Part让篇章技巧助力

PartFour让篇章技巧助力第10讲常用时态在写作中的应用——选准时机,表达清晰一、魔法导航时态错误是学生在英语书面表达中经常出现的问题之一。在写作中选

择合适的时态对于保证语言的准确和清晰起着非常重要的作用。(一)投“时”问路在写作中常用的时态主要有一般过去时、过去进行时、一般现在时、

现在进行时、现在完成时、一般将来时,大家应对这几种时态的用法熟

记于心并在实践中力求熟能生巧。1.一般过去时:表示过去某个时间发生的动作、存在的状态或过去习惯

性的动作。一般过去时不强调动作对现在的影响,只说明过去的情况。雕词琢句(1)Someoftheworld’smostfamousmusiciansrecently

gatheredin

Paris

(聚集在巴黎)andNewOrleanstocelebratethefirstannualInter-

nationalJazzDay.(2017全国Ⅰ)(2)BenjaminWest,thefatherofAmericanpainting,showedhistalent

forart

(展示了他在艺术上的天赋)whenhewasonlysixyearsofage.2.过去进行时:表示过去某时正在进行的动作或存在的状态。雕词琢句(1)LastMonday,wewerehavingourChineseclass

(正在上语文课)

whentheteachersuddenlyslippedandfell.(2)老师进入教室的时候,我正在玩电脑游戏。Whentheteacherenteredtheclassroom,Iwasplayingcomputergames.

3.一般现在时:表示现在经常、反复发生的动作,存在的状态或习惯性的

动作。雕词琢句(1)Weareveryproud

(非常自豪)ofourselvesandbelievewecando

moreforabetterworld.(2016北京)(2)在我们的文化中它是一个为老人设立的日子。Itisthedayfortheelderlyinourculture.

4.现在进行时:表示说话时或当前一段时间正在进行的动作。雕词琢句(1)Iamwriting

(正在给你写信)todrawyourattentiontosomeim-

properbehavioramongusstudents:litteringandscribbling.(2)我现在正在给你写信告诉你我的激动人心的暑假计划。I’mwritingtotellyoumyexcitingplanforthesummerholiday.

5.现在完成时:表示说话时已经完成的动作,且这个动作的结果对现在仍

有影响,或过去的某一动作一直持续到现在。雕词琢句(1)Ihavealreadyfinished

(已经完成)myapplicationandresume.(2)在几项英语活动中,我已经成功地向她伸出援手。Successfully,IhavelentahelpinghandtoherinseveralEnglishactivi-

ties.

6.一般将来时:表示将来某一时刻要发生的动作或存在的状态,或将来某

一段时间经常发生的动作或存在的状态。雕词琢句(1)Ourschoolphotographyclubisgoingtohold/willhold/istohold

(打算举办)anInternationalHighSchoolStudentPhotographyShow.(2016

全国Ⅱ)(2)翻译句子如果你能来,我们将非常开心。Wewillbereallygladifyoucancome.

(二)时态选秀尽管时态的使用千变万化,但在书面表达中却“有章可循、有律可

遵”,现总结如下:1.叙事多用一般过去时。雕词琢句Thatweekend,wewentto

(去了)anearbyneighborhoodandgave

themawaytothepeoplethere.(2016北京)2.表述观点或议论文中主要使用一般现在时。雕词琢句Personally,Iprefertoworkinateam

(我更喜欢在团队里工作),

whichoffersmeachancetolearnhowtogetalongwithothersandshare

myexperienceswiththem.3.说明文通常用一般现在时。雕词琢句Everystudentcandosomethingforourenvironmentindailylife.Forex-

ample,remembertoturnoffthelightsintimebeforeyouleavetheclass-

roomintheevening

(晚上在你离开教室之前).4.介绍客观情况常用一般现在时。雕词琢句ThesurveyshowsthathalfofthegirlschoosefilmandTVstarsastheiri-

dols,while48%oftheboyschoosesportsstars

(48%的男孩子选择

体育明星).二、学以致用1.完美文章根据所给提示完成下面短文,注意时态。LocatedbesidetheYangtzeRiver,myhometownisabeautifulplacenow.

