内容案例老版ca bar review lectures handouts constitutional law

CONSTITUTIONALPROFESSORERWINCopyright©2017byBARBRI, ：liuxue119118，其他人都是！我们免费提供新版更byErwinOVERVIEWOFThefederaljudicialThefederallegislativeThefederalexecutiveThestructureoftheConstitution’sprotectionofindividualEqualFirstTheFederalJudicialTherequirementforcasesandStanding.Standingistheissueofwhethertheintiffistheproperpartytobringamattertothecourtforadjudication.Injury.Theintiffmustallegeandprovethatheorshehasbeeninjuredorimminentlywillbeinjured intiffsonlymayassertinjuriesthatthey allyhave intiffsseekinginjunctiveordeclaratoryreliefmustshowalikelihoodoffutureharmCopyright©2017byBARBRI,CONSTITUTIONALCONSTITUTIONALCONSTITUTIONALCausationandredressability.Theintiffmustallegeandprovethatthedefendantcausedtheinjurysothatafavorablecourtdecisionislikelytoremedytheinjury.Nothirdpartystanding.Aintiffcannotassertclaimsofothers,ofthirdparties,whoarenotbeforethecourt.Exception:thirdpartystandingisallowedifthereisacloserelationshipbetweentheintiffandtheinjuredthirdpartyException:thirdpartystandingisallowediftheinjuredthirdpartyisunlikelytobeabletoasserthisorherownrightsException:anorganizationmaysueforitsmembers,thememberswouldhavestandingtotheinterestsaregermanetotheorganization’sneithertheclaimnorreliefrequiresparticipationofindividualmembersNogeneralizedgrievances.Theintiffmustnotbesuingsolelyasacitizenorasataxpayerinterestedinhavingtheernmentfollowthelaw.Exception:taxpayershavestandingtochallengeernmentexpenditurespursuanttofederal(orstateandlocal)statutesasviolatingtheEstablishmentClauseRipeness.Ripenessisthequestionofwhetherafederalcourtmaygrantpre-enmentreviewofastatuteorregulation.ThehardshipthatwillbesufferedwithoutpreenmentThefitnessoftheissuesandtherecordforjudicialMootness.Ifeventsafterthefilingofalawsuitendtheintiff’sinjury,thecasemustbedismissedasmoot.Exception:wrongcapableofrepetitionbutevadingException:voluntarycessation.Ifthedefendantvoluntarilyhaltstheoffendingconduct,butistoresumeitatanytime,thecasewillnotbedismissedasmoot.Exception:classactionThepoliticalquestiondoctrine.Thepoliticalquestiondoctrinereferstoconstitutionalviolationsthatthefederalcourtswillnotadjudicate.The“republicanform ernmentChallengestothe’sconductofforeignChallengestotheimpeaentandremovalChallengestopartisanSupremeCourtVirtuallyallcasescometotheSupremeCourtbywritofAllcasesfromstatecourtscometotheSupremeCourtbywritofAllcasesfromUnitedStatescourtsofappealscometotheSupremeCourtbywritofcertiorariAppealsexistfordecisionsofthree-judgefederaldistrictTheSupremeCourthasoriginalandexclusivejurisdictionforsuitsbetweenstate Generally,theSupremeCourtmayhearcasesonlyaftertherehasbeenafinaljudgmentofthehigheststatecourt,ofaUnitedStatesCourtofAppeals,orofathree-judgefederaldistrictcourtFortheSupremeCourttoreviewastatecourtdecision,theremustnotbeanindependentandadequatestatelawgroundofdecision.Ifastatecourtdecisionrestsontwogrounds,onestatelawandonefederallaw,iftheSupremeCourt’sreversalofthefederallawgroundwillnotchangetheresultinthecase,theSupremeCourtcannothearit.唯 ：liuxue119118，其他人都是！我们免费提供新版更LowerfederalcourtFederalcourts(andstatecourts)maynothearsuitsagainststateTheprincipleofsovereignTheEleventhAmendmentbarssuitsagainststatesinfederalcourtSovereignimmunitybarssuitsagainststatesinstatecourtsorfederalagenciesExceptions.StatesmaybesuedunderthefollowingWaiverisStatesmaybesuedpursuanttofederallawsadoptedundersection5oftheFourteenthAmendment.CongresscannotauthorizesuitsagainststatesunderotherconstitutionalThe ernmentmaysue BankruptcySuitsagainststateofficersarestateofficersmaybesuedforinjunctivestateofficersmaybesuedformoneydamagestobepaidoutoftheirownpocketsstateofficersmaynotbesuedifitisthestatetreasurythatwillbepayingretroactivedamages唯 ，其他人都是！