国际贸易专业英语

国际贸易专业英语第一篇：国际贸易专业英语1.ThetheoryofcomparativeadvantageAlthoughSmith’sworkwasinstrumentalinthedevelopmentofeconomictheoriesabouttradeandproduction,itdidnotansweraquestionlikeifacountrydidnotpossessabsoluteadvantageinanyproduct,couldit(orwouldit)trade?尽管大卫李嘉图的著作在贸易和生产相关的经济理论上有指导意义，但他没有回答类似于一个国家若没有绝对优势能否贸易这样的问题。DavidRicardo(1772-1823),inhis1819workentitledOnthePrinciplesofPoliticalEconomyandTaxation,soughttotakethebasisideassetdownbySmithafewstepsfurther.Ricardonotedthatevenifacountrypossessedabsoluteadvantageintheproductionoftwoproducts,itstillmustberelativelymoreefficientthantheothercountryintheproductionofonecommoditythantheother.RicardotermedthistheComparativeAdvantage.大卫.李嘉图在1819年的作品《政治经济学及赋税原理》，试图在斯密观点基础上进行更深一步挖掘，李嘉图表示即使一个国家在生产两种产品时有绝对优势，但相对另一个国家生产同类产品它依然有相对较高效率的产品，李嘉图把这称之为比较优势。2.Definitiona.Accordingtothetheoryofcomparativeadvantage,itmakessenseforacountrytospecializeintheproductionofthosegoodsitproducesmostefficientlyandtobuythegoodsfromothercountriesthatitproduceslessefficiently,evenifthismeansbuyinggoodsfromothercountriesthatitcouldproducemoreefficientlyitself.根据比较优势理论，一个国家专注于生产那些有较高效率的产品何从其他国家购买本国生产效率相对较低的产品，即使这意味着从国外购买更高效率的产变得合情合理。b.Acountryhasacomparativeadvantageinproducingagoodiftheopportunitycostofproducingthatgoodintermsofothergoodsislowerinthatcountrythanitisinothercountries.就产品而言，如果一个国家生产这种产品相比其他国家有更低机会成本就称之为这个国家有比较优势。3.Chiefpointsofviewa.Eachcountrywouldthenpossesscomparativeadvantageintheproductionofoneofthetwoproducts,thelessefficientnationshouldspecializeinandexportthegoodinwhichitiscomparativelylessinefficient(whereitsabsolutedisadvantageisleast).每个国家在生产一两种产品上有比较优势，一个生产效率相对较低的国家应专业化出口相对来说具有优势的产品。b.Themoreefficientnationshouldspecializeinandexportthatgoodinwhichitiscomparativelymoreefficient(whereitsabsoluteadvantageisgreatest).Andbothcountrieswouldthenbenefitbyspecializingcompletelyinoneproductandtradingfortheother.一个相对生产效率较高的国家应专注看相对生产效率更高（绝对优势最大的）产品，这样两类国家都能从完全专业化的生产和贸易中获利。c.Absoluteproductiveefficiencywasthusnotacrucialfactorgoverningthebasisforinternationaltrade,accordingtoRicardo.TheRicardianmodelorprincipleofcomparativeadvantageistodaythemostfamousandinfluentialprincipleofeconomics.根据李嘉图的观点，绝对生产效率并不是控制国际贸易基础一个关键因素。李嘉图模型或相对比较优势的原理是今天经济理论中最著名的也是最有影响力的经济理论。4.ComparisonbetweenthetwoTheoriesa.Aftercomparisonwe’llfindRicardo’stheoryofcomparativeadvantageismoreadvancedthanSmith’stheoryofabsoluteadvantage.在比较后我们发现李嘉图的比较优势理论比斯密的绝对优势理论更先进。b.AccordingtoSmith’sview,theproductexportedbyacountrymustbegoodswhichtheexportingcountryhasabsoluteadvantagetoproduceandthecostofproducingitmustbeabsolutelylowerthanthesamegoodofanothercountry.根据斯密的观点，一个国家出口的产品一定是出口该国生产商有绝对优势的相比另一个国家绝对生产成本更低的产品。c.ButDavidRicardotookAdamSmith’stheoryofabsoluteadvantageonestepfurther.Inhisopinionnotnecessarilyeverycountryhastoproduceallsortsofgoods.Whatanationshoulddoistoconcentrateitseffortsandresourcesonproducingthosegoodswhichcangeneratemoreadvantagesandbringaboutlessdisadvantages.