月1日第一重点老西口小范围合集综合写作

11太贵.2有污染.3光对眼睛不好对眼睛好了.2【REDRAINKerala2redrain的三个原因阅读文章要点：1.volcaniceruption;2.meteoricexplosion;3.sporesoflichens;1redrain,redrain因为和一般的雨差不多，而且雨水成分中没有火山喷发物；3【TheHohokam】人类的原因里面的物种，而这些动物呢又是人依赖生存的meat，于是人类没东西吃；：再说在那以前1000年他们一直用得好好的，咋就一下没了？3乏明确，有工事不等于有，也许只是预防而己；再说没有其他关于的遗迹留下。ThetopicisaboutthereasontheHohokampeoplewentextinctandvanished.Thecontentofbothmaterialsinreadingandlisteningaredifferent.Thefirstpointisaboutfoodscarcityproblem.Fromthereading,theirrigationsystemtheHohokampeopleusedcausealkalinequalityofthewaterthatleadstoinfertilizationonthelandHowever,thelisteningcontentindicatesthatfallow,themethodofleavinglandunseeded,allowedthelandto efertileagainbyrainwaterwashingawaythesaltywater.Besides,theHohokampeoplehadbeenusingsucharablemethodforthousandsofyears.Thiswasacommonpractice,sothelandwouldnot eunabletofarminashortperiodoftime.Secondly,accordingtothespeaker,thetreementionedwasabletogrowfastwiththenurtureoftheMotherNature.Iftheywereonlyusedformaterialsofsettingupfiresorbuildinghouses,theywouldnotbeusedupeasily.Thislikewiserefutestheauthorfromthepassageinthattheychoppeddowntoomanytreesthattheir“meatsource”,livedon.Inotherwords,whenthoseanimalsdiedout,theHohokampeoplewerecutoffthefood.Atlastfromthereading,Navajogroups,theinvasivepeoplehassuccessfullyoccupiedthecetheHohokampeoplelived.Thusthereweresomefortificationsleftasevidence.Fromthelistening,however,mightnotbeemployedforwars.Maybetheywerejustusedfordefendingagainstinvadingpeopleandtheyneverusedit.Ontopofthat,therewerenothingelseleftexpectthosefences.Thereshouldbemoreevidenceleftiftherewerewars.Allpointsmentionedabove,thespeakerandtheauthorholddifferentviewsonthisissueforhowtheHohokampeoplevanished.4【甲壳虫】阅读：AmericanBuryingbeetles大量减少的三个可能的原因/理论2beetle的生活模式需要完整的habitat，人为的环境改造，使得环境破碎，fragmentationofhabitatorDiscontinuity造成其是竞争不过scavengerm 1从pesticide的使用时间来看，根本就不是杀虫剂引起这个问题的。的northeasternpesticide之前就有beetle'slossMiddleWest，2有些跟其生活模式差不多的beetle没有，他们同样受到fragmentationof3reading忽略了这种beetle另外一种特性，他可以在发现食物之后释放一种气味chemicalsmell，防止（block)其他动物对食物的探寻，他具有这样的优势，不可能竞争不过那些scavengers。ThetopicisabouthowtheAmericanburyingbeetlesgoesextinctinawidescale.Thereadingandlisteningpointsofviewaredifferentinstoit.Tobeginwith,fromthereading,itsaysthatpoisonouspesticide,suchasDDTmadealarge-scalewipeoutinthebeetlealongwithothercreaturesthatarefoodtoAmericanburyingbeetles.Fromthelistening,however,priortotheusageofDDT,therewereunknownreasonsofbeetlelossalready.Inaddition,DDThasbeenusedinseveralpartsoftheUS,especiallyintheMiddleWest,formorethantwentyyears,anditdidnotbringanyextinctiontoothersimilarbeetlesandwhyonlysuchkindofAmericanburyingbeetles?Thus,thereisnodirectcorrelationlinkedbetweenthispesticideandthebeetleSecondly,duetothereadingmaterial,thefragmentationofhabitatledtotheextinctionofthebeetles.However,othersimilarbeetlesandcreatureswerealsoencounteringsuchfragmentationofhabitatbyhumanbehavior.Theyarealsolivinginthesamenature,yettheywerestillstableinnumbers.Inotherwords,suchhumaninterruptionasfragmentationofhabitatisnotthecause.ThereisnoreasontojustsingleoutAmericanburyingbeetlesandwipethemout.Thirdly,theolfactorysensitivityofAmericanburyingbeetlesissuperiorthatitcansmellthefoodasfarastwoaway.However,theauthorindicatesthatotherscavengerstookprevalenceovertheminlocatingfoodbetter,leadingtothescantyoffoodsource.Thismaybesomewhattrue,howeverthereisanotheradvantageforthisspecialbeetle—chemicalweapon-,whichmeansitwillsecretastrongodorthatcanpreventotherscavengersfrom“stealing”it.SuchstrongaciditymakesAmericanburyingbeetlesfeedontheirfoodexclusively.2物还是什么的碎片，然后它们可以datingbacktoXXX年以前，并且speech说250-millionold这么老。第二碎片只在那三个国家被发现过，如果冲击力那么ThereadingpassagepresentsthreepiecesofevidencetosupportthetheorythatthePermian–TriassicmassextinctionwastriggeredbyameteoriteimpactingEarth.However,thelecturerrejectsthistheorybypointingoutitsThefirstevidenceistherecentdiscoveryofmeteoritefragmentscontainingmineralgrainswhichdatedto250millionyearsago,thesametimewhentheextinctionoccurred.However,thelecturerrejectsthistheoryasunconvincing,arguingthatanysubstancewouldbetransformedcomple yafter250millionyearsofgradualchemicalprocess,sothemineralsnowp inthefragmentsmusthavebeenformedquiterecently.Thesecondevidenceisthescatteredmeteoritefragmentsin and[],indicatingthemagnitudeofadisastrousmeteoriteimpactthatcouldwipeoutalmosttheentirespeciesonEarth.Yetaccordingtothelecture,thefactthatthefragmentswereonlyfoundinthreecountries,andnotintherestoftheworldsuchasEurope,wasactuallyproofthatthemeteoritecollisionwasnotstrongenoughtocausesuchamassiveextinction.ThethirdevidenceisalargecraterfoundoffthecoastofAustralia.Itssizematchesthatofameteorite,indicatingthatitwasanimpactsiteforameteoritecollision.Nevertheless,thelecturerproposesadifferenttheory.HeexinsthatthiscratermayhavebeencausedbyEarth’sinternal ssuchasvolcanicactivities.3阅读：GM 有好【1】可以导入抗虫，少用杀虫剂，有利于保护环境【2】可以耐干旱，在非洲种可以提高农民收入【3】可以让大米里含更生素a，防止维a缺乏。部分认为gm的好处被夸大了，【2】农民往往用去年的播种，用gm的话就得年年买新，多花的钱【3agm大米高，为什么不建议人们吃Thereadingpassageintroducestothereadersthebenefitsofgeneticallymodifiedcrops,whilethelecturetriestoconvinceusthatthesebenefitsareoverThefirstbenefitisthatGMcropsaregoodfortheenvironmentbecausetheypossesspestresistantgeneswhichcanreducetheneedtousepesticide.However,thelecturerarguesthatifthese genesspreadtowildcrops,theywillgrowoutofcontrolwhichmaybringmoredamagetotheenvironment.ThesecondbenefitisthatGMcropscanincreasefarmers’profitsbecauseGMcropscanproducegoodyieldsevenindryseasons.However,thelecturerpointstothefactthatfarmersofGMcropshavetopayaheavysumofmoneytoGMseedcompanies,andtheyhavetodoitannually.ThisbringsupthecostofgrowingGMcropssignificantly.ThethirdbenefitisthatGMntcanaddimportantnutrientslikevitaminAtothedietofpeoplewholackthosenutrients.However,accordingtothelecture,thenutrientsintroducedthroughGMcropsarefarfromenough.Thecorrectandmoreeffectivewaytodealwithnutrientdeficiencyistoencouragepeopletoeatmorevegetableslikesweetpotatoes.4bee200millionyears1没化石。没花没食物。化石结构可能不是beespeaker反驳1，没有化石是因为那时候没树，无法preserve化石。