeenpracticallyrunningtheworld.

B)humansareactuallyatthemercyofthemachines.

JC)humansarefacingafatalsituationthatthemachinesareoutofcontrol

graduallyandthemachineswilloverwhelmthewholeworld.

JD)humanswillbeexiledfromtheearthbythemachinesandtheyhavetoexplore

anotherfixedstar.

3.Whatdoesthesentencedon，tbelieveso,butwearen，ttryingyet…〃(inthe

lastparagraph,line5)indicate?

JA)Itishightimeforustogiveanendtothenewtechnologies.

JB)WeshouldceasetoexploretheperilousNantechnology.

JC)Humanshavetodevotethemselvestosavethewholeworldbycontainingand

wreckingthemachines.

JD)Itisrighttimeforhumanstodominatethehighdevelopingtechnology

effectivelyandhandleitskillfully.

4.BillJoyrealizedthesituationthat.

JA)thedaywhentheworldcontrolledbythemachinesisjustroundthecorner

JB)thehumanworldisontheedgeofanexceedingdanger

JC)themachinesinthefuturewillbeasperilousasthemassdestruction

□D)humansarenowontheirwit'send

5.Whichofthefollowingcanbestdescribetheauthor'sattitudetowardsthefuture

relationshipbetweenhumansandmachines?

CA)

Optimistic.

uB)Pessimistic.

eoConfident.

cD)Indifferent.

DCDBB

3

Thestudyofphilosophiesshouldmakeourownideasflexible.Weareallofusapt

totakecertaingeneralideasforgranted,andcallthemcommonsense.Weshould

learnthatotherpeoplehaveheldquitedifferentideas,andthatourownhavestarted

asveryoriginalguessesofphilosophers.

Ascientistisapttothinkthatalltheproblemsofphilosophywillultimatelybe

solvedbyscience.Ithinkthisistrueforagreatmanyofthequestionsonwhich

philosophersstillargue.Forexample,Platothoughtthatwhenwesawsomething,

onerayoflightcametoitfromthesun,andanotherfromoureyesandthatseeing

wassomethinglikefeelingwithastick.Wenowknowthatthelightcomesfromthe

sun,andisreflectedintooureyes.Wedon，tknowinmuchdetailhowthechanges

inoureyesgiverisetosensation.Butthereiseveryreasontothinkthataswe

learnmoreaboutthephysiologyofthebrain,weshalldoso,andthatthegreat

philosophicalproblemsaboutknowledgearegoingtobeprettyfullyclearedup.

Butifourdescendantsknowtheanswerstothesequestionsandothersthatperplex

ustoday,therewillstillbeonefieldofwhichtheydonotknow,namelythefuture.

Howeverexactourscience,wecannotknowitasweknowthepast.Philosophymay­

bedescribedasargumentaboutthingsofwhichweareignorant.Andwherescience

givesusahopeofknowledgeitisoftenreasonabletosuspendjudgment.Thatis

onereasonwhyMarxandEngelsquiterightlywrotetomanyphilosophicalproblems

thatinterestedtheircontemporaries.

Butwehavegottoprepareforthefuture,andwecannotdosorationallywithout

somephilosophy.Somepeoplesaywehaveonlygottodothedutiesrevealedinthe

pastandlaiddownbyreligion,andgodwilllookafterthefuture.Othersaythat

theworldisamachineandthecourseoffutureeventsiscertain,whateverefforts

wemaymake,Marxistssaythatthefuturedependsonourselves,eventhoughweare

partofthehistoricalprocess.Thisphilosophicalviewcertainlydoesinspire

peopletoverygreatachiements.Whetheritistrueornot,itispowerfulguide

toaction.

Weneedaphilosophy,then,tohelpustotacklethefuture.Agnosticismeasily

becomesanexcuseforlazinessandconservation.WhetherweadoptMarxismorany

otherphilosophy,wecannotunderstanditwithoutknowingsomethingofhowit

developed.ThatiswhyknowledgeofthehistoryofphilosophyisimportanttoMarxism,

evenduringthepresentcriticaldays.

