2023年考研考博-考研英语（一）-单选题-翻译题-填空题-写作题历年高频考题黑钻摘选版附带答案

2023年考研考博-考研英语（一）-单选题-翻译题-填空题-写作题历年高频考题黑钻摘选版附带答案（图片大小可自由调整）答案解析附后第1卷一.综合题(共10题)1.单选题ThisyearmarksexactlytwocountriessincethepublicationofFrankenstein;or,TheModernPrometheus,byMaryShelley.Evenbeforetheinventionoftheelectriclightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence(AI)raisesfundamentalquestions:“Whatisintelligence,identify,orconsciousness?Whatmakeshumanshumans?”Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwouldimitatethewayhumansthink,continuestoevadescientists.Yethumansremainfascinatedbytheideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondlikehumans,similartothoserecentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTVseriessuchas“Westworld”and“Humans”.“Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstood,letalonereproduced,”saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist.“Wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnesssactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere.”

Butthatdoesn’tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAIaren'tathand.Thecominguseofautonomousvehicles,forexample,posesthornyethicalquestions.Humandriverssometimesmustmakesplit-seconddecisions.Theirreactionsmaybeacomplexcombinationofinstantreflexes,inputfrompastdrivingexperiences,andwhattheireyesandearstelltheminthatmoment.AI“vision”todayisnotnearlyassophisticatedasthatofhumans.Andtoanticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituationisadifficultprogrammingproblem.Wheneverdecisionsarebasedonmassesofdata,“youquicklygetintoalotofethicalquestions,”notesTanKiatHow,chiefexecutiveofaSingapore-basedagencythatishelpingthegovernmentdevelopavoluntarycodefortheethicaluseofAI.AlongwithSingapore,othergovernmentsandmega-corporationsarebeginningtoestablishtheirownguidelines.Britainissettingupadataethicscenter.IndiareleaseditsAIethicsstrategythisspring.OnJune7Googlepledgednotto“designordeployAI”thatwouldcause“overallharm,”ortodevelopAI-directedweaponsoruseAIforsurveillancethatwouldviolateinternationalnorms.ItalsopledgednottodeployAIwhoseusewouldviolateinternationallawsorhumanrights.Whilethestatementisvague,itrepresentsonestartingpoint.SodoestheideathatdecisionsmadebyAIsystemsshouldbeexplainable,transparent,andfair.Toputitanotherway:Howcanwemakesurethatthethinkingofintelligentmachinesreflectshumanity'shighestvalues?OnlythenwilltheybeusefulservantsandnotFrankenstein'sout-of-controlmonster.1.MaryShelley'snovelFrankensteinismentionedbecauseit（

）.2.InDavidEagleman'sopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeofconsciousness（

）.3.Thesolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomousvehicles（

）.4.Theauthor'sattitudetowardGoogle'spledgeisoneof（

）.5.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?问题1选项A.fascinatesAIscientistsallovertheworldB.hasremainedpopularforaslongas200yearsC.involvessomeconcernsraisedbyAItodayD.hassparkedseriousethicalcontroversies问题2选项A.helpsexplainartificialintelligenceB.canbemisleadingtorobotmakingC.inspirespopularsci-fiTVseriesD.istoolimitedforustoreproduceit问题3选项A.canhardlyeverbefoundB.isstillbeyondourcapacityC.causeslittlepublicconcernD.hasarousedmuchcuriosity问题4选项A.affirmationB.skepticismC.contemptD.respect问题5选项A.AI'sFuture:IntheHandsofTechGiantsB.Frankenstein,theNovelPredictingtheAgeofAIC.TheConscienceofAI:ComplexButInevitableD.AIShallBeKillersOnceOutofControl2.翻译题WWIIwasthewatershedeventforhighereducationinmoderndemocraticsocieties.（1）Thosesocietiescameoutofthewarwithlevelsofenrollmentthathadbeenroughlyconstantat3%-5%oftherelevantagegroupsduringthedecadesbeforethewar.Butafterthewar,greatsocialandpoliticalchangesarisingoutofthesuccessfulwaragainstFascismcreatedagrowingdemandinEuropeanandAmericaneconomiesforincreasingnumbersofgraduateswithmorethanasecondaryschooleducation.（2）Andthedemandthatroseinthosesocietiesforentrytohighereducationextendedtogroupsandstratathathadnotthoughtofgoingtouniversitybeforethewar.Thesedemandsresultedinaveryrapidexpansionofthesystemsofhighereducation,beginninginthe1960sanddevelopingveryrapidlythoughunevenlyinthe70sand80s.Thegrowthofhighereducationmanifestsitselfinatleastthreequitedifferentways,andtheseinturnhavegivenrisetodifferentsetsofproblems.（3）Therewasfirsttherateofgrowth:inmanycountriesofWesternEuropethenumbersofstudentsinhighereducationdoubledwithinfive-yearperiodsduringthedecadeofthesixtiesanddoubledagaininseven,eight,ortenyearsbythemiddleofthe1970s.