beefeedonpinetreeThereadingpassageandthelecturepresentcontrastingviewsregardingthehypothesisthatbeesexistedpriorto200millionyearsago.Accordingtothereading,allfossilrecordsofbees,includingtheearliestonefoundinthestateofArizona,datetheexistenceofbeestonomorethan200millionyearsago.However,thelecturerexinsthatthisisbecausetreesdidnotexistuntilaboutthattime,soonlyafterthenwasitpossiblefortreeresinstopreserveafossilizedbee.Clearly,thisdoesnotruleoutthepossibilitythatbeesmayhavepredatedtheexistenceoftree(andtreeresin)andsohaveanancestrylongerthan200millionyears.Furthermore,thereadingpresentsasimilarargument,sayingthatflowersandfloweringntsdidnotexistuntil200millionyearsago,sopollen-dependentbeescouldnothaveexistedbeforethen.However,thelecturerarguesthattheearliestbeesdidnotnecessarilyfeedonflowers.Theycouldhavefedonnon-floweringntssuchaspinetreesorferns,andonlygraduallyevolvedtodependonfloweringnts.Finally,thereadingcautionsthatthefossilnestmightnotbethatofbeesbecausethereisacruciallackofspiralingstructureinthebeechambersthatisprevalentinmodernbeenests.However,thelecturerpointstothesamewater-proofsubstancefoundinboththefossilizedchamberandmodernbeechambers,arguingthatthemakersofthefossilnestwereindeedbees.5Harappancivilizationdecline没有食物。第三个是水源被污造成一种通过水的流行病，所以就搬迁。不至于导致他decline。第二个是同时期的埃及文明和另一种文明同样了气候变化但是都调整了农业有了ThereadingpassageputsforwardthreehypothesestoexinthedeclineoftheHarappancivilization.However,thelecturerchallengesthesehypothesesandusesevidencetoprovethatallofthemarebasedonflawedspeculations.ThefirsthypothesisisthatthedeclineofHarappancivilizationwascausedbyinvasionfromanomadictribe.However,thelecturearguesthattheHarappanculturecoveredahugeexpanseofterritory,soevenifthenomadpeopleinvadedHarappanland,suchinvasionwasconfinedtoasmallnumberofHarappancitiesonly,soit’sunlikelytohaveledtothetotaldestructionoftheHarappanculture.ThesecondhypothesisisthatclimatechangehadledtothecollapseofHarappanagriculture.Withnofoodavailable,theHarappanpeoplehadtoabandontheirhome.Reasonableasitmaysound,thereareflawsinthisargumenttoo,because,asthelectureindicates,theEgyptiancivilization,acontemporaryoftheHarappancivilization,wasabletomakeadjustmenttoitsagricultureandmanagedtocopedwiththesameunhospitableclimatechanges.ThereisnoreasonwhytheHarappanpeoplecouldnothavealsoadaptedsuccessfullytoclimatechange.Thethirdhypothesisputstheblameonwatercontamination,ingthatawater-bornediseasehaddtheHarappanpeopletomigratetootherlocations,leadingtothedeclineoftheentirecivilization.Thistheoryisnotvalidaccordingtothelecture.Theprofessorex insthatHarappanpeoplewereexcellentengineerswhohadcreatedadvancedc systemsthatshouldbecapableofpreventingthetransmissionofdiseasethroughwater.6阅读：讲要meetthedemandofenergy.—个国家应该采用核能发电，但是有些批评(1).Safety,说如果coreoverheat的话会辐射外泄造成对环境生态及人类的危害；和coal;(3).othertechnology，比如风力发电；持normaltemperature，不会有； unprecedentednotreliable，因此需要其他的发电废当backup，所以还不如用nuclear呢。