毕业论文-交通十字路口红绿灯控制系统

无锡城市职业技术学院中文题目交通十字路口红绿灯控制系统英文题目Trafficcrossroadstrafficlightcontrolsystem姓名所在系部电子信息工程系所学专业电气自动化班级名称自动化6980学号指导教师日期2015年05月6日

目录摘要 3Abstract 4一、引言 5二、设计功能与运行要求 5（一）十字路口交通灯控制实际情况 5（二）交通灯变化顺序表 5（三）结合十字路口交通灯实际情况设计交通灯模拟控制系统 61.正常模式 62.车流较大模式 63.紧急情况处理 6三、硬件设计 6（一）传感器选择 6（二）可编程控制器的选择 7（三）I/0端口分配 7（三）I/0端口接线图 7四、软件设计 10（一）交通灯流程图设计 101. 102. 103. 10（二）梯形图设计 101. 102. 103. 10五、结论 13致谢 14参考文献 15附录 16摘要摘要：随着信息技术和半导体工业的发展，基于各种检测技术、计算机技术、电子技术与术的智能交通系统成为了改善当前恶劣交通状况的有效手段。系统的设计中，主要使用了PLC可编程序控制器和传感器相结合的一种智能控制方法，使用压轴式传感器采集车辆脉冲，用PLC高速计数器对脉冲进行计数,本文使用了FX2N系列家族最为先进的可编程控制器．根据取得的数据运用一定的智能控制原则自动调节红绿灯的时间长度，最大限度地减少车辆停留现象,较好地解决了车流量不均衡、不稳定问题。关键词：交通灯；可编程控制器；PLC；FX2N

AbstractAbstract:withthedevelopmentofinformationtechnologyandsemiconductorindustry,intelligenttransportationsystembasedonavarietyofdetectiontechnology,computertechnology,electronictechnologyandoperationhasbecometheeffectivemeanstoimprovethecurrentpoortrafficconditions.Thedesignofthesystem,themainuseofanintelligentcontrolmethodofPLCprogrammablecontrollerandsensorcombination,theuseofthefinalecollectionvehiclepulsesensor,countthenumberofpulsesinPLChighspeedcounter,thispaperusesFX2Nseriesfamilyoftheprogrammablecontrollerisadvanced.Basedonthelengthoftimethecontrolprincipleofautomaticadjustmentoftheredgreendataobtaineduseofcertainintelligence,minimizingthevehiclestopphenomenon,solvetrafficimbalance,instability.Keywords:trafficlight;programmablelogiccontroller;PLC;FX2N

一、引言进入第二十一世纪以来，随着工业的发展和生活便利性的需求越来越高，越来越多的汽车尤其是私家车的数量。交通问题越来越严重，到处都是交通堵塞，虽然道路建设在一定程度上，缓解交通压力，但由于土地资源有限，是不能从根本上解决问题。因此交通科学和智能化管理已成为提高交通条件目前的重要切入点。目前，有许多交通灯的设计方案，利用PLC实现对交通灯控制系统设计中的应用；设计与实现方法，一个交通信号灯的单片机的应用。目前，国内的交通灯通常位于十字路口，醒目位置上红色的，绿色的，黄色的三种颜色指示灯。随着最后的倒计时显示控制交通流量。在一般情况下安全驾驶，交通可以发挥作用，但实际驾驶过程中，有许多缺点：1两车道的车辆转向释放的时间相同，在十字路口，经常一条主要道路，许多车辆，释放时间应该更长；其他车道为道路旁，车辆较少的时间要短，释放。2两条道路的红绿灯时间不能随着时间的改变而修改。交通信号灯的出现，交通得到缓解，对于交通通行流量，提高道路通行能力，减少交通事故有很好的效果。为了实现交通管理，力求先进科学。随着交通灯控制系统实现了可编程控制器的控制，以及系统软件，硬件设计方法，实验证明该系统实现简单，经济，有效缓解交通拥堵，提高交通容量。结合交通的实际情况阐述了交通灯控制系统的工作原理，给出了一种简单实用的城市交通灯控制系统的PLC设计在工业自动化的可编程控制器是非常重要的，在各个行业的广泛应用。随着科学技术的发展，可编程控制器日益得到完善，加上小，价格低，可靠性高，在现代工业中的作用更加突出了。交通信号灯的设置在交通路口可以有效清除，为交通参与者的安全的有力保障。但随着社会的快速发展，经济，交通灯，原有的控制系统已不能适应当前的交通状况。如何改善交通灯控制系统，可以适应目前的交通状况，成为一个研究课题。二、设计功能与运行要求（一）十字路口交通灯控制实际情况