Inthepast,(1)itwasapoorvillagewherepeopleledahardlife

(它是

个贫穷的村庄,在那里人们过着艰苦的生活).However,(2)inthepasttwentyyearsgreatchangeshavetakenplace

(在过去的20年里发生了巨大的变化)here,thankstothegoodpolicyof

theParty.Tobeginwith,alargenumberofnewhouseshavebeensetupwhichareequippedwithmodernappliancessuchascomputers,fridges,TVsets,washingmachinesandsoon.What’smore,thereisalargesu-permarketinit,(3)wheretherearevarietiesofgoodsthatpeopleneed

(那里有人们需要的各种各样的商品).Muchtoourdelight,(4)amuchbiggerschoolisbeingbuilt

(一所更大的学校正在建设当中).Thereisnodoubtthat(5)thechildrenwillreceiveabettereducation

(孩子们将会接受更好的教育)bythetimeithasbeenputintouse,becauselotsofmodernteachingfacilitieswillbeusedinthenewschool,(6)whichwillhelpteachersmaketheirclasseslivelyandinteresting

(它们将帮助老师使课堂变得生动有趣).Suchismyhometown(7)whereallthepeoplearelivingahappylife

(在这里所有的人正过着幸福的生活).AndIamsure(8)itwillbecome

amorecharmingandcomfortableplace

(它将会变成一个更加迷人和舒

适的地方)tolivewiththedevelopmentofeconomyandsocietyaswell.2.话题写作【本期话题】书信交流【写作微练】根据下面的信息提示,写一篇80词左右的英语短文。1.我是一名四川的学生李华,从小就是大熊猫爱好者;2.三年前,我很高兴得知大熊猫白云生了她的女儿苏林;3.在你们的网站上我一直关注着苏林的成长;4.得知她在你们动物园生活得非常好,我很高兴;5.明年夏天我去美国的时候要去动物园看她;6.非常感谢你们为照顾大熊猫付出的劳动。注意:正确使用时态进行短文写作。答案

Onepossibleversion:IamLiHua,astudentinSichuan.IhavebeenapandaloversinceIwasa

child.ThreeyearsagoIwasdelightedtolearnthatBaiyungavebirthtoher

daughterSulinandIhavebeenwatchinghergrowthonyourwebsite.When

learningSulinislivingwellinyourzoonow,Iamveryhappy.Iwillvisit

herwhenIgotoAmericanextsummer.Thankyouverymuchforyourcaringforthepandas.三、实战提能假如你是李华,与同学王明约好到他家讨论将要举行的英语演讲比赛。

但是在路上你目睹了一起交通事故,并把伤者送往医院,没能赴约。请

你给他写一封道歉信,信的内容如下:1.向王明表示歉意;2.解释未能赴约的原因;3.约定时间以便再作讨论。注意:1.词数80左右;2.可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。

我会审题文章体裁应用文(道歉信)主要人称第一人称和第二人称写作提示1.本文的要点较多,一定注意覆盖所有的要点2.本文是一封道歉信,要特别注意其中的礼貌用语3.本文既要陈述过去发生的事情,又要表达自己的歉意,因此要特别注意时态的应用。陈述过去的事

情要用过去时,而解释和约定要用现在时和将来时我会联想1.词汇铺路(1)没有做成某事failtodosth.

(2)原谅某人某事excusesb.forsth.

(3)偶遇comeacross

(4)急送某人去医院rushsb.tohospital

(5)在某人方便的时候atsb.’sconvenience

2.句型搭桥(1)Iamwritingtoyouthisletterofapologyfor...(2)Ihopeyouwillacceptmyapologyfor...(3)Iwillappreciateitifyou...

