语言学名词解释

Chapter1:Introduction

1.Linguistics:Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.

8.langue:Langereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.

9.parole:Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.

10.competence:Theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.

11.performance:Theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.

12.language:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

13.designfeatures:Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.

14.arbitrariness:Arbitrarinessreferstonologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningandsound.

15.productivity:Userscanunderstandandproducesentencesthattheyhaveneverheardbefore.

16.duality:Languageconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,withlowerleverofsound,whichismeaningless,andthehigherleverofmeaning.

17.displacement:Languagecanbeusedtorefertothecontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationofthespeakernomatterhowfarawayfromthetopicofconversationintimeorspace.

18.culturaltransmission:Languageisculturallytransmitted.Itistaughtandlearnedfromonegenerationtothenext,ratherthanbyinstinct.

Chapter2:Phonology

1.phonicmedium:Themeaningfulspeechsoundinhumancommunication.

2.phonetics:Thestudyofphonicmediumoflanguageanditisconcernedwithallsoundsintheworld’slanguages.

3.articulatoryphonetics:Itstudiessoundsfromthespeaker’spointofview,i.e.howaspeakeruseshisspeechorganstoarticulatethesounds.

4.auditoryphonetics:Thestudiessoundsfromthehearer’spointofview,i.e.howthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer.

5.acousticphonetics:Itstudiesthewaysoundstravelbylookingatthesoundwaves,thephysicalmeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother.

6.voicing:thewaythatsoundsareproducedwiththevibrationofthevocalcords.

7.voiceless:thewaythatsoundsareproducedwithnovibrationofthevocalcords.

8.broadtranscription:Theuseoflettersymbolsonlytoshowthesoundsorsoundssequencesinwrittenform.

9.narrowtranscription:Theuseoflettersymbol,togetherwiththediacriticstoshowsoundsinwrittenform.

10.diacritics:Thesymbolsusedtoshowdetailedarticulatoryfeaturesofsounds.

11.IPA:shortforInternationalPhoneticAlphabets,asystemofsymbolsconsistsoflettersanddiacritics,usedtorepresentthepronunciationofwordsinanylanguage.

12.aspiration:Alittlepuffofairthatsometimesfollowsaspeechsound.

13.mannerofarticulation:Themannerinwhichobstructioniscreated.

14.placeofarticulation:Theplacewhereobstructioniscreated.

15.consonant:aspeechsoundinwhichtheairstreamisobstructedinonewayoranother.

16.vowel:aspeechsoundinwhichtheairstreamfromthelungmeetswithnoobstruction.

17.monophthong:theindividualvowel.

18.diphthong:Thevowelwhichconsistsoftwoindividualvowels,andfunctionsasasingleone.

19.phone:Thespeechsoundweusewhenspeakingalanguage.

20.phoneme:Thesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwosounds.

21.allophone:anydifferentformsofthesamephonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.

22.phonology:Thedescriptionofsoundsystemsofparticularlanguagesandhowsoundsfunctiontodistinguishmeaning.

23.phonemiccontrast:twosimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentanddistinguishmeaning.

24.complementarydistribution:allophonesofthesamephonemeandtheydon’tdistinguishmeaningbutcomplementeachotherindistribution.

25.minimalpair:twodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptonesoundandoccursinthesameposition.Thetwosoundsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.

26.sequentialrules:Therulestogovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.

27.assimilationrule:Theruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherbycopyingafeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.

28.deletionrule:Therulethatasoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented.

29.suprasegmentalfeatures:Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments----syllable,word,sentence.

30.tone:Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.

31.intonation:Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.

Chapter3:Morphology

1.morphology:Abranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandrulesforwordformation.

2.openclass:Agroupofwords,whichcontainsanunlimitednumberofitems,andnewwordscanbeaddedtoit.

3.closedclass:Arelativelyfewwords,includingconjunctions,prepositionsandpronouns,andnewwordsarenotusuallyaddedtothem.

4.morpheme:Thesmallestunitofmeaningofalanguage.Itcannotbedividedwithoutalteringordestroyingitsmeaning.

5.affix:aletteroragroupofletter,whichisaddedtoaword,andwhichchangesthe

betweenthetwoitemsarecalledrelationalopposites.Forexample,husband---wife,father---son,buy---sell,let---rent,above---below.

21.entailment:therelationshipbetweentwosentenceswherethetruthofoneisinferredfromthetruthoftheother.E.g.Cindykilledthedogentailsthedogisdead.

22.presupposition:Whataspeakerorwriterassumesthatthereceiverofthemassagealreadyknows.e.g.SometeahasalreadybeentakenisapresuppositionofTakesomemoretea.

Chapter6:Pragmatics

1.pragmatics:Thestudyofhowspeakersusessentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.

2.context:Thegeneralknowledgesharedbythespeakersandthehearers.