Thetopicisaboutwhetherornotthenuclearpowerisabetterpowersourceamongotheralternatives.Thereadingandlisteningmaterialholdadifferentviewpointstowardthisdebatedissue.Tobeginwith,thereadingindicatesthattheoverheatingofthenuclearreactorwillreleaseradioactivityinleakagethatdoesgreatharmtonotjusthumanbeings,butthewholeenvironment.However,thespeakerrefutesandsaysthatwiththeadvancedtechnology-PebbleBedReactor--,theproblemcanbesolved.Whenthereactorisabouttooverheat,itwillautomaticallybesloweddowninspeedandtheheatingproblemcanbetackled.Inthesecondce,speakersaysthatnuclearpowerisnotexpensivebasedonthelongterm.However,theauthorclaimsthatthecostofbuildingtheunclearntiswaytoomuchandoilorcoalntisthebetterchoice.Forthispoint,thelisteningindicatesthattheconstructionofunclearntisindeedmoreexpensive,yetthefuel,Uranium,isverycheapincomparisonofthefueltotheoilorcoalnt.Forthelongrun,unclearntsareabetterchoicetothisenergygenerationissue.Thirdly,windpowerseemsagreatalternativeenergysinceitisrenewable.Nevertheless,thespeakerindicatesthatwindpowergeneratedfromwindturbineisfromournatureandthusisnotreliableandstable.Usually,countriesusingsuchpowerallhaveabackuppowernt,whichiswaytootroublesome.Nuclearreactorscangenerateasteadyamountofpowerwithoutanylimitations.Thus,viewedfromtheabovereasons,thereadingandthelisteningare7阅读：naturalgas8lecturewrittenbookPearlPoet真正作者到底是谁，因为只有一个署名儿在这一个poem的title下面叫什么P.文章就开猜了,有三种可能性。1个被认为可能的人JohnMassey，因为流传下来的他们的作品的handwriting是2HughHpoemregion第一个理由，过去的作品都是靠copy的，原版被reproduce很多次。所以人们看到的可能只是同一个人手抄copyoriginal的书，不能表明作者相同；会有不同口音dialect，所以那种修辞在不同口音的情况下是不同的；不可能有很多人collection都有这些unique的特性。（3）recyclewater使养虾时使用的被污染的清水可以使Thistopicisaboutwhetherornotthefishfarmingcescanbedamagingtothefishspecie,waterandthewholenearbyenvironment.Clearly,thecontentsinthereadingandlisteningaredifferent.Firstly,thereadingsaysthatfishfromthefishfarmsproducehigherconcentrationofwastetothenearbywaterresource,whichcausesseriousdamages.However,fromthelistening,itsaysthatfishfarmerscankeepacertainkindofmarineanimals,suchasMollusksthatfeedonthewasteofthefarmfishandthiswilllargelyreducethedegreeofwaterpollutionfishfarmsmake.Inthesecondce,fromthespeaker,scientistscannowgeneticallyalteredthefarmfish;inotherwords,thosefarmfishcannotreproduceagainwithlocalfishgroups.Thisyetisdifferentformthereadingcontentthatindicatestheinctionofthefarmfishandlocalfishwillgeneratephysicallypooreroffspring.Thirdly,thelecturerthinksthatthoseusedwaterfromfishfarmscanbere-usedtogrowakindofntthatisagreatsourceofproteinforbothhumanbeingsandthelivestock;forinstance,theshrimpfarmwaterwasdumpedintotheopenwater,butnowitisusedtocultivatesuchsalt-toleratent.Thereadingcontentlikewisesaysthatfishfarmswasteagreatdealoffreshwaterandthewatercannotbeusedforotherintentionsanylonger.constructwallsinGreatelectricalchargeddevicetoeliminateAsian再引进nativespecies.说这个对ship有影响，cargo要从一个船reload到另一个船上，增加了（3）教授说这种做法总来试过，unpredictableanddangerous.