2.何少健－肌组织与神经组织

EPITHELIALTISSUE

andCONNECTIVETISSUE

（review）Heshaojian（何少健）ConstitutionofhumanbodyfrommacroscopytomicroscopyhumanbodysystemsorganstissuescellsandintercellularmaterialssubcellularstructuresmoleculesatomsneutronprotonEPITHELIALTISSUE

*CoveringEpithelium

SimpleEpith.SimpleSquamous

Epith.SimpleCuboidal

Epith.SimpleColumnar

Epith.

PseudostratifiedCiliatedColumnarEpith.StratifiedEpith.

StratifiedSquamous

Epith.Stratified

ColumnarEpith.TransitionalEpith.*GlandularEpitheliumand

Glands*Specialized

StructureofEpithelialCellClassification

ofGlandsStructureof

ExocrineGlands

TypesofGlandularCells*CoveringEpithelium

*GlandularEpitheliumandGlands*Specialized

StructureofEpithelialCellExocrine

GlandEndocrine

GlandAcinusor

Secretory

PortionDuctSerouscellMucouscellEPITHELIALTISSUEEPITHELIALTISSUE

*CoveringEpithelium

*GlandularEpitheliumandGlands*Specialized

StructureofEpithelialCellFreeSpecialization

LateralSpec.BasalSpec.MicrovilliCilia

TightJunctionIntermediateJunctionDesmosome

GapJunctionBasementMembranePlesmaMembraneInfoldingHemidesmosomeCONNECTIVETISSUE*ConnectiveTissuesProper

*

Bloodand

Lymph*CartilageandBoneLooseConnectiveTissueDenseConnectiveTissueAdiposeTissueReticularTissueCellsFibers

GroundSubstanceFibroblastsPlasmaCellsMacrophagesMastCellsAdiposeCells未分化的间充质细胞白细胞

CollagenFibersReticularFibersElasticFibersProteoglycan(forming

molecularsieve)GlycoproteinTissueFluidMesenchymeCONNECTIVETISSUE*ConnectiveTissuesProper*BloodandLymph*CartilageandBoneLooseConnectiveTissue

DenseConnectiveTissue

AdiposeTissueReticularTissueDenseRegularConnectiveTissueDenseIrregularConnectiveTissueElasticTissueWhiteAdiposeTissueBlownAdiposeTissueReticularCellsReticularFibersMatrixCONNECTIVETISSUE*BloodandLymphErythrocytesLeukocytesBloodPlatelets*ConnectiveTissuesProperStructure

ofBoneMarrowHaemopoiesisBlood

（1）

Structure

of

BoneMarrowandHaemopoiesis

Lymph*CartilageAndBoneCONNECTIVETISSUE*CartilageAndBoneHyalineCartilageFibrousCartilageElasticCartilage*ConnectiveTissuesProper*BloodandLymphBoneTissueLongBoneCartilage（1）Bone（2）BonedevelopmentIntramembranous

Ossification

Endochondral

OssificationMUSCLETISSUEHeshaojian(何少健)NERVOUSTISSUE&MUSCLETISSUE（0）*SkeletalMuscle*Cardiac

Muscle*Smooth

Muscle

Structuer

UnderL.M

（1）

Ultrastructure

&MolecularConstitutionMechanismofContractionTypesofSkeletalMuscleFibersMyofibrils

Transversetubules(T-tubules)Sarcoplasmic

reticulum,(L-tubules)MUSCLETISSUE（0）*SkeletalMuscle

Ultrastructure

&

Molecular

ConstitutionMyofibrils

（2）Thickfilaments（3）Thinfilaments

Myosin（肌球蛋白）Actin（肌动蛋白）Tropomyosin（原肌球蛋白）Troponin（肌钙蛋白）MUSCLETISSUE（0）*SkeletalMuscle*CardiacMuscle*SmoothMuscle

Structuer

UnderL.M

Ultrastructure

&MolecularConstitutionMechanismOfContraction（5）TypesofSkeletalMuscleFibersMyofibrils

Transversetubules(T-tubules)（4）Sarcoplasmic

reticulum,(L-tubules)MUSCLETISSUE*SkeletalMuscle*CardiacMuscle*SmoothMuscle

Structuer

UnderL.MUltrastructure

&MolecularConstitutionTransversetubules(T-tubules)Sarcoplasmicreticulum(L-tubules)ThickfilamentsThinfilamentsStructuerUnderL.M.Ultrastructure&MolecularConstitutionMechanismofContractionNERVOUSTISSUE