Second,growthobviouslyaffectedtheabsolutesizebothofsystemsandindividualinstitutions.Andthird,growthwasreflectedinchangesintheproportionoftherelevantagegroupenrolledininstitutionsofhighereducation.Eachofthesemanifestationsofgrowthcarrieditsownpeculiarproblemsinitswake.Forexampleahighgrowthrateplacedgreatstrainsontheexistingstructuresofgovernance,ofadministration,andaboveallofsocialization.Whenaverylargeproportionofallthemembersofaninstitutionarenewrecruits,theythreatentooverwhelmtheprocesseswherebyrecruitstoamoreslowlygrowingsystemareinductedintoitsvaluesystemandlearnitsnormsandforms.Whenafacultyordepartmentgrowsfrom,say,5to20memberswithinthreeorfouryears,（4）andwhenthenewstaffarepredominantlyyoungmenandwomenfreshfrompostgraduatestudy,thentheylargelydefinethenormsofacademiclifeinthatfacultyanditsstandards.Andifthepostgraduatestudentpopulationalsogrowsrapidlyandthereislossofacloseapprenticeshiprelationshipbetweenfacultymembersandstudents,thenthestudentculturebecomesthechiefsocializingforcefornewpostgraduatestudents,withconsequencesfortheintellectualandacademiclifeoftheinstitution—thiswasseeninAmericaaswellasinFrance,Italy,WestGermany,andJapan.（5）Highgrowthratesincreasedthechancesforacademicinnovation;theyalsoweakenedtheformsandprocessesbywhichteachersandstudentsareinductedintoacommunityofscholarsduringperiodsofstabilityorslowgrowth.Inthesixtiesandseventiesofthelastcentury,Europeanuniversitiessawmarkedchangesintheirgovernancearrangements,withtheempowermentofjuniorfacultyandtosomedegreeofstudentsaswell.Theyalsosawhigherlevelsofstudentdiscontent,reflectingtheweakeningoftraditionalformsofacademiccommunities.3.单选题Eveniffamiliesarelesslikelytositdowntoeattogetherthanwasoncethecase,millionsofBritonswillnonethelesshavepartakenthisweekendofoneofthenation'sgreattraditions:theSundayroast.（1）acoldwinter'sday,fewculinarypleasurescan（2）it.Yetaswereportnow,thefoodpolicearedeterminedthatthis（3）shouldberenderedyetanotherguiltypleasure（4）todamageourhealth.TheFoodStandardsAuthority(FSA)has（5）apublicwarningabouttherisksofacompoundcalledacrylamidethatformsinsomefoodscooked（6）hightemperatures.Thismeansthatpeopleshould（7）crispingtheirroastpotatoes,spurnthin-crustpizzasandonly（8）toasttheirbread.Butwhereistheevidencetosupportsuchalarmistadvice?（9）studieshaveshownthatacrylamidecancauseneurologicaldamageinmice,thereisno（10）evidencethatitcausescancerinhumans.Scientistssaythecompoundis"（11）tobecarcinogenic"buthavenohardscientificproof.（12）theprecautionaryprinciple,itcouldbearguedthatitis（13）tofollowtheFSAadvice.（14）,itwasrumoredthatsmokingcausedcancerforyearsbeforetheevidencewasfoundtoprovea（15）.Doubtlessapieceofboiledbeefcanalwaysbe（16）uponSundayalongsidesomesteamedvegetables,withouttheYorkshirepuddingandnowine.Butwouldlifebeworthliving?（17）,theFSAsaysitisnottellingpeopletocutoutroastfoods（18）,buttoreducetheirlifetimeintake.However,their（19）riskscomingacrossasexhortationandnannying.Constanthealthscaresjust（20）withnoonelistening.问题1选项A.InB.TowardsC.OnD.Till问题2选项A.matchB.expressC.satisfyD.influence问题3选项A.patienceB.enjoymentC.surpriseD.concern问题4选项A.intensifiedB.privilegedC.compelledD.guaranteed问题5选项A.issuedB.receivedC.ignoredD.canceled问题6选项A.underB.atC.forD.by问题7选项A.forgetB.regretC.finishD.avoid问题8选项A.partiallyB.regularlyC.easilyD.initially问题9选项A.UnlessB.SinceC.IfD.While问题10选项A.secondaryB.externalC.inconclusiveD.negative问题11选项A.insufficientB.boundC.likelyD.slow问题12选项A.OnthebasisofB.AtthecostofC.InadditiontoD.Incontrastto问题13选项A.interestingB.advisableC.urgentD.fortunate问题14选项A.AsusualB.InparticularC.BydefinitionD.Afterall问题15选项A.resemblanceB.combinationC.connectionD.pattern问题16选项A.madeB.servedC.savedD.used问题17选项A.TobefairB.ForinstanceC.TobebriefD.Ingeneral问题18选项A.reluctantlyB.entirelyC.graduallyD.carefully问题19选项A.promiseB.experienceC.campaignD.competition问题20选项A.followupB.pickupC.openupD.endup4.单选题Inthemoviesandontelevision,artificialintelligenceistypicallydepictedassomethingsinisterthatwillupendourwayoflife.WhenitcomestoAIinbusiness,weoftenhearaboutitinrelationtoautomationandtheimpendinglossofjobs,butinwhatwaysisAIchangingcompaniesandthelargereconomythatdon'tinvolvedoom-and-gloommassunemploymentpredictions?ArecentsurveyofmanufacturingandserviceindustriesfromTataConsultancyServicesfoundthatcompaniescurrentlyuseAImoreoftenincomputer-to-computeractivitiesthaninautomatinghumanactivities.Onecommonapplication?Preventingelectronicsecuritybreaches,which,ratherthaneliminatingITjobs,actuallymakesthosepersonnelmorevaluabletoemployers,becausetheyhelpfirmspreventhackingattempts.HereareafewotherwaysAIisaidingcompanieswithoutreplacingemployees:BetterhiringpracticesCompaniesareusingartificialintelligencetoremovesomeoftheunconsciousbiasfromhiringdecisions.“Thereareexperimentsthatshowthat,naturally,theresultsofinterviewsaremuchmorebiasedthanwhatAIdoes,”saysPedroDomingo,authorofTheMasterAlgorithm:HowthequestfortheUltimatelearningMachineWillReambeOurWorldandacomputerscience1.（