而且利用toxicchemical之后可能会导致wholeecosystemThereadingsaysthatthethreemethodsusedcanpreventAsiancarpsfromenteringtheGreatLakes;however,thelisteningpassagerefutestheideaandthinkstheycannotworkwell.Tobeginwith,inthelisteningcontent,itsaysthatitwillcostanextraexpenseforshipandcargomovementstotheshipssincethosewallsdonotjustconstrainfishbutalsofactoriesthatarebuiltnearthelake.However,thereadingcontentindicatesthatconstructingthewallincertainpartofthelakebuildanareaoflimitationforthefishanditalsoignorestheeconomicbenefitsofthecommercialactivitiesnearby.Secondly,theelectricitychargeddevice,formthelisteningcontent,cannoteffectivelydiscourageAsiancarpsenteringthelake.Itistruethattheelectronicfieldcandeterfishmovingintothelake,yetthelakeishugeandthefishcanstill“swim”totheothersideofthelakewherethereisnosuchdeviceemployed.However,thereadingindicatestheelectronicdevicewillcreateapowerelectronicfieldthateliminatesallthecarptryingtomoveintothelake.canbecarriedouttokillAsiancarpsinthefirststep;oncethenumberofthefishdecreases,thesecondstep—introducingthenativespeciescanincreasethechancesofsurvivalforthem.However,thelisteningcontentcompleycontradictstheargumentandindicatesthatsuchtoxicsubstancemethodhasneverbeenusedinthesimilarsituation,sothisistoodangerousandunpredictable.Maybeitwillleadtoanenvironmentaldisasterthatwillmakethesituationevenworse.Inconclusion,fromthelisteningcontent,thethreemethodstryingtostopAsiancarpsenteringtheGreatLakearenotvaluabletothisissue.Thus,thecontentbothinthereadingandlisteningiscontradictory.11命中指数：五星级)T-Rex恐龙能跑吗？腿骨结构 类似（3）MMT恐龙是亲戚，如果M恐龙能跑，那么T恐龙自然也能跑；TherehasbeensomecontroversyoverwhetherornotT.rexcouldrunfast.ThereadingpassageprovidesthreepiecesofevidencetoprovethatT.rexwasafastrunner.However,thelecturerarguesthatnoneoftheevidenceisconvincing.First,thereadingsuggeststhatT.rexmusthavebeenacapablerunnerbecauseitfedonherbivorousanimalwhichcouldrunveryfast.However,thelecturerarguesthatthismaynotserveasvalidproof,becauseT.rexhadveryacutesenseofsmellsotheycoulddetectandscavengeonthedeadbodiesofsmallanimalsinsteadofhavingtochasethem.Secondly,thereadingdrawscomparisonbetweenthelegbonesofT.rexandafastrunningtiger.Yetthelecturerrejectssuchcomparison.Hearguesthatinspiteofthesimilarity,thebonesofT.rexweretoofragiletosustainthehighpressurecausedbyhigh-speedrunning.Finally,fossilevidenceshowsthatT.rexhadtwopowerfullegsandlargetoes.RelativesoftheT.rexthatsharedthesefeatures,likethe[M-],werefastrunners.Againthisisdisprovedbytheprofessor,whoarguesthatinordertorun,aT.rexwouldhaveneededtocarry86%ofitshugebodymassassupportivemusclesinitslegs,whichcouldnothavebeenpossible.1在Rhoneriver发现了一个bust阅读：passage里面认为是罗马的一个leader－西泽大帝，原 styleofhair；发现雕塑的地点在一条河，以前人们想销毁它，因为有新的leader上任，留着它是不respect。：lecture完全反驳这个观点，原因有三。 Slimnoseandlongleg有用的雕塑都往河里扔，举了一个叫Neptune的雕塑，是古罗马的一个神。