我会表达答案

Onepossibleversion:DearWangMing,Iamwritingtoyouthisletterofapologyforfailingtomeetyouforthedis-

cussionaboutthecomingEnglishspeechcontest.Pleaseexcusemeformyabsence.Onthewaytoyourhome,Icameacross

acaraccident.AmanwasseriouslyinjuredandIhadtorushhimtohospitalinataxi.NotuntiltheinjuredmanwastreateddidIleavethehospital.Therefore,it’snotmyoriginalintentiontomissthemeeting.Pleaseacceptmysincereapology.Iwillappreciateitifyoukindlytellme

whenitwillbeatyourconveniencesothatwewilldiscussthecontestlater.Lookingforwardtoseeingyou.Yourssincerely,LiHua第11讲开头和结尾在写作中的应用——凤头豹尾,双管齐下一、魔法导航引人入胜的开头(凤头)是写作成功的保障,而回味无穷的结尾(豹尾)可

以为文章锦上添花。因此,熟练掌握恰当的开头和结尾方式对提升作文

品质至关重要。(一)记叙文的常用开头和结尾法常用开头法1.情景铺垫法:在文章的开头先把人物、事件和环境交代清楚。LastTuesday,ourclassinvitedanoldcraftsmantoteachushowtomake

doughfigurines.2.环境衬托法:在文章开头利用自然景物或社会环境引出要介绍的事物

或谈论的话题。3.回忆引题法:通过回忆的方法引入文章要表达的主题。Howtimeflies!Itistwoweekssinceyoucametoourschoolandyouare

goingtoreturntoEnglandsoon.(2016天津)常用结尾法1.隐含式:用含蓄的手法间接地表达作者的情感或看法,让读者自己意会

或思索。Grandpaandthechildrenwereveryhappytoseethebirdflyingawayin

thesky.2.抒情式:直抒胸臆,表达自己的看法或情感。I’mconfidentthatI’llliveuptotheexpectationofmyfuture.3.点题式:总结全文,进一步升华主题。FromthisexperienceIhavelearntthatquestioningcanserveasabridge

thathelpsustoseekthetruth.(二)说明文的常用开头和结尾法常用开头法1.开篇点题法:一开头就点明文章要介绍的事物。Everyonehashisfavoriteseasonwhilespringismyfavorite.(2016四川)2.问题引入法:在文章的开头先用提问题的方法引出文章涉及的内容。Whatshouldpeoplereallydotoencouragetheirkidstoconcentratetheir

timeandenergyonstudyinglessonsanddoingwell?3.引用数据法:利用数据引出要说明的问题或谈论的主题。Morethan60%ofthemiddleschoolstudentsareshort-sighted,arecently

studyshows.常用结尾法结论式:总结说明的事物,进一步说明其特征、影响、意义等。Inconclusion,thetruefriendshipmeansalottome,whichcontributestomy

recoveryaswellashelpsmesucceedinstudy.(三)议论文的常用开头和结尾法常用开头法1.点明主旨法:提出一个观点或论据作为文章要阐述的主题。ThepersonIwouldliketointerviewisYangLiwei.2.列举实例/现象法:通过实例或现象引出要谈论的话题。Thephenomenonof“Myfriendfalls,Ilaugh;myphonefalls,Icry.”

sometimesexistsaroundus.常用结尾法1.概括式:用一句或几句话概括全文内容,进一步深化主题或强调作者的

观点。So,it’ssafetoconcludethatitisreasonabletoincludeEnglishwhichfacili-

tatesdailycommunication.2.引用式:引用格言、谚语或习语总结全文。Asaproverbgoes,“Romewasn’tbuiltinaday.”Successisnoteasy,so

whateverfailuresweexperience,weshouldbelieveinourselvesandkeep

trying.3.展望或呼吁式:在文章的结尾表示对未来的展望或期待,希望或呼吁人

们投入行动。It’severybody’sdutytoobservethetrafficrulestokeepoursocietyinor-

derandgoingontherighttrack.二、学以致用1.完美文章根据文章内容给下面短文写一个恰当的开头和结尾。Howtokeephealthy文章开头:Withtheimprovementoflivingstandards,moreandmore

peoplearepayingattentiontotheirhealth.

Herearesomesuggestionstohelpyoukeephealthy.Tobeginwith,you

oughttokeepupagoodstateofmind,whichisofgreatbenefittoreducing

pressureandfightingagainstdiseases.Inaddition,it’sagoodideatokeepabalanceddiet,whichshouldincludeenergy-givingfoodsandbody-building

foods.Lastbutnotleast,notonlyshouldyouhaveenoughsleepandrest,

butyoushouldalsodoexerciseregularly.Inthisway,youcanbuildupyour

bodyaswellasensureyouworkwell.文章结尾:Inconclusion,solongasyouformgoodlifehabitsandeat

healthyfoods,youcanliveahealthyandhappylife.