）Onecompanythat'sdoingthisiscalledBlendoor.Itusesanalyticstohelpidentifywheretheremaybebiasinthehiringprocess.MoreeffectivemarketingSomeAIsoftwarecananalyzeandoptimizemarketingemailsubjectlinestoincreaseopenrates.OnecompanyintheUK,Phrasee,claimstheirsoftwarecanoutperformhumansbyupto10percentwhenitcomestoemailopenrates.Thiscanmeanmillionsmoreinrevenue.2.（

）Theseare“toolsthathelppeopleusedata,notareplacementforpeople,”saysPatrickH.Winston,aprofessorofartificialintelligenceandcomputerscienceatMIT.SavingcustomersmoneyEnergycompaniescanuseAItohelpcustomersreducetheirelectricitybills,savingthemmoneywhilehelpingtheenvironmentCompaniescanalsooptimizetheirownenergyuseandcutdownonthecostofelectricity.Insurancecompanies,meanwhile,canbasetheirpremiumsonAImodelsthatmoreaccuratelyaccessrisk.“Before,theymightnotinsuretheoneswhofeltlikeahighriskorchargethemtoomuch,”saysDomingos,3.（

）Improvedaccuracy“Machinelearningoftenprovidesamorereliableformofstatisticswhichmakesdatamorevaluable,“saysWinston.It“helpspeoplemakesmarterdecisions.”4.（

）ProtectingandmaintaininginfrastructureAnumberofcompanies,particularlyinenergyandtransportation,useAIimageprocessingtechnologytoinspectinfrastructureandpreventequipmentfailureorleaksbeforetheyhappen.“Iftheyfailfirstandthenyoufixthem,it’sveryexpensive,”saysDomingo's.“5."（