Thelectureandthereadingpassagebothtalkaboutalife-sizemarblebust,foundduringanarchaeologicalexcavationandretrievedfromthebedoftheriverRhone.WhiletheauthorofthepassageattributesthisbusttoJuliusCaesar,thelecturerrefuteseachoftheargumentspresentedinthereading.First,thestyleoftheportraitcouldnotbeusedasevidencetoshowthatthisbustwasthatofJuliusCaesar.AlthoughthebustwasmadeinastyleverypopularduringCaesar’stime,thisstyletobepopularmanyyearsafterCaesardied.Therefore,thisbustcouldverywellhavebeenmadeinamuchlatertimeforsomeoneotherthanCaesar.Second,thesimilaritiesbetweenthebustandtheportraitofCaesaronsilvercoinswereratherlimitedtothehaironly.Inotherfeaturessuchastheneckandthenose,therearemanyobviousdifferences.IfthebustwasCaesar’s,thenitshouldhavelookedthesameinallfeaturestootherportraitsofCaesar.Finally,thelocationwherethebustwasfoundcouldnotproveanything.ArchaeologicalstudyalsoexcavatedotheritemsfromthesameceincludingasculpturefortheGodofNeptune.Thisindicatesthatpeoplecouldhavethrownthingsintotheriverbecausetheyhave uselessratherthanbecauseofpoliticalreasons,aswhatthereadingsuggests.2阅读ToBuildCrossingsforwildlifecrossings;theyarenottrainedtomakeuseofcrossings很浪费钱啊Financial而且theareasaffectedbyroadorbyotherhumandevelopmentthathavealreadybeendamagedtoomuch.Notalongtermstrategy.因栖息地都坏掉，不要(无法)crossings,这样可以保护动物待在同一个区，虽然这样也许会让population下降。:阅读crossings，但是他们是可以学习的嘛，比如十年后，他们就会用教授说不浪费钱啊，动物和人之间的collisions不仅对动物，对人类也造成了很大，很多人都受伤了还是怎么的，说考虑到这些因素，建crossings能保护人类啊。教授说动物们待在一个保护区里不能去别的地方，数量当然下降了，crossingsCastingdoubtsontheissuewhetherornotwildlifecrossingsshouldbemadeforthegreatestbenefitsofhumanbeingsandwildlifecreatures,thespeakerholdsacontrarytothereadingpassage.Thefirstpointisaboutwhethertheanimalscanusethecrossingsanditmeansthatifanimalsdonotknowhowtomakeuseofthecrossings,itisnotadvantageoustothebuildingn;however,fromthelisteningpassage,itsaysthatanimalscanbetrainedtousetheman-madecrossings.Forexample,thebearandwolvescasesinthelisteningthattheycanmakeuseofthecrossingsaftercertaintime,suchasadecadeco-existingwiththecrossings.(weixin:laoxikou)Thereadingpassageneverthelessholdsthatthosewildlifeanimalscannotusethecrossingsandthebuildingnwillbeinvalid.Secondly,accordingtothespeaker,itisnotafinancialwasteforbuildingwildlifecrossings.Iftherearenocrossingsbuilt,thedamagecanbemadenotjusttoanimals,buttovehiclesandtohumans.Buildingwildlifecrossingsisconducivetomutualbenefits;thusitisnotwastingmoney.Thislikewiserefutestheauthorfromthepassageinthatbuildingwildlifecrossingsisatotalwasteofmoney;itwillnothelphumanstosavemoneyontheaccidents.Thirdly,thespeakerthinksthatbuildingwildlifecrossingscanactuallyhelpanimalsolvethefragmentationproblembycreatinglinksandbridgesthat ethemainbarrierssuchroadsandotherhumandevelopmentsothatanimalcanhavefullaccesstoalltheirterritories.Thiscanprovidethemmoreopportunitiestosurvive,thriveandgrowastheyhavemorechancestofindfoodandreproduce.Yet,thereadingindicatesitisbettertokeepwildlifeanimalsinareaswheretheycanbetterbeprotected.Inshort,thepointsputforthaboutthewildlifecrossingsinthereadingandlisteningarecontradictory.3hydroelectricdamReading:hydroelectricpowerntsthreelowlowthewaterpathsprotectwildlifeLecture:accountoftheresearchcostforselectinglocationandbuildingcost,thecostofhydroelectricntsisnotlowhydroelectricntsproducethesameamountofgreenhousegasesasfossilfuelntwaterpathscannotprotectallfishes,anexampleinEngland,akindoffishcannotusethewaterpathassalmondo.Besuspiciousofwhetherhydroelectricpowerisadvantageoustouscomparedwithotherpower,thespeakerholdsacontrarytothereadingpassage.Thefirstpointisaboutthecostanditmeansthatpriortoadamcanbebuilt,manystudieshavetoberesearchedandmadesureiftherockaroundthepotentialdamcansupporttheheavyandmassiveconstruction.