但是李嘉图是在斯密绝对优势理论的基础上进一步延伸的。在他看来，每个国家没必要生产所有类型的产品，一个国家需要做的只是集中精力和资源生产那些有更少劣势更多优势的产品。d.Undersuchconditionsinternationaltradewouldresultininternationaldivisionoflaborandspecializationbeneficialtoallcountries.Inaddition,Ricardoparticularlystressedlaborproductivityandarguedthatdifferencesinlaborproductivitybetweennationsunderliethenotionofcomparativeadvantage.在这些条件下，国际贸易会产生国际劳动、专业分工，对所有国家都有利，除此之外，李嘉图特别强调，不同国家劳动分工、生产差异构成的比较优势。e.Despitethedifferencesbetweenthetwotheoriestheyhavesomethingincommon.BothSmithandRicardoemphasizedthesupplysideofthemarketandthefactthattheimmediatebasisfortradestemmedfromcostdifferences.ActuallyRicardo’stheoryofcomparativeadvantagewasdevelopedonthebasisofSmith’stheoryofabsoluteadvantage.尽管这两个理论有差异但也存在共性。李嘉图和斯密都强调了市场的供给方，贸易基础根源于生产成本的差异，确切的说，李嘉图的相对比较优势理论是在史密斯的绝对优势理论的基础上发展起来的。5.AquestiontodiscussAprofessorispreparedtowriteabook.Heisfasterbothinwritingandcollectingdatathanothers.Supposethatheneed1yeartowriteabook,4monthstocollectdata.Andthestudentneed2yearstowriteabook,6monthstocollectdata.Buttheprofessorpaidtohisstudentsforcollectingdataforhiminsteadofcollectingdatahimself.Explainthereason.一个教授准备写一本书，他在写书和收集书籍上都比别人快，假设他需要一年去写一本书，四个月收集数据，学生需要两年写一本书，六个月收集数据，但是教授支付费用给他的学生请学生代替他自己收集数据，请解释理由。相对学生来说，教授在写书有比较优势；相对教授来说，学生在搜集数据上更有优势。第二篇：国际贸易专业英语整理可能出翻译(1)FOB:FreeonBoard(…namedportofshipment)装运港船上交货（……指定装运港）“FreeonBoard”meansthatthesellerfulfilshisobligationtodeliverwhenthegoodshavepassedovertheship’srailatthenamedportofshipment.（2）CFR:CostandFreight(…namedportofdestination)成本加运费（……指定目的港）“CostandFreight”meansthatthesellerisresponsibleforcharteringalinerandloadingthegoodsonthelineratthestipulatedtimeinthecontract.（3）CIF:CostInsuranceandFreight(…namedportofdestination)成本、保险加运费（……指定目的港）“CostInsuranceandFreight”meansthatthesellerhastheobligationstoprocuremarineinsuranceagainsttherisksoflossesof,ordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.1.ThetheoryofcomparativeadvantageAlthoughSmith’sworkwasinstrumentalinthedevelopmentofeconomictheoriesabouttradeandproduction,itdidnotansweraquestionlikeifacountrydidnotpossessabsoluteadvantageinanyproduct,couldit(orwouldit)trade?尽管斯密的著作在贸易和生产相关的经济理论上有指导意义，但他没有回答类似于一个国家若没有绝对优势能否贸易这样的问题。DavidRicardo(1772-1823),inhis1819workentitledOnthePrinciplesofPoliticalEconomyandTaxation,soughttotakethebasisideassetdownbySmithafewstepsfurther.Ricardonotedthatevenifacountrypossessedabsoluteadvantageintheproductionoftwoproducts,itstillmustberelativelymoreefficientthantheothercountryintheproductionofonecommoditythantheother.RicardotermedthistheComparativeAdvantage.大卫.李嘉图在1819年的作品《政治经济学及赋税原理》，试图在斯密观点基础上进行更深一步挖掘，李嘉图表示即使一个国家在生产两种产品时有绝对优势，但相对另一个国家生产同类产品它依然有相对较高效率的产品，李嘉图把这称之为比较优势。2.Definitiona.Accordingtothetheoryofcomparativeadvantage,itmakessenseforacountrytospecializeintheproductionofthosegoodsitproducesmostefficientlyandtobuythegoodsfromothercountriesthatitproduceslessefficiently,evenifthismeansbuyinggoodsfromothercountriesthatitcouldproducemoreefficientlyitself.