工程管理专业外文文献翻译(中英文)

xxxxxx大学本科毕业设计外文翻译ProjectCostControl:theWayitWorks项目成本控制：它的工作方式学院（系）：xxxxxxxxxxxx专业：xxxxxxxx学生姓名：xxxxx学号：xxxxxxxxxx指导教师：xxxxxx评阅教师：完成日期：xxxx大学项目成本控制：它的工作方式在最近的一次咨询任务中，我们意识到对于整个项目成本控制体系是如何设置和应用的，仍有一些缺乏理解。所以我们决定描述它是如何工作的。理论上，项目成本控制不是很难跟随。首先，建立一组参考基线。然后，随着工作的深入，监控工作，分析研究结果，预测最终结果并比较参考基准。如果最终的结果不令人满意，那么你要对正在进行的工作进行必要的调整，并在合适的时间间隔重复。如果最终的结果确实不符合基线计划，你可能不得不改变计划。更有可能的是，会(或已经)有范围变更来改变参考基线，这意味着每次出现这种情况你必须改变基线计划。但在实践中，项目成本控制要困难得多，通过项目数量无法控制成本也证明了这一点。正如我们将看到的，它还需要大量的工作，我们不妨从一开始启用它。所以，要跟随项目成本控制在整个项目的生命周期。同时，我们会利用这一机会来指出几个重要文件的适当的地方。其中包括商业案例，请求（资本）拨款（执行），工作包和工作分解结构，项目章程(或摘要)，项目预算或成本计划、挣值和成本基线。所有这些有助于提高这个组织的有效地控制项目成本的能力。业务用例和应用程序(执行)的资金重要的是要注意，当负责的管理者对于项目应如何通过项目生命周期展开有很好的理解时，项目成本控制才是最有效的。这意味着他们在主要阶段的关键决策点之间行使职责。他们还必须识别项目风险管理的重要性，至少可以确定并计划阻止最明显的潜在风险事件。在项目的概念阶段•每个项目始于确定的机会或需要的人。通常是有着重要性和影响力的人，如果项目继续，这个人往往成为项目的赞助。•确定潜在项目的适用性，大多数组织呼吁编制“商业案例”和“量级”成本，用来证明项目的价值，以便使其可以与其他所有的项目竞争。这项工作是在项目的概念阶段进行，并且作为组织管理整个项目管理的投资组合的一部分被完成。•准备商业案例的工作的成本通常包括企业管理开销，但是它可以作为最终项目的一个会计成本来结转。毫无疑问，因为这将为该组织提供一个税收优惠。问题是，那么你如何占有所有不结转的项目?•如果业务有足够的价值，将批准继续发展和定义阶段。•在一个大的项目中，不同的公司生产部门，可能会有进一步的中间步骤为单独的部门，创建“控制账户”，每个部门将细分他们分配资金投入自己的WBSWPS。•观察到，因为总项目预算得到高级管理层的正式批准，你，作为项目经理，同样也必须寻求并获得执行管理，通过该项目的赞助商，正式批准任何更改总项目预算。通常这只是合理的和接受的基础上要求的产品范围变化。•在这种情况下项目的赞助商要么减少管理储备在他的财产，或提交补充RFA高层管理。•现在我们项目预算资金分配给工作包，我们可以进一步分配在每个WP的各种活动，以便我们知道我们有多少钱作为“基线”为每个活动的成本。•这为我们提供了参考的基础成本控制功能。当然，根据情况做同样的事情可能在WP级别，但控制然后在更高的能力和粗水平。使用挣值技术•如果我们有必要的细节另一个控制工具，我们可以采用监控正在进行的工作是“挣值”(EV)技术。这是一个相当大的艺术和科学，你必须了解文本的主题。•但基本上，你掌管日程安排活动的费用，并在适当的时候绘制他们作为累计。再次，你可以做的活动水平，或整个项目的水平越低，您可用的控制信息就越多。成本基线•这个计划参考S-曲线有时被称为“成本基线”，通常在EV的说法。也就是说，它是“预算成本工作计划”(BCWS)，或更简单“计划价值”(PV)。•注意到，你需要修改这个成本基线每次有一个批准范围变化，成本和/或进度影响，从而改变了该项目的核准项目预算。•现在，随着工作的深入，你可以绘制“执行工作的实际成本”(ACWP或简单的“实际成本”-交流)。•你可以绘制其他东西，如上面提到的图，如果你不喜欢你所看到的，你需要“纠正措施”。注意：整个过程是一个循环，态势操作，这可能是普遍名不副实“项目的生命周期”中“循环”一词的来源”。顺便说一句，挣值权威人士提供的EV过程中的各种其他技术设计能帮助预测最后的结果，也就是说，“估计在完成”（“选管会”）。选管会是你真正应该感兴趣的，因为在运动项目中，它是唯一不变的。因此，必须考虑这些延长EV技术在同一领域的自上而下的估算精度。他们是有用的，但前提是你认识到了其局限性和知道你在做什么!但是，正如我们在开始时说的，它在实践中困难得多，需要大量的工作。但是，让我们面对现实吧，这就是项目经理被雇佣的原因，不是吗?