（ID:zhuxugame0725）Thedamscannotbebuiltjustanywherenearariversource.Inaddition,thecostofbuildingadamisenormous.Thisisnotcostcutting.However,thereadingthinksdamsarebuiltrightinthesourceanddonotneedextrafueltotransportthepower,soitismoreinexpensive.Secondly,accordingtothespeaker,eventhoughtheoperationofsuchntdoesnotgenerategreenhousegases,hydroelectricntscratefloodedareasthatmakelargeamountsofntmaterialto poseanddecay.Thisis"thesource"ofproducinggreenhousegaseslikecarbondioxideandmethane.Fortropicalareaswherevegetationisdensest,thedamagetotheenvironmentisjustthesamecomparedtocoalnts.Thislikewiserefutestheauthorfromthepassageinthathydroelectricntsdonotcauseharmfulgasestothesurroundings.Thethirdpointisregardingthewildlife.Itistruethatsalmoncanbesavedintheresearchbecausetheyarestrongandgetupstreamfromthedam.ThisisnotthecaseforotherkindsoffishinEngland.Thefishcannotmoveverticallyuptobypassthedam.Tobemoreconcise,hydroelectricntsstillcausenegativeejectswildlife.Thus,allpointsfromthereadingpassagearedifferentfromthosestatedinthelisteningcontent.stones，第一种理论是风吹动的，因为存在关于山谷里有大风的，且天下雨的时候，muddy很变得很平，适合让风吹动石头。第二个理论是水晚上结冰，石头就能动了。第三个理论是人类恶搞的，比如麦田圈就是。：没有风强到能吹到石头，并且给了张，石头陷在muddy里，按writer的理论，石头不应该陷下去的。这里沙漠，水根本不够，并且沙漠里温度太高，就算晚上能结冰，白天就化了，没法搬动石头。（3）如果是人干的，那一定会留下痕迹，这种muddy里，没有人能做到不留痕迹。Thereadingpassagetriestoexinwhysomestonesindesertareasshowsignsofmovingslowlyacrossthesurface.However,allthethreetheoriesproposedinthereadingarerefutedbythelecturer.Thefirsttheoryisthatthestonesaremovedbythesofwinds.Thisismadepossiblebypowerfulwindstormsinthevalleyandmuddyandslipperysurfacesonrainydays.However,theprofessorarguesthatwindsstrongenoughtomovearockhaveneverbeenrecordedonEarth.Furthermore,there’sevidenceshowingthatpartofthestonesisbeneaththemuddysurface,indicatingthatthestonesarenotslidingonthesurface.Thesecondtheoryisthattherocksmovebecauseofthefloatingicesheetsthatsurroundtherocks.However,thistheoryisalsonotpossiblebecause,asthespeakersays,thedesertareaisextremelydry,soitlackstheamountofwatertoformlargeicesheets.Eventhoughicecouldpossiblyformduringthenightwhenthetemperaturedrops,duringthedaytheicewouldmelt.Therefore,icesheetscouldnothavebeenthesaty.Finally,thereisthepossibilitythathumanoranimalinterventionratherthannaturalsmadethishappen.However,ifthisweretrue,theprofessorsays,thentherewouldhavebeentracesleftofhumansoranimalsmovingtherocks,andthesetraceswouldnothavebeeneasilyremovedinsuchmuddyces.Yetthefactisthatneitherthetracesofhumansnorthoseofhorsesexistnearthemovingrocks.Sothehumaninterventiontheoryishighlyunlikely.5讲congestionpricing。说为了缓解交通拥堵，想要在city中的某个区域，这样就能缓解一下。阅读文章支持，三个理由：这样做可以improvetime(主要就是说节省时间)可以改善环境improvethatarea'senvironment收的fee可以用于revenuethecity可以再修路，修桥等等lecture中，professor否定了这个观点。 