语言学名词解释(同名8050)

1.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.2.Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.3.Arbitrarinessrefersthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor(meaningandsounds).4.Dualitymeansthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.5.Creativity(productivity)meanslanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityandrecursiveness.6.Displacementmeanslanguagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.7.Culturaltransmission:languageisnotbiologicallytransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration.Thedetailsofthelinguisticsystemmustbelearnedbyeachspeaker.8.Interchangeability:meansthatanyhumanbeingcanbebothaproducerandareceiverofmessages.9.Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage10.Descriptivemeansthelinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.Prescriptivemeansthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesforcorrectandstandardbehaviorinusinglanguagetotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandnotsay.11.Synchronic共时inwhichlanguagesaretreatedasself-containedsystemsofcommunicationatanyparticulartime在那一刻、时、块的情况（当代、古代）Diachronic历时inwhichthechangestowhichlanguagesaresubjectinthecourseoftimeandtreatedhistorically.(在过程中都有什么变化、区别、有大时间变化)2个共时即为历时12.Langueandparole找笔记重点。Competenceandperformance找笔记重点。13.Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.14.Consonants：aresoundsproducedbyobstructingtheflowofairintheoralcavity。Vowels：areproducedwhentheairstreammeetswithnoobstruction。15.diacritics：areadditionalsymbolsormarksusedtogetherwiththeconsonantandvowelsymbolstoindicatenuancesofchangeintheirpronunciation.16.Phonologyisthestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages.Itaimstodiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernsthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur.17.Articulatoryphonetics发音语音学studiesoftheproductionofspeechsounds.Acousticphonetics声学语音学studiesofthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsoundsPerceptualphonetics感知听觉isconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds18.Coarticulation协同发音meanswhenaspeechsoundchangesandbecomesmorelikeanothersoundwhichfollowsitonprecedesitAnticipatorycoarticulation:asoundbecomesmorelikethefollowingsound.Eg:lambPerseverativecoarticulation:thesoundshowstheinfluenceoftheprecedingsound.Eg:map19.Broadtranscription:thetranscriptionwithletters,symbolsonly.Narrowtranscription:thetranscriptionwithletters,symbolstogetherconstituentarereached.38.TheimportanceofICanalysis:isthatitstressedthefunctionoftheintermediatelevel-thewordgroup-intheanalysisofasentence,seeingahierarchicalstructureofthesentence.39.TheadvantagesofICanalysis：theinternalstructureofasentenceisdemonstratedandambiguitycanberevealed.40.Endocentric向心性constructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionally功能相同equivalenttothatofoneormoreofitsconstituents,awordoragroupofwords,whichservesasadefinablecenterorhead一个词或一组词是整个结构的核心或中心41.Exocentric离心性referstoagroupofsyntacticallyrelatedwordswherenoneofthewordsisfunctionallyequivalenttothegroupasawhole,thatis,thereisnodefinablecentreorheadinsidethegroup.42.Recursion:therepeateduseofthesameruletocreateinfinitesentences.43.Deepstructure:theabstractrepresentationofthesyntacticpropertiesofaconstruction.Surfacestructure:thefinalstageinthesyntacticderivationofaconstruction,whichcloselycorrespondtothestructuralorganizationofaconstructionpeopleactuallyproduceandreceive.44.Textlinguistics:abranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesspokenorwrittentexts.45.Anaphora:theuseofawordorphrasewhichrefersbacktoanotherwordorphrasewhichwasusedearlierinatextorconversation.46.Semanticsisthestudyoflinguisticmeaning,themeaningofwords,phrases,andsentences.47.Reference指代meansthetheoryofmeaningwhichrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitrefersto,orstandsfor.48.Semantictriangle(OgdenandRichards)meanstherelationbetweenawordandathingitreferstoisnotdirect.(concept)49.Contextualism:onecanderivemeaningfromobservablecontextswhichincludesituationalcontextandthelinguisticcontext.50.Behaviorism:meaningisthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsfortheinthehearer.51.Componentialanalysis成分分析法istheapproachthatanalyzewordmeaningbydecomposingisintoitsatomic原子的features.Itshowsthesemanticfeatures语义特征ofaword.52.Entailment蕴涵XJohnkilledBillYBilldiedIfXentailsY,themeaningofXisincludedinY.(ifxistrue,yistrue;yisfalse,xisfalse)41.Presupposition预设XJohn’sbikeneedsrepairingYJohnhasabikeYisaprerequisiteofx.(ifxistrue,yistrue;ifxisfalse,yistrue)53.Pragmatics语用学isthestudyofthoserelationsbetweenlanguageandcontextthataregrammaticalizedorencodedinthestructureofalanguage.54.Speechacttheory言语行为理论由Austin提出55.Locutionaryact发话行为（以言指事字面意思）whenwespeakwemoveourvocalorgansandproduceanumberofsounds,organizedinacertainwayandwithacertainmeaning.Theactperformedinthesenseiscalled~56.Illocutionaryact行事行为（以言行事言外