我们免费提供新版更 CONSTITUTIONAL Abstention.FederalcourtsmaynotenjoinpendingstatecourtTheFederalLegislativeCongress’sauthoritytoTheremustbeexpressorimpliedCongressionalThenecessaryandproperThetaxing/spendingpowerandthecommerceCongressmaytaxandspendforthegeneralTheCommerceCongressmayregulatethechannelsofinterstateCongressmayregulatetheinstrumentalitiesofinterstatecommerceand sorthingsininterstatecommerceCongressmayregulateeconomicactivitiesthathaveasubstantialeffectoninterstatecommerce.(Intheareaofnon-economicactivity,asubstantialeffectcannotbebasedoncumulativeimpact.)Also,fivejusticeshavesaidthatCongresscannotregulateinactivity.唯 ：liuxue119118，其他人都是！我们免费提供新版更 CONSTITUTIONALLAW TheTenthAmendmentasalimitonCongressionalpowers.TheTenthAmendmentstatesthatallpowersnotgrantedtotheUnitedStates,norprohibitedtothestates,aretothestatesorthepeople.Congresscannotcompelstateregulatoryorlegislativeaction.Note:Congresscaninducestateernmentactionbyputtingstringsongrants,solongastheconditionsareexpresslystatedandrelatetothepurposeofthespendingprogram.Also,theconditionscannotbeundulycoercive.CongressmayprohibitharmfulcommercialactivitybystateCongress’powerundersection5oftheFourteenthAmendment.Congressmaynotcreatenewrightsorexpandthescopeofrights.Congressmayactonlytopreventorremedyviolationsofrightsrecognizedbythecourtsandsuchlawsmustbe“proportionate”and“congruent”toremedyingconstitutionalviolations.DelegationofNolimitexistsonCongress’abilitytodelegatelegislativeLegislativevetosandline-itemvetosareunconstitutional.ForCongresstoact,therealwaysmustbebicameralism(passagebyboththeHouseandtheSenate)andpresentment(givingthebilltotheandsignorveto).Themustsignorvetothebillinitsentirety.唯 ，其他人都是！我们免费提供新版更 CONSTITUTIONAL CongressmaynotdelegateexecutivepowertoitselforitsTheFederalExecutiveForeignTreaties.TreatiesareagreementsbetweentheUnitedStatesandaforeigncountrythatarenegotiatedbytheandareeffectivewhenratifiedbytheSenate.TreatiesprevailoveringstateIfatreatyswithafederalstatute,theoneadoptedlastintimeIfatreatyswiththeUnitedStatesConstitution,itisExecutive唯 ：liuxue119118，其他人都是！我们免费提供新版更 CONSTITUTIONALLAW Definition.AnexecutiveagreementisanagreementbetweentheUnitedStatesandaforeigncountrythatiseffectivewhensignedbytheandtheheadoftheforeignnation.ExecutiveagreementscanbeusedforanyExecutiveagreementsprevailoveringstatelaws,butneveroveringfederallawsortheConstitution[Seechartonthefollowing唯 ，其他人都是！我们免费提供新版更 CONSTITUTIONAL CONSTITUTIONALLAW–CHARTTREATIESANDEXECUTIVEISSSTATELAWSSLASTINTIMECONSTITUTIONALCONSTITUTIONALCONSTITUTIONALLimitsontherecognitionpower.ItisunconstitutionalforCongressbystatutetodesignatethecapitolofaforeigncountry.ThehasbroadpowersasCommander-in-ChieftouseAmericantroopsinforeigncountriesDomesticTheappointmentandremovalTheappointmentTheappointsambassadors,federaljudgesandofficersoftheUnitedStatesCongressmayvesttheappointmentofinferiorofficersinthe,theheadsofdepartmentsorthelowerfederalCongressmaynotgiveitselforitsofficerstheappointmentThemaynotmakerecessappointmentsduringintrasessionrecessesthatarelessthan10daysTheremovalpower. Unlessremovalislimitedbystatute,themayfireanyexecutivebranchoffice.唯 ：liuxue119118，其他人都是！