2.话题写作【本期话题】文化交流【写作微练】请根据下面的提示,写一篇80词左右的英语短文。1.不同文化背景的人打招呼的方式各不相同;2.有的拥抱,有的握手,有时甚至引起误会;3.为了能更好地交流,要了解一些不同国家的文化习俗;4.身处异国时,我们要入乡随俗,不要给国家丢脸。注意:给出恰当的文章开头和结尾。答案

Onepossibleversion:Generallyspeaking,peoplefromdifferentcultureshavedifferentwaysto

greeteachother.Whenmeetingeachother,somehug,someshakehands,and

sometimestheyarelikelytocausemisunderstanding.Thus,inorderto

communicatewellwithforeigners,weshouldlearnsomethingaboutculture

andcustomsofdifferentcountries.What’smore,whenabroad,weshould

keepinmindthatwearerepresentingourcountryandtrynottoloseface.Justastheproverbgoes,“WheninRomedoastheRomansdo.”三、实战提能(2018浙江绍兴一模)一批外国交流生将来你校学习一周。为帮助他们尽快适应学校生活,校

学生会将举办一场欢迎晚会。假设你是李华,请代表学生会用英语在晚

会上简短致辞,内容包括:1.表示热烈欢迎;2.学习课程:安排以了解中国文化为目的学习课程;3.实践活动:学习一些中国传统烹饪技巧并组织一次使用筷子比赛。注意:1.词数80左右;2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。

我会审题文章体裁应用文主要人称第二人称写作提示1.文章有三个主要要点,但是每个要点都有二级要点。注意不要遗漏2.题目要求的内容信息比较多,注意内容的合理安排3.注意使用非谓语动词,使文章的句子多样化我会联想1.词汇铺路(1)代表onbehalfof

(2)热忱欢迎heartilywelcome

(3)按计划bescheduledto

(4)投入进去getinvolved

2.句型搭桥(1)Youarescheduledto...(2)Iamnotsure...(3)Ifpossible...我会表达答案

Onepossibleversion:Onbehalfofthestudents’union,Iheartilywelcomeyoutoourschool.Inthecomingweek,youarescheduledtoexploremoreaboutthesplendid

Chineseculturethroughsomespecificclassesandco-curricularactivities.

Beingacountryofgreattraditions,itscookingskillsareoutstanding.

Hence,you’lllearnsomeChinesecookingskills.Meanwhile,acompetitionorganizedattheendwillallowyoutodisplayhowskillfulyouareatusingchopsticks.IhighlyencourageyoutogetinvolvedandhaveanenjoyablestayinChina.第12讲过渡在写作中的应用——上贯下联,浑然一体一、魔法导航(一)合理使用连词增加句子之间的连贯性。连词是增加句子之间连贯

性的重要手段,它主要包括并列连词和从属连词。1.并列连词:用来连接并列的词与词、分句与分句或句子与句子,常用的

并列连词有:and、or、but、yet、for、while、neither...nor、notonly...

butalso。如:(1)Iwouldlovetogotoamuseum,butmostofmyclassmateswantedto

goforapicnic.(2)Itnotonlyaffectsoureverydaylife,butmayalsothreatenpeople’s

lives.2.从属连词:常用来引导各种状语从句。如:(1)Wecansetoutearlysothatwewillhavemoretimetoreadandselect

books.(2016全国Ⅲ)(2)Ifyouareabletocomewithus,pleaseletusknowandwe’llwaitfor

youattheschoolgateat9inthemorning.(3)Ifyoucouldcome,thereisnoneedforyoutotakefoodbutyou’dbetter

wearsportsshoesandsuitableclothes.(2017浙江)(二)恰当地使用过渡语。过渡语可增强句子之间的连贯性,它主要包括起连接作用的副词和起过渡作用的插入语等。如:(1)However,IamnotquitesureofthelanguageandtheformatI’veused.