南北人行道，绿灯亮24S，绿灯闪3S，红灯亮69S。东西主干道，红亮40S，直行绿灯亮24S，直行绿灯闪3S，黄灯亮2S。

南北主干道，直行绿灯亮24S，直行绿灯闪3S，黄灯亮2S，红灯亮40S。东西人行道红灯亮40S，绿灯亮24S，绿灯闪3S，红灯亮69S。（二）交通灯变化顺序表

1.南北和东西人行道均设有通行红绿灯。南北人行道通行绿灯应在南北主干道直行绿灯点亮时点亮，当南北主干道直行绿灯闪亮时南北行人道绿灯也要对应闪亮，其它时间为红灯。东西人行道通行绿灯于东西主干道直行绿灯点亮时点亮，当东西主干道直行绿灯闪亮是东西行人道绿灯也要对应闪亮，其它时间为红灯。2．十字路口交通灯模拟控制系统

在PLC交通灯模拟模块中，主干道东西南北每面都有3个控制灯，分别为：

●

通行灯

（亮时为绿色）

●

准备禁止通行灯

（亮时为黄色）

●禁止通行灯

（亮时为红色）

另外行人道东西南北每面都有2个控制灯,分别为：

●

通行灯

（亮时为绿色）

●禁止直通灯

（亮时为红色）

（三）结合十字路口交通灯实际情况设计交通灯模拟控制系统

当交通灯系统启动开关接通时。2．1南北向和东西向主干道均设有绿灯亮8S，绿灯闪亮3S,黄灯亮2S和红灯亮15S。当南北主干道红灯点亮时，东西主干道应依次点亮绿灯，绿灯闪亮，黄灯，同理，与其相反的是当东西主干道红灯点亮时，南北主干道依次点亮绿灯，绿灯闪，黄灯2．2东西向南北向人行道都设为禁止红灯和通行绿灯。南北人行道通行绿灯应在南北主干道绿灯点亮时点亮，当南北主干道绿灯闪亮和黄灯点亮时南北行人道绿灯也要对应闪亮，其它时间为红灯。东西行人道通行绿灯于东西主干道绿灯点亮是点亮，当东西主干道绿灯闪亮和黄灯点亮时东西行人道绿灯也要对应闪亮，其它时间为红灯。2.3异常交通路口的现象通常是指正常的交通信号控制不能与实际交通情况一致。在现实生活中，交通太多方向的车辆堵塞，而车辆南北方向是非常稀缺的，那么正常的交通信号配时控制会使实际的交通状况。为了解决这个问题，你可以使用一个可以基于车流量自适应控制的交通信号控制系统。控制系统的车流量检测是通过检测器来实现的。该检测器可根据实际情况确定外部流量大小方向的车，并转换成电信号发送这个信息给PLC，PLC将自动启动，根据每个子程序接收信息，并确定控制方案是正常或异常的过程控制。而当传感器接受到车辆的前轮，应需要在南北和东西各个红绿灯处放置拍照功能，且该方向为绿灯时进行一次拍照，直到接受到后轮时进行二次拍照。2.4紧急车辆如急救车等往往需要紧急通过，而此时需要调节该方向的绿灯，同时调节另外方向的红灯。如车辆强行闯红灯，则立即启动拍照。系统可以切换成异常状态，如果东西紧急车，可以把东西方向绿灯时间延长15S，南北方向的红灯时间则延长15S，从而来缓解掉东西方向的车流量压力。反之，当是南北车紧急车，同理，把南北方向的绿灯延长15s，东西方向的红灯同时延长15s。紧急车辆如急救车等往往需要紧急通过，而此时需要调节该方向的三、硬件设计（一）传感器选择考虑到东西和南北车流量的问题，生活中往往要根据传感器来判断车流量的大小，从而实现对交通灯对车流量实现调节。而光电传感器不仅检测方法具有很强的精度，反应速度也非常快，而且可测参数多，传感器的结构简单，形式灵活多样，因此光电传感器在检测和控制中应用领域非常广泛。光电传感器是光电接近开关的简称，它是利用被检测物对光束的遮挡与反射，由同步回路选通电路，从而检测物体是否存在。所有能反射光线的物体都能够被检测到。光电传感器将输入电流在发射器上转换为光信号射出，接收器再根据接收到的光线的强弱，对目标物体有无进行检测。光电传感器检测十字路口的各方向车流量，检测器会发出一个脉冲传输给PLC,如图1，PLC可以通过脉冲的计数就能够得到各方向的车流量的大小，从而能够调节各方向红绿灯的等候的时间。PLCPLC光电传感器车辆检测仪的输出信号的输出有车辆经过没有车辆经过图1检测器工作原理和波形将光电传感器安装在距离十字路口30米出较为合适。