我们免费提供新版更ForCongresstolimitremoval,itmustbeanofficewhereindependencefromtheisdesirableandCongresscannotprohibitremoval,itcanlimitremovaltowherethereisgoodcauseImpeaentandremoval.The,theVice,federaljudgesandofficersoftheUnitedStatescanbeimpeachedandremovedfromtheofficefortreason,bribery,orforhighcrimesandmisdemeanorsImpeaentdoesnotremove from entbytheHouseofRepresentativesrequiresamajorityvote;convictionintheSenaterequiresa2/3voteThehasabsoluteimmunitytocivilsuitsformoneydamagesforanyactionswhileinoffice.However,thedoesnothaveimmunityforactionsthatoccurredpriortotakingoffice.Thehasexecutiveprivilegeforialpapersandconversations,butsuchprivilegemustyieldtootherimportanternmentThehasthepowertopardonthoseaccusedorconvictedoffederalPreemption.TheSupremacyClauseofArticleVIprovidesthattheConstitution,andlawsandtreatiesmadepursuanttoit,arethesupremelawoftheland.ExpressImpliedIffederalandstatelawsaremutuallyexclusive,federallawpreemptsstatelawIfstatelawimpedestheachievementofafederalobjective,federallawpreemptsstatelawIfCongressevidencesaclearintenttopreemptstatelaw,federallawpreemptsstatelaw ernmentalimmunity)ThedormantcommerceclauseandtheprivilegesandimmunitiesclauseofArticle唯 ：liuxue119118，其他人都是！我们免费提供新版更Thedormantcommerceclause(Negativeimplicationsofthecommerceclause)TheprivilegesandimmunitiesclauseofArticleTheprivilegesorimmunitiesclauseoftheFourteenthDoesthestatelawdiscriminateagainstout-of-ysisifthelawdoesnotTheprivilegesandimmunitiesclauseofArticleIVdoesnotIfthelawburdensinterstatecommerce,itviolatesthedormantcommerceclauseifitsburdensexceeditsbenefitsysisifthelawdiscriminatesagainstout-of-Ifthelawburdensinterstatecommerce,itviolatesthedormantcommerceclauseunlessitisnecessarytoachieveanimportanternmentException:CongressionalException:Themarketparticipantexception.Astateorlocalernmentmaypreferitsowncitizensinreceivingbenefitsfromernmentprogramsorindealingwithernment-ownedIfthelawdiscriminatesagainstout-of-staterswithregardtotheirabilitytoearntheirlivelihood,itviolatestheprivilegesandimmunitiesclauseofArticleIVunlessitisnecessarytoachieveanimportanternmentpurposeThelawmustdiscriminateagainstout-of-Thediscriminationmustbewithregardtofundamentalrightsorimportanteconomicactivities.Corporationsandalienscannotusetheprivilegesandimmunitiesclause.Thediscriminationmustbenecessarytoachievean ernmentpurpose.[Seechartonthefollowing唯 ，其他人都是！我们免费提供新版更 CONSTITUTIONAL CONSTITUTIONALLAW–CHARTDORMANTCOMMERCECLAUSE/PRIVILEGESANDIMMUNITIESCLAUSEOFARTICLEIVDOESTHISSTATEORLOCALERNMENT’SACTIONDISCRIMINATEAGAINSTOUT-OF-STATERS? ViolatestheDormantCommerceClauseifitcesaburdenoninterstatecommerceunlessitisnecessarytoachieveanimportanternmentpurpose.TwoCongressionalap-provalofMarketparticipant

ViolatesthePrivilegesandImmunitiesClauseofArticleIVifitdiscrimi-natesagainstindividualswithregardtoimportanteconomicactivitiesorfundamentalrightsunlessitisnecessarytoachieveanimportant

Iftheernmentisburdeninginterstatecommerce,balancethebenefittothestateagainsttheburdenoninterstatecommerce(ifthebenefitexceedstheburden,thelawisupheld;iftheburdenexceedsthebenefit,thelawisstruck