）.”问题1选项A.Ireplacestheboringpartsofyourjob.Ifyou’redoingresearch,youcanhaveAIgooutandlookforrelevantsourcesandinformationthatotherwiseyoujustwouldn’thavetimefor.B.Oneaccountingfirm,EY,usesanAIsystemthathelpsreviewcontractsduringanaudit.Thisprocess,alongwithemployeesreviewingthecontracts,isfasterandmoreaccurate.C.TherearealsocompanieslikeAcquisto,whichanalyzesadvertisingperformanceacrossmultiplechannelslikeAdWords,Bingandsocialmediaandmakesadjustmentsorsuggestionsaboutwhereadvertisingfundswillyieldbestresults.D.Youwanttopredictifsomethingneedsattentionnowandpointtowhereit’susefulforemployeestogoto.E.Before,theymightnotinsuretheoneswhofeltlikeahighriskorchargethemtoomuch,ortheywouldchargethemtoolittleandthenitwouldcost[thecompany]money.F.We’realsogivingourcustomersbetterchannelsversuspickingupthephonetoaccomplishsomethingbeyondhumanscale.G.AIlooksatresumesingreaternumbersthanhumanswouldbeableto,andselectsthemorepromisingcandidates.问题2选项A.Ireplacestheboringpartsofyourjob.Ifyou’redoingresearch,youcanhaveAIgooutandlookforrelevantsourcesandinformationthatotherwiseyoujustwouldn’thavetimefor.B.Oneaccountingfirm,EY,usesanAIsystemthathelpsreviewcontractsduringanaudit.Thisprocess,alongwithemployeesreviewingthecontracts,isfasterandmoreaccurate.C.TherearealsocompanieslikeAcquisto,whichanalyzesadvertisingperformanceacrossmultiplechannelslikeAdWords,Bingandsocialmediaandmakesadjustmentsorsuggestionsaboutwhereadvertisingfundswillyieldbestresults.D.Youwanttopredictifsomethingneedsattentionnowandpointtowhereit’susefulforemployeestogoto.E.Before,theymightnotinsuretheoneswhofeltlikeahighriskorchargethemtoomuch,ortheywouldchargethemtoolittleandthenitwouldcost[thecompany]money.F.We’realsogivingourcustomersbetterchannelsversuspickingupthephonetoaccomplishsomethingbeyondhumanscale.G.AIlooksatresumesingreaternumbersthanhumanswouldbeableto,andselectsthemorepromisingcandidates.问题3选项A.Ireplacestheboringpartsofyourjob.Ifyou’redoingresearch,youcanhaveAIgooutandlookforrelevantsourcesandinformationthatotherwiseyoujustwouldn’thavetimefor.B.Oneaccountingfirm,EY,usesanAIsystemthathelpsreviewcontractsduringanaudit.Thisprocess,alongwithemployeesreviewingthecontracts,isfasterandmoreaccurate.C.TherearealsocompanieslikeAcquisto,whichanalyzesadvertisingperformanceacrossmultiplechannelslikeAdWords,Bingandsocialmediaandmakesadjustmentsorsuggestionsaboutwhereadvertisingfundswillyieldbestresults.D.Youwanttopredictifsomethingneedsattentionnowandpointtowhereit’susefulforemployeestogoto.E.Before,theymightnotinsuretheoneswhofeltlikeahighriskorchargethemtoomuch,ortheywouldchargethemtoolittleandthenitwouldcost[thecompany]money.F.We’realsogivingourcustomersbetterchannelsversuspickingupthephonetoaccomplishsomethingbeyondhumanscale.G.AIlooksatresumesingreaternumbersthanhumanswouldbeableto,andselectsthemorepromisingcandidates.