通过光电传感器的计数，可以统计出在路口为红灯时光电传感器到十字路口交叉口处这一段范围内的车辆数。进而完成对数据的统计工作。十字路口的情况以及光电传感器的铺设状况，如图2。图2十字路口光电传感器的铺设情况（二）可编程控制器的选择本次实验交通灯，设计的来自FX2N-64MR-001可编程控制器FX2N-64MR-001是FX2N系列中三菱PLCFX家族中最先进的系列。有高速处理及可扩展大量满足单个需要的特殊功能模块，灵活性和控制能力强，可扩展到256点。FX2N-64MR-001可编程控制器有着众多优点：1.系统配置既固定又灵活，对系统的稳固具有良好的作用，对交通灯稳定性有着重要保证；2.编程简单，更易的去控制编程3具有可自由选择，丰富的品种；4.令人更放心的高性能；5.运算速度快6.适用于多种特殊用途；7.外部机器通讯简单化；8.共同的外部设备；9.具有很强的密码保护性，安全性高。下图是三菱公司的FX2N系列产品的最简单的梯形图例：ENDENDX000X001Y000X010（三）I/0端口分配I/O端口分配表功能符号I/O启动按钮SBIX0关闭按钮SB2X1设置SB3X2加SB4X3减SB5X4光电传感器X5光电传感器X6拍照L0Y0拍照L1Y1拍照L2Y2拍照L3Y3南北绿灯亮L4Y4南北黄灯亮L5Y5南北红灯亮L6Y6东西绿灯亮L7Y7东西黄灯亮L8Y8东西红灯亮L9Y9东西行车灯L10Y10南北行车灯L11Y11公共输入、输出端COM通过加入五个按键来实现对交通灯的控制，分别为启动开关SB1，关闭开关SB2，按键设置SB3，按键加SB4，按键减SB5。启动和关闭两个按键就是控制系统的启动和停止。设置按键，是来对光电传感器的预设值进行设定的，先按下设置键，再通过加减两个按键对预设值进行调节，最后再按设置键结束。（四）I/0端口接线图X0Y0X0Y0X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3X4Y4X5Y5X6Y6Y7COMY8Y9Y10Y11COM24VGND四、软件设计（一）交通灯流程图设计1.正常情况下车流量通车开始开始NN南北绿灯亮8s东西绿灯南北绿灯亮8s东西绿灯YY东西红灯亮15s南北绿灯闪亮3s东西红灯亮15s南北绿灯闪亮3s南北红灯亮15s东西绿灯亮8s南北红灯亮15s东西绿灯亮8s南北黄灯亮2s南北黄灯亮2s东西绿灯闪亮3s东西绿灯闪亮3s东西黄灯亮2s东西黄灯亮2s2.根据异常车流量调节红绿灯比较南北与东西的车流量南北方向为绿灯，东西方向为红灯，持续40秒开始比较南北与东西的车流量南北方向为绿灯，东西方向为红灯，持续40秒开始 南北的绿灯闪烁3秒后变为黄灯，且黄灯持续2秒，东西为红灯 南北的车流量小于南北的绿灯闪烁3秒后变为黄灯，且黄灯持续2秒，东西为红灯 东西的车流量南北为红灯，东西为绿灯拍照，计数清零，持续55秒 南北的车流量南北为红灯，东西为绿灯拍照，计数清零，持续55秒 大于东西的比较南北与东西的车流量南北为绿灯拍照，东西为红灯，持续55秒 车流量比较南北与东西的车流量南北为绿灯拍照，东西为红灯，持续55秒循环比较循环比较 南北的车流量小于南北的绿灯闪烁3秒后变为黄灯，且黄灯持续2秒，东西为红灯 东西的出流量南北的绿灯闪烁3秒后变为黄灯，且黄灯持续2秒，东西为红灯南北为红灯，东西为绿灯拍照，计数器清零，持续55秒南北为红灯，东西为绿灯拍照，计数器清零，持续55秒 南北的车流量大 于东西的车流循环比较南北的绿灯闪烁3秒后变为黄灯，且黄灯持续2秒，东西为红灯南北为红灯，东西为绿灯拍照，计数器清零，并且持续55秒循环比较南北为绿灯拍照，东西为红灯，持续55秒 量循环比较南北的绿灯闪烁3秒后变为黄灯，且黄灯持续2秒，东西为红灯南北为红灯，东西为绿灯拍照，计数器清零，并且持续55秒循环比较南北为绿灯拍照，东西为红灯，持续55秒3．紧急通车有急车有急车是否南北强通人为调节南北绿灯亮东西红灯亮人为调节东西绿灯亮南北红灯亮东西强通开始正常运行