3.sentencemeaning:Themeaningofaself-containedunitwithabstractandde-contextualizedfeatures.

4.utterancemeaning:Themeaningthataspeakerconveysbyusingaparticularutteranceinaparticularcontext.

5.utterance:expressionproducedinaparticularcontextwithaparticularintention.

6.SpeechActTheory:ThetheoryproposedbyJohnAustinanddeepenedbySearle,whichbelievesthatweareperformingactionswhenwearespeaking.

7.constatives:Constativesarestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andarethusverifiable.

8.performatives:Performativesaresentencesthatdon’tstateafactordescribeastate,andarenotverifiable.

9.locutionaryact:Theactofconveyingliteralmeaningbyvirtueofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.

10.illocutionaryact:Theactofexpressingthespeaker’sintentionandperformedinsayingsomething.

11.perlocutionaryact:Theactresultingfromsayingsomethingandtheconsequenceorthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.

12.representatives:Statingordescribing,sayingwhatthespeakerbelievestobetrue.

13.directives:Tryingtogetthehearertodosomething.

17.cooperativePrinciple:Theprinciplethattheparticipantsmustfirstofallbewillingtocooperateinmakingconversation,otherwise,itwouldbeimpossibletocarryonthetalk.

18.conversationalimplicature:Theuseofconversationalmaximstoimplymeaningduringconversation.

Chapter7:LanguageChange

8.acronyms:Acronymsarewordsderivedfromtheinitialsofseveralwords.

9.protolanguage:Theoriginalformofalanguagefamily,whichhasceasedtoexist.

10.Languagefamily:Agroupofhistoricallyrelatedlanguagesthathavedevelopedfromacommonancestrallanguage.

Chapter8:LanguageAndSociety

1.sociolinguistics:Thesubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudylanguagevariationandlanguageuseinsocialcontexts.

2.speechcommunity:Agroupofpeoplewhoformacommunityandshareatleastonespeechvarietyaswellassimilarlinguisticnorms.

3.speechvarieties:Itreferstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakeroragroupofspeakers.

4.regionaldialect:Avarietyoflanguageusedbypeoplelivinginthesamegeographicalregion.

5.sociolect:Avarietyoflanguageusedbypeople,whobelongtoaparticularsocialclass.

6.registers:Thetypeoflanguagewhichisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituation.

7.idiolect:Aperson’sdialectofanindividualspeakerthatcombineselements,regardingregional,social,genderandagevariations.

8.linguisticreportoire:Thetotalityoflinguisticvarietiespossessedbyanindividualconstituteshislinguisticrepertoire.

9.registertheory:AtheoryproposedbyAmericanlinguistHalliday,whobelievedthatthreesocialvariablesdeterminetheregister,namely,fieldofdiscourse,tenorofdiscourseandmodeofdiscourse.

10.fieldofdiscourse:thepurposeandsubjectmatterofthecommunicativebehavior..

11.tenorofdiscourse:Itreferstotheroleofrelationshipinthesituationinquestion:whotheparticipantsinthecommunicationgroupsareandinwhatrelationshiptheystandtoeachother.

12.modeofdiscourse:Itreferstothemeansofcommunicationanditisconcernedwithhowcommunicationiscarriedout.

13.standarddialect:Asuperposedvarietyoflanguageofacommunityornation,usuallybasedonthespeechandwritingofeducatednativespeakersofthelanguage.

14.formality:Itreferstothedegreeofformalityindifferentoccasionsandreflectstherelationshipandconversations.AccordingtoMartinJoos,therearefivestagesofformality,namely,intimate,casual,consultative,formalandfrozen.

15.Pidgin:Ablendingofseverallanguage,developingasacontactlanguageofpeople,whospeakdifferentlanguages,trytocommunicationwithoneanotheronaregularbasis.

16.Creole:Apidginlanguagewhichhasbecomethenativelanguageofagroupofspeakersusedinthisdailylife.

17.bilingualism:Theuseoftwodifferentlanguagessidebysidewitheachhavingadifferentroletoplay,andlanguageswitchingoccurswhenthesituationchanges.(07C)

18.diaglossia:Asociolinguisticsituationinwhichtwodifferentvarietiesoflanguageco-existinaspeechcommunity,eachhavingadefiniteroletoplay.

19.LinguaFranca:Avarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeople,whospeakdifferentnativelanguagesordialects

20.code-switching:themovementbackandforthbetweentwolanguagesordialectswithinthesamesentenceordiscourse.

Chapter10:LanguageAcquisition

1.languageacquisition:Itreferstothechild’sacquisitionofhismothertongue,i.e.howthechildcomestounderstandandspeakthelanguageofhiscommunity.

2.languageacquisitiondevice(LAD):Ahypotheticalinnatemechanismeverynormalhumanchildisbelievedtobebornwith,whichallowthemtoacquirelanguage.