问题4选项A.Ireplacestheboringpartsofyourjob.Ifyou’redoingresearch,youcanhaveAIgooutandlookforrelevantsourcesandinformationthatotherwiseyoujustwouldn’thavetimefor.B.Oneaccountingfirm,EY,usesanAIsystemthathelpsreviewcontractsduringanaudit.Thisprocess,alongwithemployeesreviewingthecontracts,isfasterandmoreaccurate.C.TherearealsocompanieslikeAcquisto,whichanalyzesadvertisingperformanceacrossmultiplechannelslikeAdWords,Bingandsocialmediaandmakesadjustmentsorsuggestionsaboutwhereadvertisingfundswillyieldbestresults.D.Youwanttopredictifsomethingneedsattentionnowandpointtowhereit’susefulforemployeestogoto.E.Before,theymightnotinsuretheoneswhofeltlikeahighriskorchargethemtoomuch,ortheywouldchargethemtoolittleandthenitwouldcost[thecompany]money.F.We’realsogivingourcustomersbetterchannelsversuspickingupthephonetoaccomplishsomethingbeyondhumanscale.G.AIlooksatresumesingreaternumbersthanhumanswouldbeableto,andselectsthemorepromisingcandidates.问题5选项A.Ireplacestheboringpartsofyourjob.Ifyou'redoingresearch,youcanhaveAIgooutandlookforrelevantsourcesandinformationthatotherwiseyoujustwouldn'thavetimefor.B.Oneaccountingfirm,EY,usesanAIsystemthathelpsreviewcontractsduringanaudit.Thisprocess,alongwithemployeesreviewingthecontracts,isfasterandmoreaccurate.C.TherearealsocompanieslikeAcquisto,whichanalyzesadvertisingperformanceacrossmultiplechannelslikeAdWords,Bingandsocialmediaandmakesadjustmentsorsuggestionsaboutwhereadvertisingfundswillyieldbestresults.D.Youwanttopredictifsomethingneedsattentionnowandpointtowhereit'susefulforemployeestogoto.E.Before,theymightnotinsuretheoneswhofeltlikeahighriskorchargethemtoomuch,ortheywouldchargethemtoolittleandthenitwouldcost[thecompany]money.F.We'realsogivingourcustomersbetterchannelsversuspickingupthephonetoaccomplishsomethingbeyondhumanscale.G.AIlooksatresumesingreaternumbersthanhumanswouldbeableto,andselectsthemorepromisingcandidates.5.填空题Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions1-5,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)A.Eyefix-actionsarebriefB.ToomucheyecontactisinstinctivelyfelttoberudeC.EyecontactcanbeafriendlysocialsignalD.PersonalitycanaffecthowapersonreactstoeyecontactE.BiologicalfactorsbehindeyecontactarebeinginvestigatedF.MostpeoplearenotcomfortableholdingeyecontactwithstrangersG.EyecontactcanalsobeaggressiveInasocialsituation,eyecontactwithanotherpersoncanshowthatyouarepayingattentioninafriendlyway.Butitcanalsobeantagonisticsuchaswhenapoliticalcandidateturnstowardtheircompetitorduringadebateandmakeseyecontactthatsignalshostility.Here'swhathardsciencerevealsabouteyecontact:1.（