PrivilegesandImmunitiesClauseofArticleIVisCONSTITUTIONALCONSTITUTIONALCONSTITUTIONALCONSTITUTIONALLAW–CHARTComparisonoftheDormantCommerceClauseandthePrivilegesandImmunitiesClauseofArticleIVNoNo•Corporationsandalienscannotsueunderit•Requiresdiscriminationwithregardtofundamentalrightsorimportanteconomicactivities•Requiresdiscriminationagainstout-of-statersinordertoapply•PrivilegesandImmunitiesExceptions:Congressionalapprovalandthemarketparticipant•Corporationsandalienscansueunder•Requiresaburdenoninterstate•Doesnotrequirediscriminationagainstout-of-statersinordertoapply•DormantCommerce ：liuxue119118，其他人都是！我们免费提供新版更StatetaxationofinterstateStatesmaynotusetheirtaxsystemstohelpin-stateAstatemayonlytaxactivitiesifthereisasubstantialnexustotheStatetaxationofinterstatebusinessesmustbefairlyTheStructureoftheConstitution’sProtectionofIndividualIs ernmentTheConstitutionappliesonlyto ernmentaction.PrivateconductneednotcomplywiththeConstitutionCongress,bystatute,mayapplyconstitutionalnormstoprivateTheThirteenthAmendmentcanbeusedtoprohibitprivateraceThecommercepowercanbeusedtoapplyconstitutionalnormstoprivateconduct唯 ：liuxue119118，其他人都是！我们免费提供新版更Congresscannotusesection5oftheFourteenthAmendmenttoregulateprivatebehavior situationswhereprivateconductmustcomplywiththeThepublicfunctionexception.TheConstitutionappliesifaprivateentityisperformingatasktraditionally,exclusivelydonebytheTheentanglementexception. TheConstitutionappliesiftheernmentaffirmativelyauthorizes,encourages,orunconstitutionalactivity.KeyCourtscannotenraciallyrestrictiveThereisstateactionwhentheernmentleasespremisestoarestaurantthatraciallydiscriminates.Thereisstateactionwhenastateprovidesbookstoschoolsthatraciallydiscriminate.Thereisnostateactionwhenaprivateschoolthatisover99%fundedbytheernmentfiresateacherbecauseofherThereisnostateactionwhentheNCAAordersthesuspensionofabasketballcoachatastateuniversity.Thereisstateactionwhenaprivateentityregulatesinterscholasticsportswithinastate.Thereisnotstateactionwhenaprivateclubwithaliquorlicensefromthestateraciallydiscriminates.TheapplicationoftheBillofTheBillofRightsappliesdirectlyonlytothe TheBillofRightsisappliedtostateandlocalernmentsthroughitsincorporationintothedueprocessclauseoftheFourteenthAmendment.TheThirdAmendmentrighttonothaveasoldierquarteredina’shome.TheFifthAmendmentrighttograndjuryindictmentincriminalTheSeventhAmendmentrighttojurytrialincivilTheEighthAmendmentrightagainstexcessive ：liuxue119118，其他人都是！我们免费提供新版更 CONSTITUTIONALLAW LevelsofRationalbasisIntermediateStrict[SeechartonthefollowingCONSTITUTIONALCONSTITUTIONALLAW–CHARTTHELEVELSOFBURDENOFBASIS唯 ：liuxue119118，其他人都是！我们免费提供新版更 CONSTITUTIONALLAW IndividualProceduraldueSubstantivedueEqualProceduraldueHastherebeenadeprivationoflife,liberty,orAdeprivationoflibertyoccursifthereisthelossofasignificantdomprovidedbytheConstitutionorastatuteAdeprivationofpropertyoccursifthereisanentitlementandthatentitlementisnotfulfilledernmentnegligenceisnotsufficientforadeprivationofdueprocess.Generally,theremustbeintentionalernmentactionoratleastrecklessactionforliabilitytoexist.However,inemergencysituations,theernmentisliableunderdueprocessonlyifitsconduct“shockstheconscience.”CONSTITUTIONALGenerally,the ernment’sfailuretoprotectpeoplefromprivayinflictedharmsdoesnotdenydueprocessWhatproceduresareThetest:TheimportanceoftheinteresttotheTheabilityofadditionalprocedurestoincreasetheaccuracyofthefact-finding ernment’sBeforewelfarebenefitsareterminatedtheremustbenoticeandahearingWhenSocialSecuritydisabilitybenefitsareterminated,thereneedbeonlyapost-terminationhearingBeforeaschoolcandisciplineastudenttheremustbe唯 ，其他人都是！我们免费提供新版更 CONSTITUTIONALLAW ofthechargesandanopportunitytoexBeforeaparent’srighttocustodyofachildcanbepermanentlyterminatedtheremustbenoticeandahearingPunitivedamagerequireinstructionstothejuryandjudicialreviewtoensurereasonablenessAnAmericancitizendetainedasanenemycombatantmustbeaccordeddueprocessExceptinexigentcircumstances,prejudgmentatta ernmentseizureofassetsrequirenoticeandahearing[Seechartonthefollowing唯 ，其他人都是！我们免费提供新版更 CONSTITUTIONAL CONSTITUTIONALLAW–CHARTPROCEDURALDUEHastheernmentdeprivedaoflife,liberty(asignificantdomsecuredbytheConstitutionorStatute),orproperty(anentitlementtoareceiptofabenefit)? Whatproceduresmusternmentsupply?ImportanceofinteresttotheAbilityofadditionalprocedurestoincreasetheaccuracyofthefactfinding; ernment’s