ProjectCostControl:theWayitWorksInarecentconsultingassignmentwerealizedthattherewassomelackofunderstandingofthewholesystemofprojectcostcontrol,howitissetupandapplied.Sowedecidedtowriteupadescriptionofhowitworks.Projectcostcontrolisnotthatdifficulttofollowintheory.Firstyouestablishasetofreferencebaselines.Then,asworkprogresses,youmonitorthework,analyzethefindings,forecasttheendresultsandcomparethosewiththereferencebaselines.Iftheendresultsarenotsatisfactorythenyoumakeadjustmentsasnecessarytotheworkinprogress,andrepeatthecycleatsuitableintervals.Iftheendresultsgetreallyoutoflinewiththebaselineplan,youmayhavetochangetheplan.Morelikely,therewillbe(orhavebeen)scopechangesthatchangethereferencebaselineswhichmeansthateverytimethathappensyouhavetochangethebaselineplananyway.Butprojectcostcontrolisalotmoredifficulttodoinpractice,asisevidencedbythenumberofprojectsthatfailtocontaincosts.Italsoinvolvesasignificantamountofwork,asweshallsee,andwemightaswellstartatthebeginning.Soletusfollowthethreadofprojectcostcontrolthroughtheentireprojectlifespan.And,whileweareatit,wewilltaketheopportunitytopointouttheproperplacesforseveralsignificantdocuments.TheseincludetheBusinessCase,theRequestfor(acapital)Appropriation(forexecution),WorkPackagesandtheWorkBreakdownStructure,theProjectCharter(orBrief),theProjectBudgetorCostPlan,EarnedValueandtheCostBaseline.Allofthesecontributetotheorganization'sabilitytoeffectivelycontrolprojectcosts.TheBusinessCaseandApplicationfor(execution)FundingItisimportanttonotethatprojectcostcontrolismosteffectivewhentheexecutivemanagementresponsiblehasagoodunderstandingofhowprojectsshouldunfoldthroughtheprojectlifespan.Thismeansthattheyexercisetheirresponsibilitiesatthekeydecisionpointsbetweenthemajorphases.Theymustalsorecognizetheimportanceofprojectriskmanagementforidentifyingandplanningtoheadoffatleastthemostobviouspotentialriskevents.Intheproject'sConceptPhase•Everyprojectstartswithsomeoneidentifyinganopportunityorneed.Thatisusuallysomeoneofimportanceorinfluence,iftheprojectistoproceed,andthatpersonoftenbecomestheproject'ssponsor.•Todeterminethesuitabilityofthepotentialproject,mostorganizationscallforthepreparationofa"BusinessCase"andits"OrderofMagnitude"costtojustifythevalueoftheprojectsothatitCanbecomparedwithalltheothercompetingprojects.ThiseffortisconductedintheConceptPhaseoftheprojectandisdoneasapartoftheorganization'smanagementoftheentireprojectportfolio.•ThecostoftheworkofpreparingtheBusinessCaseisusuallycoveredbycorporatemanagementoverhead,butitmaybecarriedforwardasanaccountingcosttotheeventualproject.Nodoubtbecausethiswillprovideataxbenefittotheorganization.Theproblemis,howdoyouthenaccountforalltheprojectsthatarenotsocarriedforward?•IftheBusinesscasehassufficientmerit,approvalwillbegiventoproceedtoaDevelopmentandDefinitionphase.Intheproject'sDevelopmentorDefinitionPhase•TheobjectiveoftheDevelopmentPhaseistoestablishagoodunderstandingoftheworkinvolvedtoproducetherequiredproduct,estimatethecostandseekcapitalfundingfortheactualexecutionoftheproject.•Inaformalizedsetting,especiallywherebigprojectsareinvolved,thisapplicationforfundingisoftenreferredtoasaRequestfor(acapital)Appropriation(RFA)orCapitalAppropriationRequest(CAR).