）Weknowthatatypicalinfantwillinstinctivelygazeintoitsmother'seyes,andshewilllookback.Thismutualgazeisamajorpartoftheattachmentbetweenmotherandchild.Inadulthood,lookingsomeoneelseinapleasantwaycanbeacomplimentarysignofpayingattention.Itcancatchsomeone'sattentioninacrowdedroom,"Eyecontactandsmile"cansignalavailabilityandconfidence,acommon-sensenotionsupportedinstudiesbypsychologistMonicaMoore.2.（

）NeuroscientistBonnieAugeungfoundthatthehormoneoxytocinincreasedtheamountofeyecontactfrommentowardtheinterviewerduringabriefinterviewwhenthedirectionoftheirgazewasrecorded.Thiswasalsofoundinhigh-functioningmenwithsomeautisticspectrumsymptoms,whomaytendtoavoideyecontact.Specificbrainregionsthatrespondduringdirectgazearebeingexploredbyotherresearches,usingadvancedmethodsofbrainscanning.3.（

）Withtheuseofeye-trackingtechnology,JuliaMinsonoftheHarvardKennedySchoolofGovernmentconcludedthateyecontactcansignalverydifferentkindsofmessages,dependingonthesituation.Whileeyecontactmaybeasignofconnectionortrustinfriendlysituations,it'smorelikelytobeassociatedwithdominanceorintimidationinadversarialsituations.Whetheryou'reapoliticianoraparent,itmightbehelpfultokeepinmindthattryingtomaintaineyecontactmaybackfireifyou'retryingtoconvincesomeonewhohasadifferentsetofbeliefsthanyou,"saidMinson.

4.（

）Whenwelookatafaceorapicture,oureyespauseononespotatatime,oftenontheeyesormouth.Thesepausestypicallyoccurataboutthreepersecond,andtheeyesthenjumptoanotherspot,untilseveralimportantpointsintheimageareregisteredlikeaseriesofsnapshots.Howthewholeimageisthenassembledandperceivedisstillamysteryalthoughitisthesubjectofcurrentresearch.5.（

）Inpeoplewhoscorehighinatestofneuroticism,apersonalitydimensionassociatedwithself-consciousnessandanxiety,eyecontacttriggeredmoreactivityassociatedwithavoidance,accordingtotheFinnishresearcherJariHietanenandcolleagues."Ourfindingsindicatethatpeopledonotonlyfeeldifferentwhentheyarethecentreofattentionbutthattheirbrainreactionsalsodiffer."Amoredirectfindingisthatpeoplewhoscoredhighfornegativeemotionslikeanxietylookedatothersforshorterperiodsoftimeandreportedmorecomfortablefeelingswhenothersdidnotlookdirectlyatthem.6.单选题StateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswithlighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates.TheSupremeCourt'sopinionThursdayoverruledapairofdecades-olddecisionsthatstatessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenueannually.Thedecisionsmadeitmoredifficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinepurchases.Thecasesthecourtoverturnedsaidthatifabusinesswasshippingacustomer'spurchasetoastatewherethebusinessdidn'thaveaphysicalpresencesuchasawarehouseoroffice,thebusinessdidn'thavetocollectsalestaxforthestate.Customersweregenerallyresponsibleforpayingthesalestaxtothestatethemselvesiftheyweren'tchargedit,butmostdidn'trealizetheyoweditandfewpaid.JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed.“EachyearphysicalpresencerulebecomesfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealityandresultsinsignificantrevenuelossestotheStates,”hewroteinanopinionjoinedbyfourotherjustices.Kennedywrotethattherule“limitedstates'abilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhaspreventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonanevenplayingfield.”Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapresenceinmanystates,sincetheyusuallycollectsalestaxononlinepurchasesalready.Now,rivalswillbechargingsalestaxwheretheyhadn'tbefore.Bigchainshavebeencollectingsalestaxnationwidebecausetheytypicallyhavephysicalstoresinwhateverstateapurchaseisbeingshippedto.A,withitsnetworkofwarehouses,alsocollectssalestaxineverystatethatchargesit,thoughthird-partysellerswhousethesitedon'thaveto.Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresenceinonlyasinglestateorafewstateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshiptoaddressesoutsidethosestates.SellersthatuseeBayandEtsy,whichprovideplatformsforsmallersellers,alsohavencollectingsalestaxnationwide.UndertherulingThursday,statescanpasslawsrequiringout-of-statesellerstocollectthestate'ssalestaxfromcustomersandsendittothestate.Retailtradegroupspraisedtheruling,sayingitlevelstheplayingfieldforlocalandonlinebusinesses.Thelosers,saidretailanalystNeilSaunders,areonline-onlyretailers,especiallysmallerones.Thoseretailersmayfaceheadachescomplyingwithvariousstatesalestaxlaws.TheSmallBusiness&EntrepreneurshipCounciladvocacygroupsaidinaastatement,"businessesandinternetentrepreneursarenotwellservedatallbythisdecision.”1.TheSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaywill（