ernmentneednotprovideproceduraldueprocess.CONSTITUTIONALCONSTITUTIONALEconomicOnlyarationalbasistestisusedforlawsaffectingeconomicrights.TheConstitutionprovidesonlyminimalprotectionforeconomicliberties.Thetakingsclause.The ernmentmaytakeprivatepropertyforpublicuseifitprovidesjustcompensation.Isthereapossessorytaking—ernmentconfiscationorphysicaloccupationofpropertyisataking.regulatorytaking—ernmentregulationisatakingifitleavesnoreasonableeconomicallyviableuseoftheproperty. ernmentconditionsondevelopmentofpropertymustbejustifiedbyabenefitthatisroughlyproportionatetotheburdenimposed;otherwiseitisataking Apropertyownermaybringatakingschallengetoregulationsthatexistedatthetimethepropertywasacquired Temporarilydenyinganowneruseofpropertyisnotatakingsolongastheernment’sactionisreasonable.唯 ，其他人都是！我们免费提供新版更 CONSTITUTIONAL IsitforpublicIsjustcompensation[SeechartonthefollowingCONSTITUTIONALCONSTITUTIONALCONSTITUTIONALLAWTHETAKINGSCLAUSE–CHARTernmentmaytakeprivatepropertyforpublicuseifitpaysjustIsitaIsthereaernmentconfiscationorphysicaloccupationof

Doestheernment’sregulationleavenoreasonableeconomicallyviableuseoftheIfYEStoeitherquestionthereisataking

IfNOtobothquestions,thereisnotakingandNOernmentcompensationisrequiredIsitforpublicuse?Doestheernmentactoutofareasonablebeliefthatitsactionwillbenefitthepublic?Justcompensationmustbepaid.ernmentmustpayeconomicmarketvalueofpropertyinhandsofowner(gaintothetakerisirrelevant)

ernmentmustreturntheproperty唯 ，其他人都是！我们免费提供新版更 CONSTITUTIONAL Thecontractsclause.NostateshallimpairtheobligationsofAppliesonlytostateorlocalinterferencewithexistingStateorlocalinterferencewithprivatecontractsmustmeetintermediatescrutinyDoesthelegislationsubstantiallyimpairaparty’srightsunderanexistingcontract?Ifso,isthelawareasonablyandnarrowlytailoredmeansofpromotinganimportantandlegitimatepublicinterest?Stateorlocalinterferencewith ernmentcontractsmustmeetstrictscrutinyTheexpostfactoclausedoesnotapplyincivilcases.(Anexpostfactolawisalawthatcriminallypunishesconductthatwaslawfulwhenitwasdoneorthatincreasespunishmentforacrimeafteritwascommitted).Retroactivecivilliabilityonlyneedmeetarationalbasistest.(Abillofattainderisalawthatdirectsthepunishmentofaspecific swithoutaPrivacyisafundamentalrightprotectedundersubstantivedueTherighttomarry(lawsprohibitingsame- marriageviolatetherighttomarry)Therightto ：liuxue119118，其他人都是！我们免费提供新版更 CONSTITUTIONALLAW Therighttocustodyofone’sTherighttokeepthefamilyTherighttocontroltheupbringingofone’sTherighttopurchaseanduseTherighttoPriortoviability,statesmaynotprohibitabortions,butmayregulateabortionssolongastheydonotcreateanundueburdenontheabilitytoobtainabortions.Example:arequirementfora24hourwaitingperiodforabortionsisnotanundueburden.Example:arequirementthatabortionsbeperformedbylicensedphysiciansisnotanundueburdenExample:theprohibitionof“partialbirthabortions”isnotanundueburden.Example:arequirementthatphysicianshaveadmittingprivilegesatahospitalwithin30 andthatafacilityhave“ambulatorysurgicalfacilities”isanunconstitutionalundueburdenAfterviability,statesmayprohibitabortionsunlessnecessarytoprotectthewoman’slifeorhealth.唯 ，其他人都是！我们免费提供新版更 CONSTITUTIONAL