他认为这样做有些不愿意花钱走这个区域就得绕路，更浪费时间。举了个例子：送快递的，他们要，所以送快递的时候会变长。在区里面环境可能会好点，但是周围的车相对就会增多，noiseandairpollution就会多。所以不是整个city都能环境变好有的人不能afford这个费用了，就会去坐subway，就得出的钱Theofcongestionpricingisendinsomeurbanareasinordertoalleviatetrafficcongestion.Thereadingpassageexinsthebenefitsofcongestionpricing,whilethelecturewarnsthatthishasanumberofnegativeeffects.Thereadingsuggeststhatcongestionpricingreducestrafficsodriverscanreachtheirdestinationinlesstime.However,thelecturercontendsthatnotallpeoplewillfindittime-saving.Somedriverswillgoroundthepricingzoneinordertoavoidcongestionsurcharges.Forexample,deliverydriverswilltakealongerroutetoavoidthisadditionalcost,sothedeliverytimeisThesecondbenefitmentionedinthereadingisthatcongestionpricingimprovesurbanenvironment.However,thelecturerpointsoutthatthismaybetrueforareaswithinthechargingzonebecausethereislesstrafficthere.（ID:zhuxugame0725）Butinthesurroundingareas,pollutionandnoisemay eworseasaresultofincreasedleveloftrafficthatmovestothoseareas.Finally,accordingtothereading,congestionchargesareasourceofcityrevenuewhichcanbeusedbytheernmenttoimprovepublicfacilitiessuchasroadsandbridges.Yetthelecturerarguesthatthiswillleadsomepeopletoswitchfromdrivingtousingpublictransportationsuchasthesubway.Thiswillentailanadditionalcostforsubwaymaintenance,whichmayevenexceedtherevenuefromcongestionpricing.Thereforethewillnothelpimproveroadsand1壁画所以画出来的狩猎场景就是为了保证打猎顺利而作：反驳阅读，给出理由是：里有大量的这个magicalpower在不同的文化中有不同的含义啊，insomecase，这是一种仪式，actuallythemagicalpowertheirancestorsbelieveinisthattheycancommunicatewiththeanimalslivingThereadingpassageexinsthepurposeofprehistoricpaintingsfoundinLascauxCaveinFrance.Accordingtothereading,thesepaintingswerecreatedbythepainterswiththehopeoffindinggoodlucktoensuresuccessfulhunting.However,thelecturerdisagreeswiththisFirst,thereadingstatesthattherearelargeanimalsinsomepaintingsdepictedasbeingwoundedbyspearsandarrows,suggestingthattheseanimalswerehuntedbythepainters.（关联里对动物图案有一定介绍）However,thelecturerpointsoutthatthereareotherpaintingsthatdepictsmallanimalssuchascatsandreindeers,whichprehistoricpeopledidnothunt.Moreover,someanimalsinthepaintingsdonotappeartohavebeenwounded.Sothesepaintingsmaynotberelatedwithhunting.Second,humanfigureswithanimalheadsmaynotbeproofthatthepaintingswererelatedwithhunting.Accordingtothelecturer,somehumanfiguresdonotappearinthepaintingtobestanding;someareevenslee.Theywereclearlynothuntinginsuchahorizontalposition,soitisprobablynottruethatthehumansinthepaintingsarewearinganimalheadsasacamouflagewhilehunting.Thethirdtheoryinthereadingproposesthatthepainterscreatedthesepaintingsbecausetheybelievedthatthesepaintingsmighthavemagicalpowers.Butthelecturerarguesthatthismagicalpowermighthavenothingtodowithhunting.Thepaintersmighthavebelievedthattheycouldcommunicatewiththeirancestors’spiritsthroughthesepaintedanimals.2阅读：有段时间大型动物，是因为人类活动的关系。原因有三：人类出现和大动物同死吧。：候的人类没有保存肉的方法，所以不太可能去hunt大动物；同时期小动物也死了不少。Beingskepticalaboutthetheoryoftherelationbet