）.2.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraphs2and3thattheoverruleddecisions（

）.3.AccordingtoJusticeAnthonyKennedy,thephysicalpresencerulehas（

）.4.WhoaremostlikelytowelcometheSupremeCourtruling（

）.5.IndealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursday,theauthor（

）.问题1选项A.endetterbusiness'revolutionswithstatesB.putmostonlinebusinessinadilemmaC.makemoreonlineshopperspaysalestaxD.forcessomestatestocutsalestax问题2选项A.haveledtothedominanceofe-commerceB.havecostconsumersalotovertheyearsC.werewidelycriticizedbyonlinepurchasesD.wereconsideredupfavorablebystates问题3选项A.hinderedeconomicdevelopmentB.broughtprosperitytothecountryC.harmedfairmarketcompetitionD.boostedgrowthinstatesrevenue问题4选项A.InternetentrepreneursB.Big-chainownersC.Third-partysellersD.Smallretailers问题5选项A.givesafactualaccountofitanddiscussesitsconsequencesB.describesthelongandcomplicatedprocessofitsmakingC.presentsitsmainpointswithconflictingviewsonthemD.citiessomecasesrelatedtoitandanalyzestheirimplications7.单选题Progressivesoftensupportdiversitymandatesasapathtoequalityandawaytoleveltheplayingfield.Butalltoooftensuchpoliciesareaninsincereformofvirtue-signalingthatbenefitsonlythemostprivilegedanddoeslittletohelpaveragepeople.ApairofbillssponsoredbyMassachusettsstateSenatorJasonLewisandHouseSpeakerProTemporePatriciaHaddad,toensure"genderparity"onboardsandcommissions,provideacaseinpoint.HaddadandLewisareconcernedthatmorethanhalfthestate-governmentboardsarelessthan40percentfemale.Inordertoensurethatelitewomenhavemoresuchopportunities,theyhaveproposedimposinggovernmentquotas.Ifthebillsbecomelaw,stateboardsandcommissionswillberequiredtosetaside50percentofboardseatsforwomenby2022.ThebillsaresimilartoameasurerecentlyadoptedinCalifornia,whichlastyearbecamethefirststatetorequiregenderquotasforprivatecompanies.Insigningthemeasure,CaliforniaGovernorJerryBrownadmittedthatthelaw,whichexpresslyclassifiespeopleonthebasisofsex,isprobablyunconstitutional.TheUSSupremeCourtfrownsonsex-basedclassificationsunlesstheyaredesignedtoaddressan"important"policyinterest.BecausetheCalifornialawappliestoallboards,evenwherethereisnohistoryofpriordiscrimination,courtsarelikelytorulethatthelawviolatestheconstitutionalguaranteeof"equalprotection".Butaresuchgovernmentmandatesevennecessary?Femaleparticipationoncorporateboardsmaynotcurrentlymirrorthepercentageofwomeninthegeneralpopulation,butsowhat?Thenumberofwomenoncorporateboardshasbeensteadilyincreasingwithoutgovernmentint