(2016全国Ⅰ)(2)Ontheonehand,itcanstrengthenthehealthawareness.Ontheother

hand,itislikelytobringaboutover-anxiety.(3)Seeingyouradinthenewspaper,IshowgreatinterestinitandIwantto

learnmoreinformationaboutyourcourses.Firstofall,wouldyouplease

tellmetheexactstartdate?Bytheway,howmanyschoolhoursarethereeachweek?What’smore,I’dliketoknowhowmuchIshallpayforthe

courseandwhattypeofaccommodationyouwillprovideforme.同学们要熟记下表中在写作中常用的过渡语:表时间atfirst,then,afterwards,before,after,intheend,later,inthefuture,immediately表顺序first,second,then,lastly,finally,lastbutnotleast表并列或递进besides,what’smore,inaddition,also,moreover,furthermore,worsestill表个人观点inmyopinion/view,frommypointofview,asfarasImconcerned表总结inaword,ingeneral,tosumup,allinall,insummary,inconclusion,generallyspeaking,inbrief表转折或对比however,onthecontrary,yet,bycomparison,bycontrast,ontheotherhand表因果therefore,thus,asaresult,so(三)正确使用段落主题句和总结句。段落主题句和总结句可以使文章

首尾呼应,在意义上形成一个整体,从而在宏观层次上达到增强句子连

贯性的目的。如:April12ismemorablebecauseourclasshadameaningfulexperienceon

thatday.Inthemorning,webicycledtothesuburbstoplanttrees,talking

andlaughingalltheway.Uponarrival,webegantoworkimmediately.

Somewerediggingholes.Somewerecarryingandplantingyoungtrees.

Otherswerewateringthem.Aftergettingtheworkdone,weputupaboardremindingpeopletoprotectthetrees.Beforeleavingwetooksomephotostorecordourgreenaction.Seeingthelinesoftrees,weallhadasenseof

achievement.Wefeelit’sourdutytoprotectandbeautifyourenvironment.【评析】在段落的开头作者用一个句子点出了段落中心思想,在文章

的结尾再次用一个句子表达了自己参加“绿色行动”的感受,从而升华

了主题。另外,在中间部分作者通过合理运用inthemorning、uponar-

rival、aftergettingtheworkdone、beforeleaving和seeingthelinesof

trees等过渡语把活动的整个过程以时间的顺序有机地融为一体,很好地体现了文章的连贯性,值得大家学习和模仿。二、学以致用1.完美文章在横线上填上合适的过渡语或过渡句使上下句连贯。(1)Inordertostudywell,weneedtoplaysportssothat/inorderthat

we

cankeepfit.(2)Manypeoplesuggestthattheparentsshouldlistenmoretotheirchil-

dren,so

theywillunderstandthembetter.(3)I’mgladtoreceiveyourletteraskingformyadviceonhowtolearn

Chinesewell.

Hereareafewsuggestions

.First,itisimportanttotakeaChinesecourse,as

youwillbeabletolearnfromtheteacherand

practicewithyourfellowstudents.(4)Therearebasicallytwowaystogetworkdone

.Oneistoworkin-

dividually.Inthisway

,peoplecandecidebythemselveswhentostart

workandhowtodoit.What’smore

,theywillbeabletolearnhow

tosolveproblemsontheirown.Peoplemayalso

choosetoworkina

team,where

theycanlearnfromeachotherandhelpeachother.Besides/Inaddition

,theymayworkoutbetterwaystogetworkdonebydiscussion.2.话题写作【本期话题】地点介绍【写作微练】请根据下面的提示,写一篇80词左右的英语短文。1.我们的祖国位于亚洲的东部,面积960万平方千米,人口13亿;2.历史悠久,文化丰富;3.有很多闻名世界的旅游资源,如长城、九寨沟等;4.在过去的三十年发生了巨大变化。注意文章的连贯性。答案

Onepossibleversion:LocatedintheeastofAsia,ourhomelandisagreatcountrywithalonghis-

toryandrichculture.Itcoversanareaofabout9,600,000squarekilometers

withapopulationofabout1.3billion.Inaddition,therearealotofworld-

famoustouristsitesinChina,suchastheGreatWall,Jiuzhaigouandsoon,

whichattractagoodmanyvisitorsallover