根据比较优势理论，一个国家专注于生产那些有较高效率的产品何从其他国家购买本国生产效率相对较低的产品，即使这意味着从国外购买更高效率的产变得合情合理。b.Acountryhasacomparativeadvantageinproducingagoodiftheopportunitycostofproducingthatgoodintermsofothergoodsislowerinthatcountrythanitisinothercountries.就产品而言，如果一个国家生产这种产品相比其他国家有更低机会成本就称之为这个国家有比较优势。3.Chiefpointsofviewa.Eachcountrywouldthenpossesscomparativeadvantageintheproductionofoneofthetwoproducts,thelessefficientnationshouldspecializeinandexportthegoodinwhichitiscomparativelylessinefficient(whereitsabsolutedisadvantageisleast).每个国家在生产一两种产品上有比较优势，一个生产效率相对较低的国家应专业化出口相对来说具有优势的产品。b.Themoreefficientnationshouldspecializeinandexportthatgoodinwhichitiscomparativelymoreefficient(whereitsabsoluteadvantageisgreatest).Andbothcountrieswouldthenbenefitbyspecializingcompletelyinoneproductandtradingfortheother.一个相对生产效率较高的国家应专注看相对生产效率更高（绝对优势最大的）产品，这样两类国家都能从完全专业化的生产和贸易中获利。c.Absoluteproductiveefficiencywasthusnotacrucialfactorgoverningthebasisforinternationaltrade,accordingtoRicardo.TheRicardianmodelorprincipleofcomparativeadvantageistodaythemostfamousandinfluentialprincipleofeconomics.根据李嘉图的观点，绝对生产效率并不是控制国际贸易基础一个关键因素。李嘉图模型或相对比较优势的原理是今天经济理论中最著名的也是最有影响力的经济理论。4.ComparisonbetweenthetwoTheoriesa.Aftercomparisonwe’llfindRicardo’stheoryofcomparativeadvantageismoreadvancedthanSmith’stheoryofabsoluteadvantage.在比较后我们发现李嘉图的比较优势理论比斯密的绝对优势理论更先进。b.AccordingtoSmithsview,theproductexportedbyacountrymustbegoodswhichtheexportingcountryhasabsoluteadvantagetoproduceandthecostofproducingitmustbeabsolutelylowerthanthesamegoodofanothercountry.根据斯密的观点，一个国家出口的产品一定是出口该国生产商有绝对优势的相比另一个国家绝对生产成本更低的产品。c.ButDavidRicardotookAdamSmith’stheoryofabsoluteadvantageonestepfurther.Inhisopinionnotnecessarilyeverycountryhastoproduceallsortsofgoods.Whatanationshoulddoistoconcentrateitseffortsandresourcesonproducingthosegoodswhichcangeneratemoreadvantagesandbringaboutlessdisadvantages.但是李嘉图是在斯密绝对优势理论的基础上进一步延伸的。在他看来，每个国家没必要生产所有类型的产品，一个国家需要做的只是集中精力和资源生产那些有更少劣势更多优势的产品。d.Undersuchconditionsinternationaltradewouldresultininternationaldivisionoflaborandspecializationbeneficialtoallcountries.Inaddition,Ricardoparticularlystressedlaborproductivityandarguedthatdifferencesinlaborproductivitybetweennationsunderliethenotionofcomparativeadvantage.在这些条件下，国际贸易会产生国际劳动、专业分工，对所有国家都有利，除此之外，李嘉图特别强调，不同国家劳动分工、生产差异构成的比较优势。e.Despitethedifferencesbetweenthetwotheoriestheyhavesomethingincommon.BothSmithandRicardoemphasizedthesupplysideofthemarketandthefactthattheimmediatebasisfortradestemmedfromcostdifferences.ActuallyRicardo’stheoryofcomparativeadvantagewasdevelopedonthebasisofSmith’stheoryofabsoluteadvantage.尽管这两个理论有差异但也存在共性。李嘉图和斯密都强调了市场的供给方，贸易基础根源于生产成本的差异，确切的说，李嘉图的相对比较优势理论是在史密斯的绝对优势理论的基础上发展起来的。5.AquestiontodiscussAprofessorispreparedtowriteabook.Heisfasterbothinwritingandcollectingdatathanothers.Supposethatheneed1yeartowriteabook,4monthstocollectdata.Andthestudentneed2yearstowriteabook,6monthstocollectdata.Buttheprofessorpaidtohisstudentsforcollectingdataforhiminsteadofcollectingdatahimself.Explainthereason.