1.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?

JA)Themainideaofthispassageistheargumentwhetherphilosophywill

ultimatelybesolvedbyscienceornot.

JB)Theimportanceoflearningphilosophies,especiallythehistoryofphilosophy.

C)Thedifferencebetweenphilosophyandscience.

D)Adiscussabouthowtosetaproperattitudetowardsfuture.

2.TheexampleofwhatPlatothoughtinthepassageshowsthat.

JA)thedevelopmentofsciencereallycansolveagreatmanyoftheproblemson

whichphilosophersstillargue

JB)PlatoknewnothingaboutPhysics

JC)thescientistshaveachievedalotintermsoflighttheory

JD)differentpeoplehavedifferentwaysofperception

3.Whatfieldcanourdescendantsknow?

JA)Theoriginofhumanbeings.

□B)Somequestionsthatperplexustoday.

JC)ManyphilosophicalproblemswhichMarxandEngelswroteratherlittle.

CD)Thefuture.

4.Howmanykindsofideasarethereaboutthefuture?

CA)Two.

CB)Three.

CC)Four.

CD)Five.

5.Whatarethefunctionsofstudyingphilosophiesmentionedinthepassage?

JA)Thestudyofphilosophieswouldmakeourownideasflexible.

JB)Thestudyofphilosophieswouldhelpprepareusforthefutureandguideour

actions.

JC)Thestudyofphilosophieswouldenableustounderstandhowthingsdevelop

astobettertacklethefuture.

D)Alloftheabove.

BADBD

4

ThementalhealthmovementintheUnitedStatesbeganwithaperiodofconsiderable

enlightenment.DorotheaDixwasshockedtofindthementallyillinjailsand

almshousesandcrusadedfortheestablishmentofasylumsinwhichpeoplecould

receivehumanecareinhospital-likeenvironmentsandtreatmentwhichmighthelp

restorethemtosanity.Bythemid1800s,20stateshadestablishedasylums,but

duringthelate1800sandearly1900s,inthefaceofeconomicdepression,

legislatureswereunabletoappropriatesufficientfundsfordecentcare.Asylums

becameovercrowdedandprisonlike.Additionally,patientsweremoreresistantto

treatmentthanthepioneersinthementalhealthfieldhadanticipated,andsecurity

andrestraintwereneededtoprotectpatientsandothers.Mentalinstitutionsbecame

frighteninganddepressingplacesinwhichtherightsofpatientswereallbut

forgotten.

TheseconditionscontinueduntilafterWorldWarII.Atthattime,newtreatments

werediscoveredforsomemajormentalillnessestheretoforeconsidereduntreatable

(pencillinforsyphilisofthebrainandinsulintreatmentforschizophreniaand

depressions),andasuccessionofbooks,motionpictures,andnewspaperexposes

calledattentiontotheplightofthementallyill.ImprovementsweremadeandDr.

DavidVaiTsHumanePracticesProgramisabeaconfortoday.Butchangeswereslow

incominguntiltheearly1960s.Atthattime,theCivilRightsmovementledlawyers

toinvestigateAmericasprisons,whichweredisproportionate1ypopulatedbyblacks,

andtheyinturnfollowedprisonersintotheonlyinstitutionsthatwereworsethan

theprisons-thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane.Theprisonswerefilledwith

angryyoungmenwho,encouragedbylegalsupport,werequicktodemandtheirrights.

Thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane,bycontrast,werepopulatedwithpeople

whowereconsidered"crazy"andwhowereoftenkeptobedientlyintheirplacethrough

theuseofseverebodilyrestraintsandlargedosesofmajortranquilizers.Theyoung

cadreofpublicinterestlawyerslikedtheirroleinthementalhospitals.The

lawyersfoundapopulationthatwasbothpassiveandeasytochampion.Thesewere,

afterall,peoplewho,uniikecriminals,haddonenothingwrong.Andinmanystates,

theywerebeingkeptinhorrendousinstitutions,aninjustice,whichonceexposed,

wasboundtoshockthepublicand,particularly,thejudicialconscience.Patients'

rightsgroupssuccessfullyencouragedreformbylobbyinginstatelegislatures.