（0）NeuronsSynapse

Neuroglia

cellsNerveFibersandNervesNerveendings

NeurotrophicFactorsandNeuralStemCellShape

（1）Structure

（2）Classification

SomaNeuriteMembraneNucleusPerikaryon

TheNumbersofNeuriteLongorShortAxonFunctionReleasingtheSortsofNeurotransmittersDendritesAxonNERVOUSTISSUEClassificationofNeurons

（3）TheNumberofNeuritesLongorShortAxonFunctionReleasingtheSortsof

Neurotrans-

mittersPseudounipolar

NeuronBipolarNeuronMultipolarNeuronGolgitypeINeuronGolgitypeIINeuronSensoryNeuronInterneuronMotorNeuronCholinergicNeuronAminergicNeuronPeptidergicNeuronNERVOUSTISSUESynapse(1)NeuronTypesClassifi-cationStructureofChemical

SynapsesAxodendritic

SynapseAxospinous

SynapseAxosomatic

SynapseAxoaxonal

SynapseDendrodendritic

SynapseElectricalSynapseChemical

SynapsePresynapticElement(SynapticBouton)SynapticCleftPostsynapticElementNeurogliacellsNerveFibersandNervesNerveendingsNeurotrophicFactorsandNeuralStemCellStructure

InfluenceOnNextCell

ExcitatorySynapseInhibitory

SynapseNERVOUSTISSUENeurogliaorglialCellsNeuronSynapseGlialCellsIntheCentralNervousSystemGlialCellsInthePeripheralNervousSystemAstrocytesOligodendrocytesMicrogliaEpendymal

CellsNerveFibersandNervesNerveEndings

NeurotrophicFactorsandNeuralStemCellSchwannCells

SatelliteCells

*Shape*Structuer*Function*Shape*Structuer*Function*Shape*Structuer*FunctionNERVOUSTISSUENerveFibersandNervesNeuronSynapseNeurogliaCellsNerveFibers（1）NerveMyelinatedN.F.InthePeripheralNervousSystemMyelinatedN.F.

IntheCentralNervousSystemNerveEndingsNeurotrophicFactorsandNeuralStemCellMye-linated

N.F.（2）Unmye-linated

N.F.UnmyelinatedN.F.InthePeripheralNervousSystemUnmyelinatedN.F.

IntheCentralNervousSystemNERVOUSTISSUENerveEndings*Neuron*Synapse*NeurogliaCells*NerveFibersandNervesSensory

NerveEndingMotor

NerveEndingNeurotrophicFactorsandNeuralStemCellFreeNerveEndingEncapsulatedNerveEnding

TactileCorpuscle

（触觉小体）Lamellar

Corpuscle（环层小体）Muscle

Spindle（肌梭）Somatic

MotorNerveEndingVisceral

MotorNerveEndingNERVOUSTISSUE*NeurotrophicFactorsandNeuralStemCell

*Neuron*Synapse*NeurogliaCells*NerveFibersandNerves*NerveEndingsNeurotrophicFactorsNeuralStemCell组织学总论自习与思考

1、通过组织学总论的学习，你对组织学有何认识？2、请将每一基本组织的框架列出。3、各基本组织的知识点有哪些？4、各基本组织的知识点如何构成各基本组织的内容？5、你如何理解结构和功能的关系（举例说明）？

OVERCONNECTIVETISSUE*CartilageandBoneHyalineCartilage

FibrousCartilage

ElasticCartilage*ConnectiveTissuesProper*BloodandLymphCartilage

Tissue

PerichondriumFormationandGrowth

ofCartilageCartilageMatrixChondrocyteInterstitialGrowthAppositionalGrowthCONNECTIVETISSUE*BoneBoneTissue

LongBone*ConnectiveTissuesProper*BloodandLymph*CartilageBoneMatrixBoneCellsOsteoprogenitor

CellOsteoblastsOsteocytesOsteoclastsSpongyBoneCompactBonePeriosteum(Outer/inner)CircumferentialLamellaeOsteonor

HaversianSystemInterstitialLamellaeCONNECTIVETISSUEBloodNeutrophilicGranulocyte

(Neutrophils)Eosinophilic

Granulocyte(Eosinophils)BasophilicGranulocyte

(Basophils)Monocytes

LymphocytesErythrocytesLeukocytesBloodPlatelets*Shape*Structuer*Function*Shape*Structuer*Function*Shape*Structuer*FunctionOVERVIEWComponents（组成）：

MusclecellsandalitterofL.C.T.