一个教授准备写一本书，他在写书和收集书籍上都比别人快，假设他需要一年去写一本书，四个月收集数据，学生需要两年写一本书，六个月收集数据，但是教授支付费用给他的学生请学生代替他自己收集数据，请解释理由。相对学生来说，教授在写书有比较优势；相对教授来说，学生在搜集数据上更有优势。在写书有比较优势；相对教授来说，学生在搜集数据上更有优势。可能出简答题1.Whatisthefoundationoftheworldtrade?（1）Intoday’scomplexeconomicworld,neitherindividualsnornationsareselfsufficient.（2）Nationshaveutilizeddifferenteconomicresources;peoplehavedevelopeddifferentskills.（3）Asaresultofthistradeandactivity,internationalfinanceandbankinghaveevolved.2.Whatarethemajorviewsofthetheoryofabsoluteadvantage?Nationscouldconcentratetheirproductionongoodstheycouldmakemostcheaply,withalltheconsequentbenefitsofthedivisionoflabor.Smithusedsomesuppositionstoexplainhisprincipleofabsoluteadvantage.itwasfarbetterforacountrytoimportgoodsthatcouldbeproducedoverseasmoreefficientlythantomanufacturethemitself.Countrieswouldimportgoodsintheproductionofwhichtheyhadanabsolutedisadvantageagainsttheexportingcountry.Theywouldexportgoodsintheproductionofwhichtheyhadanabsoluteadvantageovertheimportingcountry.InSmith’sopinioneachnationhadsomesortofabsoluteadvantageintheproductionofcertaingoods.Ifitcouldspecializeintheproductionofthemandthenexchangethegoodswitheachother,everycountrywouldreceiveabenefit.3.MakeacomparisonbetweentheH-OtheoryandRicardo’stheoryofcomparativeadvantage.（1）MainsimilarityLikeRicardo’stheory,H-Otheoryalsoarguesthatfreetradeisbeneficialtotradingnations.（2）differenceThebiggestdifferencebetweenRicardo’stradetheoryandH-Otheoryisthat,whenexplainingthebasisfortradeRicardoplacesprimaryrelianceonfactorproductivitywhiletheH-Otheoryshedsmorelightonotherimportanttradeissuessuchastheinfluenceofresourcesuppliesorfactorendowmentsuppliesoninternationalspecializationandtheinfluenceoftradeonthedistributionofincome.Toputitinasimpleway,unlikeRicardiantradetheorywhichtakesfactorproductivitydifferenceasthemainbasisfortrade,theH-Otheory,inexplainingthemainreasonfortrade,delegatesprimaryimportancetothefactorendowmentsnationsenjoy.4.Whatisthepurposeofthetradeterms?Tradetermsarekeyelementsofinternationalcontractsofsale,sincetheytellthepartieswhattodowithrespectto:Deliveryterms；Priceterms；Deliveryobligations(1)Namingtheexactpointatwhichtheownershipofthemerchandiseistransferredfromthesellertothebuyer.(2)Definetheresponsibilitiesandexpensesofboththesellerandthebuyer.(3)Theuseofthetradetermsgreatlysimplifiesthecontractnegotiations,andthussavestimeandcost.5.Whatarethereasonsforthepopularityoftheinternationalcompetitivebidding?(a)Whenpublicfundsisinvolved,apublicagency,throughinternationalnotification,isboundtoofferanequalopportunitytoallpotentialbidderswhodirectlyorindirectlycontributetopublicfunds.(b)Thiscompetitivenessofbiddingresultsinthemostefficientuseofpublicfunds.(c)Theopenbiddingprocedureservesasasafeguardagainstwaste,corruptionandfavoritism.6.Whatarethereasonsoftheforeigntrade?（1）Nonationhasallofthecommoditiesthatitneeds.Rawmaterialsarescatteredaroundtheworld.Countriesthatdonothavetheseresourceswithintheirownboundariesmustbuyformcountriesthatexportthem.