Judicialinterventionshavehadsomedefinitepositiveeffect,butthereisgrowing

awarenessthatcourtscannotprovidethestandardsandthereviewmechanismsthat

assuregoodpatientcare.Thedetailsofprovidingday-to-daycaresimplycannot

bemandatedbyacourt,soitistimetotakefromthecourtstheresponsibility

fordeliveryofmentalhealthcareandassuranceofpatientrightsandreturnit

tothestatementalhealthadministratorstowhomthemandatewasoriginallygiven.

Thoughitisadifficulttask,administratorsmustundertaketowriterulesand

standardsandtoprovidethetrainingandsurveillancetoassurethattreatmentis

givenandpatientrightsarerespected.

1.Themainpurposeofthepassageisto.

JA)provideanhistoricalperspectiveonproblemsofmentalhealthcare

JB)increasepublicawarenessoftheplightofthementallyill

JC)shockthereaderwithvividdescriptionsofasylums

JD)describetheinventionofnewtreatmentsformentalillness

2.Theauthor，sattitudetowardpeoplewhoarepatientsinstateinstitutionscan

bestbedescribedas.

JA)inflexibleandinsensitive

JB)detachedandneutral

JC)understandingandsympathetic

JD)enthusiasticandsupportive

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat,hadtheCivilRightsmovementnor

promptedaninvestigationofprisonconditions.

JA)stateswouldneverhaveestablishedasylumsforthementallyill

JB)newtreatmentsformajormentalillnesswouldhavelikelyremaineduntested

JC)theCivilRightsmovementinAmericawouldhavebeenpoliticallyineffective

JD)conditionsinmentalhospitalsmighthaveescapedjudicialscrutiny

4.Thetoneofthefinalparagraphcanbestbedescribedas

eA)overlyemotional

CB)cleverlydeceptive

匕0cautiouslyoptimistic

D)fiercelyindependent

5.Accordingtothepassage,mentalhospitalconditionswereradicallychanged

becauseof.

JA)asgroupsofyoungangrymeninthe1900s

JB)activeyounglawyersinthe1960s

JC)innocentinsanepatients'protest

JD)powerfulcourtinterventions

ACDCB

5

Whatwillitmeantoknowthecompletehumangenome.EricLanderofMIT'sWhitehead

Institutecomparesittothediscoveryoftheperiodictableoftheelementsinthe

last1800s."Genomicsisnowprovidingbiology，speriodictable."saysLander.

^Scientistswillknowthateveryphenomenonmustbeexplainableintermsofthis

meanslylist"whichwillinonasingleCD-ROM.Alreadyresearchersareextracting

DNAfrompatients,attachingfluorescentmoleculesandsprinklingthesampleona

glasschipwhosesurfaceisspeckledwith10,000knowngenes.Alaserreadsthe

fluorescence,whichindicateswhichoftheknowngenesonthechipareinthemystery

samplefromthepatient.Inonlythelastfewmonthssuch"gene-expression

monitoring“hasdiagnosedamuscletumorinaboythoughttohaveleukemia,and

distinguishedbetweentwokindsofcancerthatrequireverydifferentchemotherapy.

Butdecodingthebookoflifeposesdauntingmoraldilemmas.Withknowledgeofour

geneticcodewillcomethepowertore-engineerthehumanspecies.Biologistswill

beabletousethegenomeasapartslistmuchascustomersscouralistofchina

toreplacebrokenplatesandmaywellletprospectiveparentschoosetheirunborn

child，straits.Scientistshavesolidleadsongenesfordifferenttemperaments,

bodybuilds,staturesandcognitiveabilities.Andifanyonestillbelievesthat

parentswillrecoilatprayingGod,andleavetheirbaby'sfateinthehandsofnature

recallthatcoupleshavealreadycreatedafrenziedmarketineggsfromIvyLeague

women.