2.Types：

Skeletal

muscle

（骨骼肌）

Cardiac

muscle

（心肌）Smoothmuscle（平滑肌）OVERVIEW3.TheSeveralTerminology：Musclefiber/cell（肌纤维/肌细胞）：

Becauseoftheirshapelikethefiber.Sarcolemma（肌膜）：

Themembraneofthemusclecell.Sarcoplasm（肌质/浆）：

Theplasmaofthemusclecell.Sarcoplasmic

Reticulum（肌质/浆网）：

The

smoothendoplasmicreticulumofthemusclecell.（1）

Shape&Size（2）

Nucleus（3）SarcoplasmShape&StructureofSkeletalMuscleCell

UnderLightMicroscope（1）

Shape&Size：

long

cylinder

1～40mminthelength10～100µmindiameterShape&StructureofSkeletalMuscleCell

UnderLightMicroscope（2）

Nucleus(Nuclei)：

polynucleation

peripheral

flat-ellipse(扁椭圆形)

Shape&StructureofSkeletalMuscleCell

UnderLightMicroscope（3）Sarcoplasm：

Sarcoplasmisfulloflongitudinal

myofibrils,andamongthemtherearemanyorganellessuchasmitochondria.Shape&StructureofSkeletalMuscleCell

UnderLightMicroscopeMyofibril（肌原纤维）：Eachmyofibriliscomposedofrepeatingsubunitscalledsarcomeres，which

arecomposedofmyofilaments.Shape&StructureofSkeletalMuscleCell

UnderLightMicroscopeSkeletalMuscleSkeletalMuscleFibers（longitudinalsection）MyofibrilCrossStriationMuscle

SatelliteCellSkeletalMuscleFibers（transversesection）MuscleCell

MyofibrilNucleiMuscleFiberandMyofibrilMuscleFiberMyofibrilIband

AbandCrossStriationMuscleFiberandMyofibrilMuscleFiberMyofibrilIband

AbandCrossStriationIband.(I/明带)

Aband.(A/暗带)

BandPatternsoftheMyofibrilMuscleFiberandMyofibrilMuscleFiberMyofibrilIband

AbandCrossStriationMyofibrilIbandAband线Myofibril（electronicmicroscope）AbandＨbandＭlineIbandＺlineＺlineIband.(明带):

Zline.ThinlineinmiddleoftheIband,

causedbythepresenceoftheZdisk.

BandPatternsoftheMyofibril线Myofibril（electronicmicroscope）AbandＨbandＭlineIbandＺlineＺlineAband.(暗带):

Hband

M

line

BandPatternsoftheMyofibril线Myofibril（electronicmicroscope）AbandＨbandＭlineIbandＺlineＺlineAband.(暗带):

Hband.ThecentralregionoftheAband,whichisslightlylighterinappearance

becauseitdoesnothavethinfilamentsinit.

BandPatternsoftheMyofibrilAband.(暗带):

M

line

Thereisacentraldarklinein

A

band.

therearestructuralproteinsatthelocation

thatbindtothickfilamentstokeeptheminregister.BandPatternsoftheMyofibril线Myofibril（electronicmicroscope）AbandＨbandＭlineIbandＺlineＺlineSarcomere(肌节)AsegmentofmyofibrilbetweentwoneighborZline.½Iband

+Aband

+½IbandThebasalcontractileapparatusofskeletalmusclecells.Location:Structure:Function:MyofibrilIbandAbandＺlineＺlineＨbandSarcomereＭlineMyofibrilＺlineＺlineThickFilamentThinFilamentＺline

ＺlineＭline—Hband—

Iband(thinfilamentonly)Aband(thickfilamentonly)thin&thickfilamentsCrossbridgeMoleculeMyosin（bean-budshape）—Head（ATPase）—RodTroponin肌钙（原）蛋白Actin肌动蛋白Tropomyosin原肌球蛋白ThinFilamentComposedmainlyoftheproteinactin.Smalleramountsoftropomyosinandtroponinarepresent.Thepointcombinedwithmyosinapairofspiral

chainsofmoleculeactinActin肌动蛋白Singlemoleculeactin

Tropomyosin

原肌球蛋白apairofspiralchainsofmultipeptideTroponin

肌钙（原）蛋白（threesubunites）Troponin

肌钙（原）蛋白Composedofthreespherical

subunites,

namely,TnT、TnI、TnC.TnTTnITnCcombinedwithCa2+regulatemutuallinkbetweenactin

andmyosinhelptroponin

adheretotropomyosinTransverseTubule(T-tubule,横小管)