（2）Second,foreigntradealsooccursbecauseacountryoftendoesnothaveenoughofparticularitemtomeetitsneeds.（3）Third,onenationcansellitemsatalowercostthanothercountries.---ComparativeAdvantage:Onecountryshouldbuyandimportwhatitneedsfromthosecountriesthathaveacomparativeadvantageinthedesireditems.7.Whatarethemajorviewsofthetheoryofcomparativeadvantage?(1)Eachcountrywouldthenpossesscomparativeadvantageintheproductionofoneofthetwoproducts,thelessefficientnationshouldspecializeinandexportthegoodinwhichitiscomparativelylessinefficient(whereitsabsolutedisadvantageisleast).（2）Themoreefficientnationshouldspecializeinandexportthatgoodinwhichitiscomparativelymoreefficient(whereitsabsoluteadvantageisgreatest).Andbothcountrieswouldthenbenefitbyspecializingcompletelyinoneproductandtradingfortheother.（3）Absoluteproductiveefficiencywasthusnotacrucialfactorgoverningthebasisforinternationaltrade,accordingtoRicardo.TheRicardianmodelorprincipleofcomparativeadvantageistodaythemostfamousandinfluentialprincipleofeconomics.8.IllustratethemeaningoftheHeckscher-Ohlintheory.AlthoughsometimesthistheoryisalsoreferredtoastheHeckscher-Ohlinmodelorthefactorendowmentmodel,moreoftenthannotitiscalledtheHeckscher-OhlintheoryorsimplytheH-Otheory.H-Otheoryisoneofthemostinfluentialtheoriesinmoderninternationaleconomicsaccordingtowhichinternationaltradeislargelydrivenbydifferencesincountries’resources(land,laborandcapital).9.Whatistheconceptoftradeterms?（1）Tradeterms,alsocalledpricetermsordeliveryterms,areanimportantcomponentofaunitpriceininternationaltrade,standingforspecificobligationsofthebuyerandseller.（2）Tradetermsareoftenshorthandexpressionsorexpressedbythree-letterabbreviation.10.Shipmentsareexaminedtodeterminewhat?（1）Shipmentshouldbemadeaccordingtothecontactterms.（2）Usually,theexportershallfillintheShippingNotetobooktheshippingspaceorship.（3）AfterreceivingtheShippingOrder(S/O)fromthecarrier,theexportermaystarttoensuretheloadingofthegoods.Theexportershouldsupervisetheloadingprocess.（4）Afterthegoodsbeingloadedonboardthevessel,theCaptainortheMatewillissueareceipt,i.etheMate’sReceipt.（5）TheshippershallexchangetheMate’sReceiptfortheBillofLadingfromtheshippingAgencymakingpaymentoffreight.（6）AftertheloadingofthegoodsandthereceiptoftheB/L,theexportershouldsendaShippingAdvicetotheimporterforthereceiptofthegoods.第三篇：国际贸易专业英语复习国际贸易专业英语期末考试（开卷）一、名词英译汉：1’*10=10，（来自课件）二、句子英译汉：3’*10=30，（来自课件，注意：句子翻译要符合中文的语法习惯）三、简答题：5’*4=20XX来自课件）四、判断对错：1’*10=10，（来自课件）五、阅读理解：15’*2=30，（关注中国商务部英文网，考查的是短语，句子翻译，文章的理解，要关注最近一段时间的新闻，对于像Policies,Topics,Services,上海自由贸易区的等一系列的内容的了解）第四篇：王帅国际贸易专业英语Therearethreekindsofpaymentmethods.Eachpaymentmethodmayhaveitsadvantagesanddisadvantages.Doyouthinkthatpaymentbyaletterofcreditalwaysthefirstchoiceininternationaltrade?Why?Ininternationaltradesettlement,thepaymentofinternationalmoneyusuallyusesanon-cashsettlementaccordingtotheamountofcash.Itoftenusesfinancialinstrumentsinsteadofcashasameansofcirculationandmeansofpaymentforsettlement.Therearethreepaymentmethodsininternationaltrade:remittance,collectionandlettersofcredit.Asawrittendocument,letterofcreditopenedbybanksandbanksarecommittedtomakeapayment.Asthebank'sfinancialstrength,theyusuallyhaveahighercredibility.Intheletterofcreditpayment,aslongasthebeneficiarytofulfillitsobligationsundertheletterofcreditormeettheconditions,theissuingbankguaranteespaymentandbeartheresponsibilityofthefirstpayment.Thus,intheformofletterofcredit,itisthebankthatprovidescredit.Ithasfourfunctionsforexporters.(1)Provideasecurityguaranteeforexporterstoreceivepayments;(2)Enableexporterstoobtaintheforeignexchangeprotection;(3)Increasethestabilityoftheexporttrade;(4)Providesaconvenientfinancingforexporters.Ithasthreefunctionsforimporters.(1)Itishelpfulfortheimportstoreceivethegoodsunderthecontractontime;(2)Toprovideacertainamountoftransactionsecurity;(3)Providesaconvenientfinancingforimporters.Inaddition,forthebanks,theissuingbankonlybeartheresponsibilitytoensurepayment,itprovidesonlybankcredit,notmoney.Moreover,theissuingbanksalsorequiretheapplicanttoprovidetheissuingguaranteesandtopaythedepositinordertospreadrisk.Byletterofcreditbusiness,theissuingbankexpandsitsbusinessvolumeandincreasesitseconomicbenefitswithouttakingmuchriskinthecase.Intheformofletterofcredit,bankprovidescredit;ithasmanybenefitsforimports,exportsandtheissuingbanks.Sotheletterofcredithasbeenwidelyusedininternationaltrade,especiallyinChina,internationaltradearebasicallyusingthispaymentmethodHowever,therearealsosomedrawbacksfortheletterofcredit.Forexample:(1)Documentationrequirementsarerelativelyhigh,asdocumentsandlettersofcreditdonotmatch,pronetonon-paymentofthesettlement;(2)Costisrelativelyhigh,affectingexporters’profits;(3)Specialnationallettersofcreditrisk.Forexample,lettersofcreditinBangladesh,theywereveryirregularintheoperation,whichtakesmanyrisksininternationaltradesettlement.(4)Bankrisk.Ultimately,banksarealsoenterprise;theyhavetheirowncreditstoo.Especiallyintheforeign,thebankentrythresholdisverylow,relativelylargedifferencesinbankcredit,andsomesmallbanks’reputationisnotverygood.Insummary,Letterofcreditpaymentininternationaltrade,isitalwaysthefirstchoice?Ithinkitisnotcomprehensive.Insomecases,useremittanceandcollectionisbetter.Remittance:referstothepayerinitiativeremittedtothepayeebybanksorothermeansofpayment.ItincludesMailTransfer(M/T),TelegraphicTransfer(T/T)andRemittancebyBanker’sDemanddraft(D/D).Forremittance,itsadvantagesare:simplicityandlowcost.Modeintheremittancewhetherthesellercanrecoverthemoneyonagreedtimedependsentirelyonthebuyer'screditsituation.Becauseofthispaymentisacommercialcreditwithahighrisk,itisusuallyappliedtoasmallpayment,depositmoney,transportfeesandcommissions,etc.Ifusedproperly,thetransactionwillbenefitbothsides.Ininternationalpaymentsanothercommonwaytosettlepaymentsisbycollectionwherebytheexporterfirstshipscargoestogetne