Beyondtheprofoundethicalissuesarepracticalconcerns.Theeasieritistochange

ourselvesandourchildren,thelesssocietymaytoleratethosewhodonot;warns

LoriAndrewsofKentCollegeofLaw.Ifgenetictestsinuteruspredictmental

dullness,obesity,shortstatureorotherundesirabletraitsofthemomentwill

societydisparagechiIdrenwhoseparentsletthembebornwiththosetraits?Already,

Andrewsfinds,somenursesanddoctorsblameparentsforbringingintotheworld

achildwhosebirthdefectwasdiagnosablebeforedelivery;howlongwillitbebefore

thesamecondemnationappliestocosmeticimperfections?Anevengreaterconcern

isthatwellintentionedchoicesbymillionsofindividualparents-to-becouldadd

uptounforeseenconsequencesforallofhumankind.Itjustsohappensthatsome

diseasegenesalsoconferresistancetodisease:carryingageneforsicklecell

amenia,forinstance,bringsresistancetomalaria.Arewesmartenough,andwise

enough,toknowhowknockingout〃bad〃geneswillaffectourevolutionasaspecies?

1.Themainsimilaritybetweenthebiology，speriodictableandtheperiodictable

oftheelementsis.

JA)theyarebothlists

B)theycanbeusedtoexplaineveryphenomenonintheirownfields

C)theycanbeusedtodiagnosediseases

D)theyarebothusedtocurediseases

2.Inthesecondparagraph,〃thebookoflife"refersto.

A)abookwrittenbyaprophet

B)abookwrittenbyabiologist

C)theperiodictableoftheelements

D)thehumangenome

3.WecaninferthatsomecouplesareeagertogeteggsfromIvyLeaguewomenbecause

A)theycan*tgivebirthtochildren

B)theywanttohaveagood-lookingchild

C)theywanttohaveacleverchild

D)curiositydrivesthemtodothat

4.Itcanbelearnedfromthepassagethat.

CA)/'gene-expressionmonitoring7/ishelpfulincuringdiseases

CB)allofthediseasegenesareharmfultohumanbeings

Cc)shortpeoplemayalsobelookeddownuponinfuture

D)scientistsareencouragedtodoresearchonhumangenome

5.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsknowingthecompletehumangenomecanbedescribed

as.

JA)critical

JB)objective

°C)positive

°D)indifferent

BDCCB

6

WesternnationsinitiallyignoredRussia,sruthlessmilitarycampaigninChechnya

togainMoscow'ssupportforthewaronterrorism.Now,asreportsofhumanrights

abusesintheregionstreamin,EuropeandAmericaarelosingpatience.

RecentAmnestyInternationalreportsdescribeingruesomedetailtheRussian

military'sroleintherapeandtraffickingofChechenwomen.A2001U.S.State

DepartmentreportontraffickinginpersonsdescribedRussiaas"asourcecountry

forwomentraffickedforprostitution.Manyofthosewomencomefromwar-torn

Chechnya.TherearealsoreportsofRussiansoldiersusingChechenciviliansashuman

shieldstostormhideoutsofChechenmilitias.Thesedreadfulwarcrimesspeak

volumestothemoralbankruptcyoftheRussianmilitaryestablishment,andcontinue

tofueltheChechenyearningforindependence.

ShortlyafterSept.11,PresidentPutinmayhaveconvincedtheWesttolooktheother

way.Butthetideisbeginningtoturn.AtaJanuarymeetingoftheParliamentary

AssemblyoftheCouncilofEurope(PACE)inStrasbourg,Germany,aspecialsession

wasincludedtoaddressthecrisisinChechnya,muchtothechagrinoftheRussian

delegation.RussiandelegatesmockedChechenrepresentativeAhmedZakaevv,calling

himarepresentativeofOsamabinLaden.Duringthesameperiod,ameetingtookplace

betweenChechendiplomatIIyasAhmadovandrepresentativesoftheU.S.State

Department.Thesehigh-profilemeetingsbetweendelegatesoftheChechenresistance

leadershipandWesternleadersseemtosignaltheendofshort-livedWesternsilence.