•ThisrequiresthecollectionofmoredetailedrequirementsanddatatoestablishwhatworkneedsTobedonetoproducetherequiredproductor"deliverable".Fromthisinformation,aplanispreparedinsufficientdetailtogiveadequateconfidenceinadollarfiguretobeincludedintherequest.•Inalessformalizedsetting,everyonejusttriestomuddlethrough.WorkPackagesandtheWBSTheProjectManagementPlan,ProjectBrieforProjectCharter•Ifthedeliverableconsistsofanumberofdifferentelements,theseareidentifiedandassembledintoWorkPackages(WPs)andpresentedintheformofaWorkBreakdownStructure(WBS).•EachWPinvolvesasetofactivities,the"work"thatisplannedandscheduledasapartoftheProjectManagementPlan.Note,however,thattheplanningwillstillbeatarelativelyhighlevel,Andmoredetailedplanningwillbenecessaryduringexecutioniftheprojectisgiventhegoahead.•ThisProjectManagementPlan,bytheway,shouldbecomethe"bible"fortheexecutionphaseoftheprojectandissometimesreferredtoasthe"ProjectBrief"orthe"ProjectCharter".•ThecostofdoingthevariousactivitiesisthenestimatedandtheseestimatedcostsareaggregatedtodeterminetheestimatedcostoftheWP.Thisapproachisknownas"detailedestimating"or"bottomupestimating".Thereareotherapproachestoestimatingthatwe'llcometoinaminute.Eitherway,theresultisanestimatedcostofthetotalworkoftheproject.Note:thatprojectriskmanagementplanningisanimportantpartofthisexercise.Thisshouldexaminetheproject'sassumptionsandenvironmentalconditionstoidentifyanyweaknessesintheplanthusfar,andidentifythosepotentialriskeventsthatwarrantattentionformitigation.Thismighttaketheformofspecificcontingencyplanning,and/orthesettingasideofprudentfundingreserves.RequestforcapitalConvertingtheestimate•However,anestimateoftheworkaloneisnotsufficientforacapitalrequest.Toarriveatacapitalrequestsomeconversionisnecessary,forexample,byaddingprudentallowancessuchasOverheads,acontingencyallowancetocovernormalprojectrisksandmanagementreservestocoverunknownsandpossiblescopechanges.•Inaddition,itmaybenecessarytoconverttheestimatingdataintoafinancialaccountingformatThatsatisfiesthecorporateorsponsor'sformatforpurposesofcomparisonwithotherprojectsandconsequentfundingapproval.•Inpracticeallthedataforthetypeof"bottomup"approachjustdescribedmaynotbeavailable.Inthiscasealternativeestimatingapproachesareadoptedthatprovidevariousdegreesofreliabilityina"topdown"fashion.Forexample:OrderofMagnitudeestimate–a"ballpark"estimate,usuallyreservedfortheconceptphaseonlyAnalogousestimate–anestimatebasedonprevioussimilarprojectsParametricestimate–anestimatebasedonstatisticalrelationshipsinhistoricaldata•Whicheverapproachisadopted,hopefullythesumthusarrivedatwillbeapprovedinfullandprovestobesatisfactory!ThisisthetriggertostarttheExecutionPhaseoftheprojectNote:Somemanagementswillapprovesomelessersuminthemistakenbeliefthatthiswillhelpeveryoneto"sharpentheirpencils"and"worksmarter"forthebenefitoftheorganization.Thisisamistakenbeliefbecausemanagementhasfailedtounderstandthenatureofuncertaintyandriskinprojectwork.Consequently,theeffectismorelikelytoresultin"cornercutting"withanadverseeffectonproductquality,orreducedproductscopeorfunctionality.Thisoftenleadstoa"game"inwhichestimatesareinflatedsothatmanagementcanadjustthemdownwards.Buttobefair,managementisalsowellawarethatifmoneyisoverallocated,itwillgetspentanyway.Thesmartthingformanagementstodoistosetasidecontingentreservefunds,varyingwiththeriskinessoftheproject,andkeepthatmoneyundercarefulcontrol.Ownershipofapprovedcapital•IfseniormanagementapprovestheRFAaspresented,thesuminquestionbecomestheresponsibilityofthedesignatedprojectsponsor.However,iftheapprovedcapitalrequestincludesallowancessuchasa"ManagementReserve",thismayormaynotbepassedontotheproject'ssponsor,dependingonthepoliciesoftheorganization.•FortheapprovedRFA,theprojectsponsorwill,inturn,furtherdelegateexpenditureauthoritytotheproject'sprojectmanagerandwilllikelynotincludeanyoftheallowances.Anexceptionmightbethecontingencyallowancestocoverthenormalvariationsinworkperformance.•Thenetsumthusarrivedatconstitutestheprojectmanager'sApprovedProjectBudget.Note:IfmanagementdoesnotapprovetheRFA,youshouldnotconsiderthisaprojectfailure.Eitherthegoals,objectives,justificationandplanningneedrethinkingtoincreasethevalueoftheproject'sdeliverables,orseniormanagementsimplyhashigherprioritieselsewherefortheavailableresourcesandfunding.TheProject'sExecutionPhaseTheprojectmanager'sProjectBudgetresponsibility•OncethisApprovedProjectBudgetisreleasedtotheprojectmanager,areverseprocessmusttakeplacetoconvertitintoaworkingcontroldocument.Thatis,themoneyavailablemustbedividedamongstthevariousWBSWPsthat,bytheway,haveprobablybynowbeenupgraded!ThisresultsinaprojectexecutionControlBudgetorProjectBaselineBudget,orsimply,theProjectBudget.InsomeareasofprojectmanagementapplicationitisreferredtoasaProjectCostPlan.•Onalargeprojectwheredifferentcorporateproductiondivisionsareinvolved,theremaybeafurtherintermediatestepofcreating"ControlAccounts"fortheseparatedivisions,sothateachdivisionsubdividestheirallocatedmoneyintotheirownWBSWPs.•Observethat,sincethetotalProjectBudgetreceivedformalapprovalfromExecutiveManagement,you,asprojectmanager,mustlikewiseseekandobtainfromExecutiveManagement,viatheproject'ssponsor,formalapprovalforanychangestothetotalprojectbudget.OftenthisisonlyjustifiedandacceptedonthebasisofarequestedProductScopeChange.•Insuchacasetheproject'ssponsorwilleitherdrawdownonthemanagementreserveinhisorherpossession,orsubmitasupplementaryRFAtouppermanagement.•NowthatwehavetheProjectBudgetmoneyallocatedtoWorkPackageswecanfurtherdistributeitamongstthevariousactivitiesofeachWPsothatweknowhowmuchmoneywehaveasa"Baseline"costforeachactivity.•Thisprovidesuswiththebaseofreferenceforthecostcontrolfunction.Ofcourse,dependingonthecircumstancesthesamethingmaybedoneattheWPlevelbuttheabilitytocontrolisthenatahigherandcoarserlevel.UseoftheEarnedValuetechnique•Ifwehavethenecessarydetailsanothercontroltoolthatwecanadoptformonitoringongoingworkisthe"EarnedValue"(EV)technique.Thisisaconsiderableartandsciencethatyoumustlearnaboutfromtextsdedicatedtothesubject.•Butessentially,youtakethecostsofthescheduleactivitiesandplotthemasacumulativetotalontheappropriatetimebase.Againyoucandothisattheactivitylevel,WPlevelorthewholeprojectlevel.Thelowerthelevelthemorecontrolinformationyouhaveavailablebutthemoreworkyougetinvolvedin.TheCostBaseline•Thisplannedrefe