历年湖北省华中科技大学英语考博真题

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历年湖北省华中科技大学英语考博真题

以下是无忧考网为大家整理的《历年湖北省华中科技大学英语考博真题》的文章，供大家参考阅读！华中科技大学2023年招收博士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：英语适合专业：各专业PartICloze(0.5x20=10%)Directions:Inthispartyouareaskedtochoosethebestwordforeachblankinthepassage.Writeyouranswersontheanswersheet.WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgame?Whathappenedatthe.UnitedNations?Howdidthecriticslikethenewplay?1eneventtakesplace,newspapersareonthestreet2thedetails.3anythinghappensintheworld,reportersareonthespottogatherthenews.Newspapershaveonebasic4,togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssource,fromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it.Radio,telegraph,television,and6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspapers.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7,thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspapersto10outintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreadersinformedofthelatestnews,today'snewspapersentertainandinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandserious11Newspapersinfluencereaders'economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingfortheirvery13Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsnewspaper'svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper?Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper'spages.Butforthemostpart,circulationdependsonanewspaper'svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunity,city,county,state,nationandworld……andevenouterspace.1.A.JustwhenB.WhileC.SoonafterD,Before2.A.togiveB.givingC.givenD.beinggiven3.A.WhereverB.WhateverC.HoweverD.Whichever4.A.reasonB.causeC.problemD.purpose5.A.makeB.publishC.knowD.write6.A.anotherB.otherC.oneanotherD.theother7.A.HoweverB.AndC.ThereforeD.So8.A.valueB.ratioC.rateD.speed9.A.spreadB.passedC.printedD.completed10.A.provokeB.jumpC.stepD.branch11.A.mattersB.affairsC.thingsD.events12.A.onB.throughC.withD.of13.A.formsB.existenceC.contentsD.purpose14.A.triestocoverB.managestocoverC.failstocoverD.succeedsin15.A.sourceB.originC.courseD.finance16.A.wayB.meansC.chanceD.success17.A.measuresB.measuredC.ismeasuredD.wasmeasured18.A.somewhatB.littleC.muchD.something19.A.offeringB.offeredC.whichofferedD.tobeoffered20.A.byB.withC.atD.aboutPartIIReadingcomprehension(20x2=40%)Directions:Therearefourpassagesinthispart.Aftereachpassage,therearefivequestions.Youaretochoosethebestanswerforeachquestion.Writeyouranswersontheanswersheet.PassageOneEarlyinthesixteenthcentury,FrancisBaconproposedthatscienceconsistedintheelevationoftheauthorityofexperimentandobservationoverthatofreason,intuition,andconvention.Baconthoughtthatasmoreandmorereliableandpreciseparticularfacts,accumulate,theycanbeclassifiedandgeneralized,resultinginanever-expandinghierarchyofuseful“axioms”.Thisiswhathemeantby"induction".Althoughmanypeopletodaycontinuetoregardthecollectionoffactsandtheirarrangementbyinductionintotheoriesastheheartofscientificmethod,Bacon'sconceptionofwhatfactsandtheoriesareandoftherelationshipbetweenthemwashopelesslyunrealisticeveninhisowntime.Themostimportantearlyscientificdiscoveries……suchasthosemadebyGalileoaboutthemovementoftheearth,byKepplerabouttheellipticalshapeofplanetaryorbits,andlaterbyNewtonaboutthe"force"ofgravity……couldneverhavebeenmadeifBacon'sruleshadprevailed.Determinedtoavoidallprematurespeculations,Baconproposedthatdatagatheringbecarriedoutbyilliterateassistantswithnointerestinwhetheranexperimentturnedoutonewayoranother.Plainfacts,properlyarranged,wouldautomaticallyleadtocertainknowledgeoftheuniverse.Nothingcouldbemoremisrepresentativeoftheactualproblem-solvingtechniquesofthescientificmethod.ThatplainfactsdonotspeakforthemselvesisevidentfromBacon'sownacceptanceoftheerrorscontainedinwhatappearedtobethemost"obvious"offacts.ForBacon,thattheearthdidnotmovewasafactbecauseitcouldbeseennottomove;andforBaconitwasa-factthatlifewasbeingspontaneouslygeneratedbecausemaggotsalwaysdevelopedinputridfleshandfrogsappearedaftereveryrain.WhatisclearisthatthegreatbreakthroughsofNewton,Darwin,orMarxcouldneverhavebeenachievedsolelyonthebasisofBaconianfactgathering.Factsarealwaysunreliablewithouttheorieswhichguidetheircollectionandwhichdistinguishbetweensuperficialandsignificantappearances.21.AccordingtoBacon,facts。A.aredeterminedbyobservationsB.canonlybeunderstoodthroughlogicalreasoningC.haveahierarchyD.aregatheredbyilliterateassistants22.Datacollectionshouldbeperformedbyilliterateassistants,。A.accordingtoBacon,asitledtospeculationB.accordingtoBacon,topreventtheoriesfrombeingformulatedoninsufficientdataC.wasanotionBaconstronglyopposedD.wasanotionrejectedonthegroundsthatit!edtoprematurespeculations23.AccordingtoBacon,knowledgecanbeobtained。A.bysubjectingtheoriestorigorouslogicalanalysisB.notthroughpoliticalorreligiousdogmasbutthroughreasonC.byobservationaloneD.throughtheinductivemethod24.Spontaneousgenerationoflife。A.wasaknownfactinBacon'stimeB.isverifiedbymaggotsinputridfleshC.ismoreapparentthanrealD.isaspeculationwhichhasnobasisinobservationPassageTwoThoughonemayquestionthedegreetowhichtheCivilWarrepresentsamilestoneinwomen'spursuitofsocial,economic,andpoliticalequality,Leonard'srecentstudyhasexcelledthatofherpredecessorGinzbergindebunkingpersistentmythsaboutwomen'sprimaryrelationtothewarasweepingwidows,self-sacrificingwives,patrioticfianc6es,andloyaldaughters.Leonardasksifthewartimeworkofnorthernwomeninfluencedpopularperceptionsofwomen'sabilities,andifhomefrontproductionwereseenascontributingtothereadinessofsoldiers.Findingintheaffirmative,shearguesthathomefrontactivitiesgeneratedrespectforwomen'sorganizationaltalentsandopenedupnewworkopportunitiesforwomen,whileparticipationreinforcedtheirself-relianceandself-esteem.Incontrasttoherpredecessors,whosawthewarastransformingtheideologyofbenevolence,Leonardfindsthatworfien'swarworkdrewheavilyupontheantebellumideologyofwomen'snatureandsphere.Itwasoncebelievedthatwartimebenevolenceheightenedchangesemerginginthe1850sbyreplacingtheantebellumideologyofgenderdifferenceandfemalemoralsuperioritywithanew_ideologyofgendersimilarityandamoremasculineethosofdisciplineandefficiency.Leonardassertsinsteadthatwhite,middle-class,Yankee,charitablewomenappropriatedtheantebellummoraldefinitionofwomanhoodand,inparticular,woman'suniquemoralresponsibilityformaintainingcommunityandhernaturalselflessnessandcaretakingabilities,toexpandtheboundariesofwoman'sproperplace.Withdeterminationandcourage,womenbroughtforthpositivechangesinpopularcharacterizationsofmiddle-classwomanhoodthatopenednewdoorsforwomenintheprofessionsandinpubliclife.AweakpointofLeonard'stheoryisherassessmentofthethemesofpostwarhistoriesofwomen'swartimeservice.Leonardviewstheseworksasextollingwomen'sself-sacrificeand,Iabilitytocooperatemenwhiledownplayingwomen'sdemandsforstatusandpayandignoringthescopeofwomen'sadministrativegenius.Butothertheorists,mostnotablyGinzberg,havearguedthatthesesameworksmayalsobeviewedaspraisingtheefficiencyofthenewcentralizedandnationalcharitableorganizations,women'swage-earningcapacity,andtheirsubordinationoffemininefeelingandenthusiasmtobusiness-likeandwar-likeroutinizationandorder.Twosetsofvalues……oldernotionsofbenevolenceandnewdemandsofpublicservice……wereatwarintheNorth,awarthatcanbeplottedthroughtensionsaboutpayingwages,centralizingcorporatefunctionsofbenevolence,relatingbenevolencetogovernment,andusingfundsforadministrative……asopposedtostrictlycharitable……purposes.Itmaywellbethatwartimemasculinizationoftheideologyofbenevolencepushedwomenfurtherfromboththesymbolicandtherealcentersofpowerforsocialchangeandhastenedinsteadaclass-basedallianceforsocialwelfare.ButwecanagreewithLeonardthatthewarforcedmentoyieldground,sharingandsometimesevensurrenderingterritory,power,andstatusinthepublicrealm.25.Whichofthefollowingisthemostappropriatetitleforthepassage?A.TheInfluenceofElizabethLeonardonHistoriansofFeminismintheCivilWarB.Leonard'sExplanationofHowtheCivilWarImprovedthePlightofWomenC.FeminismintheCivilWar:NewControversyAboutanOldSubjectD.TheHeritageofBenevolence:TheCivilWar'sContributiontoWomen'sCharitableOrganizations26.Accordingtothepassage,Leonardassertsthatwomen'sactivitiesduringtheCivilWarhadallofthefollowingpositiveeffectsEXCEPTA.Theywerepraisedasaidingthewarcause.B.Theyimprovedwomen'seconomicsituation.C.Theywereconsideredproofofwomen'sabilitiestoorganizethemselves.D.Theycreatednewoccupationalopportunitiesforwomen.27.Itcanbeinferred,fromthepassagethatLeonardwouldagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsregardingthestatusofwomenduringtheCivilWar?I.Antebellumvalueswereexpanded,notreplaced,inordertodevelopnewdefinitionsofwomanhood.Il.Historianshavepaidinsufficientattentiontodemandsforhigherstatuswomenmadeduringthewar.III.Onthewhole,thewarwasdetrimentaltotheperceptionofwomen.A.IonlyB.IIonlyC.IandIIonlyD.I,II,andIII28.ItcanbeinferredthatLeonardwouldmostlikelyconsiderwhichofthefollowinghypotheticalcasesofCivilWarwomentheLEASTsupportiveofherthesis?A.Awidowwhopatrioticallyrefusedtoremarry,evenafterhersoldierhusbandwaskilledinbattleB.AwomanwhoshiftedfromworkingasaseamstresstorunninganarmyuniformfactoryC.AwomanwhodressedasaSouthernsoldierinordertocrossenemylinesasaspyD.Awomanwhoestablishedacharityinordertocollectmoneyforprosthesesforwaramputees29.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthepassage?A.Theauthorcomparesandcontraststheworkofseveralhistoriansandthendiscussesareasforpossiblenewresearch.B.Theauthorpresentshisthesis,drawsontheworkofseveralhistoriansforevidencetosupporthisthesis,andconcludesbyreiteratinghisthesis.C.Theauthordescribessomefeaturesofahistoricalstudyandthenusesthosefeaturestoputforthhisownargument.D.Theauthorpresentsthegeneralargumentofahistoricalstudy,describesthestudyinmoredetail,andconcludeswithabriefjudgmentofthestudy'svalue30.WithwhichofthefollowingcriticismsofLeonard'stheorywouldtheauthorofthepassagebemostlikelytoagree?A.Itlaystoomuchimportanceupontheantebellumideologyofwomen'snatureandsphere.B.Itfailstoacknowledgethatmasculinizationofwar-timeeffortsmayhavebeendetrimentaltothefeministcause.C.Ittendstooveremphasizetheroleofwomeninshiftingtheirstatusoverthecourseofthewar.D.Itbasesitsthesistooexclusivelyonwhite,Yankee,middle-classwomen,ignoringeveryothersocialandracialclass.PassageThreeOurnexttaskistoconsiderthepoliciesandprinciplesaruleroughttofollowindealingwithhissubjectsorwithhisfriends.SinceIknowmanypeoplehavewrittenonthissubject,IamconcerneditmaybethoughtpresumptuousformetowriteonIaswell,especiallysincewhatIhavetosay,asregardsthisquestioninparticular,willdiffergreatlyfromtherecommendationsofothers.Butmyhopeistowriteabookthatwillbeuseful,atleasttothosewhoreaditintelligently,andsoIthoughtitsensibletogostraighttoadiscussionofhowthingsareinreallifeandnotwastetimewithdiscussionofanimaginaryworld.Formanyauthorshaveconstructedimaginaryrepublicsandprincipalitiesthathaveneverexistedinpracticeandnevercould;forthegapbetweenhowpeopleactuallybehaveandhowtheyoughttobehaveissogreatthatanyonewhoignoreseverydayrealityinordertoliveuptoanidealwillsoondiscoverhehasbeentaughthowtodestroyhimself,nothowtopreservehimself.Foranyonewhowantstoactthepartofagoodmaninallcircumstanceswillbringabouthisownruin,forthosehehastodealwithwillnotallbegood.Soitisnecessaryforaruler,ifhewantstoholdontopower,tolearnhownottobegood,andtoknowwhenitisandwhenitisnotnecessarytousethisknowledge.Letusleavetooneside,then,alldiscussionofimaginaryrulersandtalkaboutpracticalrealities.Imaintainthatallmen,whenpeopletalkaboutthem,andespeciallyrulers,becausetheyholdpositionsofauthority,aredescribedintermsofqualitiesthatareinextricablylinkedtocensureortopraise.Soonemanisdescribedasgenerous,anotherasamiser;oneiscalledopen-handed,anothertight-fisted;onemaniscruel,anothergentle;oneuntrustworthy,anotherself-important;onepromiscuous,anothermonogamous;onestraightforward,anotherduplicitous;onetough,anothereasy-going;oneserious,anothercheerful;onereligious,anotheratheistical;andsoon.NowIknoweveryonewillagreethatifarulercouldhaveallthegoodqualitiesIhavelistedandnoneofthebadones,thenthiswouldbeanexcellentstateofaffairs.Butonecannothaveallthegoodqualities,noralwaysactinapraiseworthyfashion,forwedonotliveinanidealworld.Youhavetobecannyenoughtoavoidbeingthoughttohavethoseevilqualitiesthatwouldmakeitimpossibleforyoutoretainpower;asforthosethatarecompatiblewithholdingontopower,youshouldavoidthemifyoucan;butifyoucannot,thenyoushouldnotworrytoomuchifpeoplesayyouhavethem.Aboveall,donotbeupsetifyouaresupposedtohavethosevicesarulerneedsifheisgoingtostaysecurelyinpower,for,ifyouthinkaboutit,youwillrealizetherearesomewaysofbehavingthataresupposedtobevirtuous,butwouldleadtoyourdownfall,andothersthataresupposedtobewicked,butwillleadtoyourwelfareandpeaceofmind.31.Theword"presumptuous"inthefirstparagraphprobablymeans__A.showingdishonestyB.showingrebellionC.showingsubmissionD.showingdisrespect32.Ifarulerfollowsotherauthors'suggestion,hemight__A.tryhisbesttobeagoodeggallthetimeB.understandtheimportantofanauthoritativestatementC.trytogaingreatfameandhighprestigeD.knowwhentobekindandwhentobecruel33.Inthebook,theauthor'sdiscussionmostlikelyfocuseson__A.presentingarealworldtohisreadersB.describinganidealsocietytohisreadersC.explaininghowtoconstructaperfectsystemD.illustratingwhatawiserulershoulddo34.Ifarulerwantstosecurethepowerinhisownhands,heneeds__A.wickedcrueltyB.immoralqualitiesC.cunningsubjectsD.disreputablerivals35.Asuitabletitleforthepassagewouldbe__A.OnVirtuesB.OnWisdomC.OnPraiseandCensureD.OnPowerPassageFourFinallythedirtroadinMainewasleadinghome.Thetiretouchedthefirstprofanityofpavement,andsubtlymyvacationbeganslippingaway.BythefirstFinallythedirtroadinMainewasleadinghome.Thetiretouchedthefirstpro-fanityofpavement,tollboothmystateofmindhadshiftedfromneutraltofirstgear.BythetimeIhadpassedallmyfavoritelandmarks,thesigntoBiddeford,thebridgelabeledCatMousamRoad…Ihadslowlyandreluctantlybeguntorelocatemysenseofplace,mysenseofvalues.Iwasgoingback,tolistsandalarmclocksandstockingsandschoollunchesandalltheexternalpressuresofthelifeknownascivilization.IwasgoingbacktothingsIhadtodo.Thistimeeventheskiesdividedthesetwohalvesofmylife.AlongRoute95,acurtainofalmostimpenetrablerainseparatedoneworldfromtheother.Thedaybefore,thisrainontheroofofthehousewouldhavebeenacomfortingboundarytotheday,apredictionofreadingandfires.Now,therainonthewindshieldofthecarwasahassle,achallengetoovercome.Iturneduptheradio,soIcouldhearthefinalinstallmentofJaneEyreoverthepeltingrain,andthoughtaboutthesedifferentrhythmsthatmarkmyownlife,markofourlives.LeftbehindwasaworldinwhichIsimplylived...accordingtoitspatterns.AheadofmewastheworldofagendasandproblemsthatIwasexpectedtoencounterandresolve.Wasitcountryversuscity?Leisureversuswork?Natureversushumanenvironment?Bothandneither.Vacationisastateofmindasmuchasastateofunion.FortwoandhalfweeksinMainIwatchedthesky,thecove,thecormorantsandaseagullwiththegalltostealchickenoffourbarbecue.IamtoldthatIbecameanaccomplishedmudwatcher,sitting-ontheporch,watchingthebottomofthecoveoflowtideforhours.IpridedmyselfondevelopingahobbyrarelylistedinWho'sWho.Ibecameafinestick-in-the-mud.Tome,anurbanwomanwholivesmuchofherlifeaccordingtootherpeople'sdeadlinesanddemands,thiswasachancetoliterallyvacatetheworldofschedulesandstruggles.Ididnot,donot,usemyvacationtoclimbmountains,shootrapidsorfulfillitinerariesofsometravelagent.Ipreferredtodriftalongrayinclinationdownthroughthecircleofgoalstothemudofacceptance.Iwascontentwiththeharmonywecalldoingnothing.Therewasasenseoflettinggo,beingateasewithtimeratherthanatoddswithit.Iwallowedintheunder-standingthattherewasnothingthathadtobedonebeyondwatchingtheclothesdryandcastingformackerel.ButIwasalsoreturning.Returningtotheenergy,thestructure,thedemands,thepressure.Ialsochoseengagement.Thereare,Isuppose,thesetwosidestoallofus.Thesidethatwallowslikeanyriserorganismintheworld,andtheothersidethatseekssomepurpose"above"that.Thesidethatfeelsmostcontentinnature,andtheothersidethatfeelsmoreenergized"ontopoftheworld."Iamawareofthisduality,theurgetowatchthemud,theurgetobuildsomethingoutofit.Ourpeculiarhumancreativitydoesn't'comefromharmonybutfromwrestlingwithchaosasIwell.Everypoemandeverybuildingwaswrestedoutofmaterialbypeoplewhorefusedtoacceptthingsastheywere.Toooftenweworkbyclocksinsteadofsunsetsandbecomemoreattunedtoairconditioningthantheconditionoftheair.Butthereisalsoinallthisthechallengeandenergyandpleasureofaccomplishment.Atonetime,Ithoughttheseworldswereatodds,thatwehadtochooseengagementordisengagement,acceptingoraccomplishment,watchingthemudorbuildingwithit.Buttravelingthiskindofroadagainandagain,Irealizedthattheyarejusttwodestinations,pointsalongapathofdirtandpavement.Nowitisthetensionthatintriguesme.Thesearchforabalancebetweencomfortandpurposefulness,betweenacceptingthingsandstrugglingwiththem.Drivinghome,Iwasreluctanttoleaveonefortheother,reluctanttoputonmycityclothesofpurposeandstructure.ButIknewthatIwasluckytobeacommuter.36.InthefirstfewparagraphstheauthorA.reflectedonhervacationB.mentallyswitchedvacationtocitylifeC.marveledatwhatcitylifecouldofferD.reconciledcountrylifewithcitylife37.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthewaytheauthorspendshervacation?A.Hastily.B.Creatively.C.Restlessly.D.Relaxedly.38.Allofthefollowingsignifytheauthor'stwodifferentworldsEXCEPTA.thefinalinstallmentofJaneEyreandthepeltingrain(para.5)B.feelingcontentinnatureandfeelingmoreenergized"ont