TheRussiangovernment，sdiplomaticfailuretowinlegitimacyforitswarinChechnya

andtoequateitwiththewarinAfghanistanwasalsomatchedbyaseriesofmilitary

blunderscommittedbyitsforcesontheground.Recently,theRussianmilitary

announcedtheconclusionofasweepingcrackdownon"terrorists”,andclaimedto

havekilledover90Chechenrevels.Shortlyaftertheannouncement,TheIndependent,

aLondon-basedpaper,accusedtheRussiangovernmentoffabricatingthenewsofthe

militarycrackdowntocoverupthedeathsof15Russiansoldierskilledbyfriendly

fire.Soonafter,14seniorRussianofficials,includingadeputyinteriorminister,

werekilledwhentheirmilitaryhelicoptercrashedduringaflightoverChechnya.

ThedeathtollincludedGeneralMikhailRudhenko,whoisinchargeofsecurityin

southernRussia.

ItmayseemasiftheplightoftheChechenpeoplehasnoendinsight.Buttheir

determinationtobefreeisunmistakable.Russia'satrocitiesinChechnyagoback

tothe19thcentury,whenthediminutivebutoil-richregionwasannexedtothe

CzaristEmpireafterabloodycampaignofcolonization.Sincethen,theChechens

haveenduredmassdeportationsandmassacres,andhavestaredgenocideintheface.

1.EuropeandAmericadidn'tblameRussiaforitsdeedsinChechnyamainlybecause

JA)RussiadidnothingwronginChechnyabefore

JB)theywantedtogainRussia，ssupportforthewaronterrorism

°C)theydidn'twanttointerveneintoothercountries，affairs

JD)theywerenotblamedbyadvocatesofhumanrights

2.Theunderlinedword“fabricating”(Paragraph4)mostprobablymean.

JA)concealing

JB)reporting

JC)inventing

口D)postponing

3.Whichofthefollowingisincorrectaccordingtothepassage?

CA)PresidentPutinhasn,tconvincedthewesttobelievethatitswaronChechnya

isproper.

JB)Inthewesternnation，sopinion,thewarinChechnyaissimilartothatin

Afghanistan.

□C)Chechnyadidn'tbelongtoRussiatwocenturiesago.

JD)TheChechenshavesufferedalotundertheruleofRussia.

4.Wecaninferthat.

A)WesternnationswillblameRussiaforitsruthlessnessinChechnya

B)RussiawillstopmilitarycrackdowninChechnya

C)Chechnyawillbeliberatedafewyearslater

JD)Chechnyamaybecomeanallyofwesternstatesinfuture

5.Theauthor'sattitudestowardstheChechensis.

°A)neutral

CB)indifferent

JC)sympathetic

0D)critical

7

BankofAmerica,holdingcompanyfortheSanFrancisco-basedBankofAmerica,

wasonceunchallengedasthenation，sbiggestbankingorganization.Atitspeak,

ithadmorebranchesinCalifornia一一1,100一一thantheU.S.PostalService.Itwas

alsoahighlyprofitableenterprise.Butsince1980,BankofAmerica，searningshave

beendownorflat.FromMarch1985toMarch1986,forexample,earningspershare

dropped50.8percent.SamuelH.Armacost,presidentandCEO,hasconfessedthathe

doesn，texpectaturnaroundsoon.

SomeofBankofAmerica,soldmagicseemstohaverubbedoffonNewYork，sCitibank,

perennialrivalfortopbankinghonors.Thankstoaggressivegrowthpolicies,

Citicorp'sassetstoppedBankofAmerica'sforthefirsttimein1983-andbya

healthymargin.Citibankhasalsobeengeneratingprofitsatafastclip,enabling

ittospendlavishlyoncampaignstoenternewmarkets-notablyBankofAmerica*s

turfinCalifornia.

ThebadtimesBankofAmericaiscurrentlyfacingarepartlytheresultofthegood

timesthebankenjoyedearlier.Basedinalargeandpopulousstateandoperating

inaregulatedenvironment,BankofAmericathrived.Beforederegul