Theplasmamembranehastubularinvaginations,calledT-tubules,that

runintothecytoplasm,branchingandsurrounding

myofibrils.T-tubulesMyofibrilSarcoplasmT-tubulesAbandIbandThin&ThickFilamentsTerminalCisternaTransverseTubule(T-tubule,横小管)Theirfunctionistocarrytheaction

potential(动作电位)intothecellinterior.TheyassociatecloselywiththeSERinthecell.TransverseTubule(T-tubule,横小管)Theirlocationisat

theinterfacebetween

Iband

and

Aband

in

skeletalmusclecell.SarcoplasmicReticulum(肌质/浆网)LongitudinalTubule

(L-tubule,纵小管)Itformsanetworkbetweenandaroundthemyofibrils.AtlevelofAband-Ibandinterface,thereareterminalcisternaeofthesarcoplasmicreticulumthatflankaT-tubule.Usuallytwoterminalcisternae

/perTtubule:thereforethiscomplexiscalledatriad(三连体).

Twotriads/persarcomere.

Itcanreservecalciumions.T-tubules&L-tubulesMyofibrilSarcoplasmT-tubulesAbandIbandThin&ThickFilamentsL-tubulesTerminalCisternaN冲动

肌膜

横小管

终池及纵小管，释放钙离子骨骼肌的收缩机制（滑动学说）钙离子与肌钙蛋白结合

细肌丝构形改变，暴露出肌动蛋白的结合位点骨骼肌的收缩机制（滑动学说）粗、细肌丝接触肌球蛋白分子头ATP酶被激活，分解ATP释放能量粗肌丝拉着细肌丝向M线方向滑动，肌节缩短。收缩结束后，钙离子被泵回肌浆网，肌钙蛋白等恢复原状，肌纤维松弛。M线——

———肌球蛋白头——肌动蛋白——肌钙蛋白TC—原肌球蛋白松弛时——Z线Z线│收缩时：————肌节————Z线│Z线│Z线│—H带—M线松弛时：肌丝滑动，各带变化模式图肌丝滑动模式图*NerveCells（Neurons）：

Theyarethebasalstructuralandfunctionalunite.Theycanreceivestimulations,integrate

informationsandtransmitnervousimpulses.Someneuronshastheendocrinefunction.*NeurogliaCells（Neuroglia）：

Theyplayanimportantroleinthesupport,thenutrition,theprotectionandtheinsulationforneurons.Constitutionof

NervousTissueNeuronNeuritesSomaAxonDendritesShapeofNeurons(section)H.Estain

silverstainThesomaincludesthenucleusandtheperikaryon.Nucleuslarge,round,clear,andhavingdistinctnucleolus

PerikaryonContainsrichorganellesThespecialorganellesareNeuron

H.Ehighmag.Nissl’sbodiesNeurofibrilStructureofNeuronNissl’sbodies（尼氏体）Definition:Thebasalphilicsubstancesinthecytoplasmofneuron.Component：RoughEndoplasmicReticulum,RER.&FreeRibosomesFunction：synthesizeprotein.Neuron

H.Ehighmag.Neurofibrils（神经原纤维）Definition:Theyarethefilaments,whichcanbedemonstratedwithsilverstain,incytoplasm.Component：Theyconsistsofaggregateofmicrotubulesandneurofilaments.Function：Theysupporttheneuronsasacellskeletonandarealsoinvolvedinthetransportationofsubstances.Neuron

silverstain,

highmag.ClassificationofNeurons1、AccordingtothenumberoftheirprocessesMultipolar

NeuronBipolarNeuronPseudounipolar

Neuron2、Accordingtothesizeofsomaandthelengthofaxon:GolgitypeⅠ:LargesomaandlongaxonGolgitypeⅡ:SmallsomaandshortaxonAxonClassificationofNeurons3、Accordingtothefunctions:SensoryNeuron(orAfferent~)MotorNeuron(orEfferent~)InterneuronModelofnervereflexcircleClassificationofNeurons4、Accordingtoreleasingthesortsofneurotransmittersorneuromodulators:ClassificationofNeurons

CholinergicNeurons（胆碱能神经元）

Aminergic

Neurons（胺能神经元）