TheernmenthasnodutytosubsidizeabortionsorprovideabortionsinpublichospitalsSpousalconsentandnotificationlawsareParentalnoticeandconsentlawsforunmarriedminors.Astatemayrequireparentalnoticeand/orconsentforanunmarriedminor’sabortionsolongasitcreatesanalternativeprocedurewhereaminorcanobtainanabortionbygoingbeforeajudgewhocanapprovetheabortionbyfindingitwouldbeintheminor’sbestinterestsorthatsheismatureenoughtodecideforherselfTherighttoprivacyprotectsarighttoengageinprivatecon ualactivityTherighttorefusemedicalCompetentadultshavetherighttorefusemedical evenlife-savingmedical

Astatemayrequireclearandconvincingevidencethatawantedtreatmentterminatedbeforeitisended.Astatemaypreventfamilymembersfromterminatingtreatmentforanother.Thereisnotaconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedThesecondamendmentrighttobeararms.“Awell-regulatedmilitia,beingnecessarytothesecurityofastate,therightofthepeopletokeepandbeararmsshallnotbeinfringed.”唯 ：liuxue119118，其他人都是！我们免费提供新版更 CONSTITUTIONALLAW TherighttoLawsthatpreventpeoplefrommovingintoastatemustmeetstrictDurationalresidencyrequirementsmustmeetstrictRestrictionsonforeigntravelneedmeetonlytherationalbasisTherighttoLawsthatdenysomecitizenstherighttovotemustmeetstrictscrutiny,butregulationsoftheelectoralprocesstopreventfraudonlyneedbeonbalancedesirable -one-votemustbemetforallstateandlocalelections.Itisconstitutionallypermissiblefordistrictingtobebasedontotalpopulation;itdoesnotneedtobebasedoneligiblevotersAt-largeelectionsareconstitutionalunlessthereisproofofadiscriminatorypurpose唯 ，其他人都是！我们免费提供新版更 CONSTITUTIONAL TheuseofraceindrawingelectiondistrictlinesmustmeetstrictCountinguncountedvoteswithoutstandardsinaialelectionviolatesequalprotectionThereisnofundamentalrightto[SeechartonthefollowingCONSTITUTIONALCONSTITUTIONALCONSTITUTIONALLAW–CHARTFundamentalKeyRightstriggeringstrictscrutinyRighttoRighttoRighttocustodyofRighttokeepfamilyRighttocontrolraisingofRighttopurchaseanduseRighttoRighttodomofspeech(coveredunderFirstAmendment,domofassociation(coveredunderFirstAmendment,exerciseofreligion(ifthelawburdeningreligionisnotaneutrallawofgeneralapplicability)(coveredunderFirstAmendment,§VIII)Rightstriggering“Undueburdentest”RighttoNotafundamentalrightRighttopracticeatradeorRighttophysician-assistedRighttoRighttoengageinprivatecon ualactivityRighttorefusemedicalRighttopossess唯 ，其他人都是！我们免费提供新版更 CONSTITUTIONAL EqualAnapproachtoequalprotectionWhatistheWhatlevelofscrutinyshouldbeDoesthislawmeetthelevelofConstitutionalprovisionsconcerningequalTheequalprotectionclauseoftheFourteenthAmendmentappliesonlytostateandlocal Equalprotectionisappliedtothefederal ernmentthroughthedueprocessclauseoftheFifthAmendmentClassificationsbasedonraceandnationalStrictscrutinyisHowistheexistenceofaracialclassificationTheclassificationexistsonthefaceoftheIfthelawisfaciallyneutral,provingaracialclassificationrequiresdemonstratingbothdiscriminatoryimpactanddiscriminatoryintentCONSTITUTIONALCONSTITUTIONALExample:discriminatoryuseofperemptorychallengesbasedonracedeniesequalprotectionHowshouldracialclassificationsbenefitingminoritiesbeStrictscrutinyisNumericalset-asidesrequireclearproofofpastEducationalinstitutionsmayuseraceasonefactorinadmissionsdecisionstohelpminorities.Theymustshow,however,thatthereisnoraceneutralalternativewhichcouldachievediversity.Additionally,educationalinstitutionsmaynotaddpointstoapplicants’admissionsscoresbasedonrace.Publicschoolsystemsmaynotuseraceasafactorinassigningstudentstoschoolsunlessstrictscrutinyismet.GenderIntermediatescrutinyisHowistheexistenceofagenderclassificationTheclassificationexistsonthefaceofthe唯 ，其他人都是！我们免费提供新版更 CONSTITUTIONAL Ifthelawisfaciallyneutral,provingagenderclassificationrequiresdemonstratingbothdiscriminatoryimpactanddiscriminatoryintentExample:discriminatoryuseofperemptorychallengesbasedongenderdeniesequalprotectionHowshouldgenderclassificationsbenefitingwomenbeGenderclassificationsbenefitingwomenthatarebasedonrolestereotypeswillnotbeallowed discriminationanddifferencesinopportunitywillbeallowedAlienageGenerally,strictscrutinyisOnlyarationalbasistestisusedforalienageclassificationsthatconcern ernmentandthedemocraticprocessOnlyarationalbasistestisusedforCongressionaldiscriminationagainstItappearsthatintermediatescrutinyisusedfordiscriminationagainstunedalienchildrenCONSTITUTIONALCONSTITUTIONALCONSTITUTIONALDiscriminationagainstnon-maritalIntermediatescrutinyisLawsthatdenyabenefittoallnon-maritalchildren,butgrantittoallmaritalchildrenareunconstitutionalRationalbasisreviewisusedforallothertypesofdiscriminationundertheAgeDisabilityWealthEconomicualorientation[SeechartonthefollowingCONSTITUTIONALLAW–CHARTEQUALEQUALPROTECTIONISSUESCANBEDIVIDEDINTO31-WHATISTHETwowaystodeterminetheexistenceofTheclassificationisonthefaceofthelaw;Ifthelawisfaciallyneutral,thereisbothadiscriminatoryintentforthelawandadiscriminatoryimpacttothelaw.2-WHATISTHELEVELOFStrictLawmustbenecessarytoachieveacompellingernmentNationalAlienage-LawmustbesubstantiallyrelatedtoanimportanternmentUnedalienRationalBasisLawmustberationallyrelatedtoalegitimateernmentinterest.Alienageclassificationsrelatedtoself andthedemocraticprocessCongressionalregulationofaliensAllother3-DOESTHISLAWMEETTHELEVELOF ：liuxue119118，其他人都是！我们免费提供新版更 CONSTITUTIONALLAW TheFirstspeechContent-basedv.content-neutralContent-basedrestrictionsonspeechgenerallymustmeetstrictscrutiny.Twotypeofcontentbasedlaws:subjectmatterrestrictions(applicationofthelawdependsonthetopicofthemessage)viewpointrestrictions(applicationofthelawdependsontheideologyofthemessage)Content-neutrallawsburdeningspeechgenerallyneedonlymeetintermediatescrutinyPriorCourtorderssuppressingspeechmustmeetstrictscrutiny.Procedurallypropercourtordersmustbecompliedwithuntiltheyarevacatedoroverturned.A whoviolatesacourtorderisbarredfromlaterchallengingit.Theernmentcanrequirealicenseforspeechonlyifthereisanimportantreasonforlicensingandclearcriterialeavingalmostnodiscretiontothelicensingauthority.LicensingschemesmustcontainproceduralsafeguardssuchaspromptdeterminationofrequestsforlicensesandjudicialreviewVaguenessandCONSTITUTIONALVagueness.AlawisunconstitutionallyvagueifareasonablecannotlwhatspeechisprohibitedandwhatisallowedOverbreadth.AlawisunconstitutionallyoverbroadifitregulatessubstantiallymorespeechthantheconstitutionallowstobeFightingwordslawsareunconstitutionallyvagueandSymbolicspeech.Theernmentcanregulateconductthatcommunicatesifithasanimportantinterestunrelatedtosuppressionofthemessageandiftheimpactoncommunicationisnogreaterthannecessarytoachievetheernment’spurpose.--flagburningisconstitutionallyprotected--draftcardburningisnotconstitutionallyprotected ernmentsmayprohibitnude--burningacrossisprotectedspeechunlessitisdonewiththeintentto--contributionlimitsinelectionnsaregenerallyconstitutional,butexpenditurelimitsareunconstitutionalAnonymousspeechisSpeechbytheernmentcannotbechallengedasviolatingtheFirstWhatspeechisunprotect