3.UniversalGrammar:Atheorywhichclaimstoaccountforthegrammaticalcompetenceofeveryadultnomatterwhatlanguageheorshespeaks.

4.motherese:Aspecialspeechtochildrenusedbyadults,whichischaracterizedwithslowrateofspeed,highpitch,richintonation,shorterandsimplersentencestructuresetc.----又叫childdirectedspeech，caretakertalk.

5.CriticalPeriodHypothesis:Thehypothesisthatthetimespanbetweenearlychildhoodandpubertyisthecriticalperiodforlanguageacquisition,duringwhichchildrencanacquirelanguagewithoutformalinstructionsuccessfullyandeffortlessly.

6.under-extension:Useawordwithlessthanitsusualrangeofdenotation.

7.over-extension:Extensionofthemeaningofawordbeyonditsusualdomainofapplicationbyyoungchildren.

8.telegraphicspeech:Children’searlymultiwordspeechthatcontainscontentwordsandlacksfunctionwordsandinflectionalmorphemes.

9.contentword:Wordsreferringtothings,quality,stateoraction,whichhavelexicalmeaningusedalone.

10.functionword:Wordswithlittlemeaningontheirownbutshowgrammaticalrelationshipsinandbetweensentences.

11.taboo:Wordsknowntospeakersbutavoidedinsomecontextsofspeechforreasonsofreligion,politenessetc.

12.atypicaldevelopment:Someacquisitionoflanguagemaybedelayedbutfollowthesamerulesoflanguagedevelopmentduetotraumaorinjury.

Chapter11:SecondLanguageAcquisition

1.secondlanguageacquisition:Itreferstothesystematicstudyofhowonepersonacquiresasecondlanguagesubsequenttohisnativelanguage.

2.targetlanguage:Thelanguagetobeacquiredbythesecondlanguagelearner.

3.secondlanguage:Asecondlanguageisalanguagewhichisnotanativelanguageinacountrybutwhichiswidelyusedasamediumofcommunicationandwhichisusuallyusedalongsideanotherlanguageorlanguages.

4.foreignlanguage:Aforeignlanguageisalanguagewhichistaughtasaschoolsubjectbutwhichisnotusedasamediumofinstructioninschoolsnorasalanguageofcommunicationwithinacountry.

5.interlanguage:Atypeoflanguageproducedbysecondandforeignlanguagelearners,whoareintheprocessoflearningalanguage,andthistypeoflanguageusuallycontainswrongexpressions.

6.fossilization:Insecondorforeignlanguagelearning,thereisaprocesswhichsometimesoccursinwhichincorrectlinguisticfeaturesbecomeapermanentpartofthewayapersonspeaksorwritesalanguage.

14.overgeneralization:Theuseofpreviouslyavailablestrategiesinnewsituations,inwhichtheyareunacceptable.

15.cross-association:somewordsaresimilarinmeaningaswellasspellingandpronunciation.Thisinternalinterferenceiscalledcross-association.

16.error:theproductionofincorrectformsinspeechorwritingbyanon-nativespeakerofasecondlanguage,duetohisincompleteknowledgeoftherulesofthattargetlanguage.

17.mistake:mistakes,definedaseitherintentionallyorunintentionallydeviantformsandself-corrigible,suggestfailureinperformance.

18.input:languagewhichalearnerhearsorreceivesandfromwhichheorshecanlearn.

19.intake:theinputwhichisactuallyhelpfulforthelearner.

20.InputHypothesis:AhypothesisproposedbyKrashen,whichstatesthatinsecondlanguagelearning,it’snecessaryforthelearnertounderstandinputlanguagewhichcontainslinguisticitemsthatareslightlybeyondthelearner’spresentlinguisticcompetence.Eventuallytheabilitytoproducelanguageissaidtoemergenaturallywithoutbeingtaughtdirectly.

21.acquisition:Acquisitionisaprocesssimilartothewaychildrenacquiretheirfirstlanguage.Itisasubconsciousprocesswithoutminutelearningofgrammaticalrules.Learnersarehardlyawareoftheirlearningbuttheyareusinglanguagetocommunicate.Itisalsocalledimplicitlearning,informallearningornaturallearning.

23.comprehensibleinput:Inputlanguagewhichcontainslinguisticitemsthatareslightlybeyondthelearner’spresentlinguisticcompetence.

24.languageaptitude:thenaturalabilitytolearnalanguage,notincludingintelligence,motivation,interest,etc.

25.motivation:motivationisdefinedasthelearner’sattitudesandaffectivestateorlearningdrive.

26.instrumentalmotivation:themotivationthatpeoplelearnaforeignlanguageforinstrumentalgoalssuchaspassingexams,orfurtheringacareeretc.

27.integrativemotivation:thedrivethatpeoplelearnaforeignlangua