开始运行正常时序判断车流南北或东西是否闯红灯东西强通拍照东西绿灯亮23s开始运行正常时序判断车流南北或东西是否闯红灯东西强通拍照东西绿灯亮23s东西绿灯闪亮3s东西黄灯亮2s南北强通拍照东西红灯亮28s南北绿灯亮23s南北红灯亮28s南北绿灯闪亮3s南北黄灯亮2s（二）梯形图设计1.正常情况下梯形图2.根据异常车流量调节红绿灯梯形图紧急通车五、结论随着城市中城市汽车化进程的加快，我国城市中机动车辆的数目呈爆发式的增长。虽然道路建设能一定程度上缓解交通的压力，但因为土地资源有限，却无法从根本上解决问题。因此，交通故障和城市交通拥堵越来越多，直接导致汽车的运行工况恶劣、交通时效低、能源浪费、汽车尾气多余的排放等一系列交通问题，给生活环境造成了巨大的影响，减缓了经济的发展。PLC用于控制交通灯，可以准确地控制信号灯，目前普遍使用的，尤其是对多岔路口的控制可方便的实现。PLC一般品牌都配备了实时时钟，通过编程控制，可实现全天候无人管理的信号灯。另外，由于PLC本身还具有通讯联网功能，将信号相同的路径的局域网进行统一调度管理，可缩短车辆的等待时间。

致谢感谢我的导师，老师您严谨细致、一丝不苟的作风一直是我工作中、学习中的榜样；您循循善诱的教导和不拘一格的思路给予了我无尽的启迪。历时将近三个月的时间终于将这篇论文写完，在论文的写作过程中遇到了无数的困难和障碍，都在同学和老师的帮助下度过了。尤其要强烈感谢我的论文指导老师，他对我进行了无私的指导和帮助，帮助我进行论文的修改和改进。另外，在校图书馆查找资料的时候，图书馆的老师也给我提供了很多方面的支持与帮助。在此向帮助和指导过我的各位老师表示最中心的感谢！

感谢这篇论文所涉及到的各位学者。本文引用了数位学者的研究文献，如果没有各位学者的研究成果的帮助和启发，我将很难完成本篇论文的写作。

感谢我的同学和朋友，在我写论文的过程中给予我了很多你问素材。我的学术水平有限，所写论文难免有不足之处，恳请各位老师和学友批评和指正！

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您好，为你提供优秀的毕业论文参考资料，请您删除以下内容，O(∩_∩)O谢谢！！！AlargegroupofteamerchantsoncamelsandhorsesfromNorthwestChina'sShaanxiprovincepassthroughastopontheancientSilkRoad,Gansu'sZhangyecityduringtheirjourneytoKazakhstan,May5,2015.Thecaravan,consistingofmorethan100camels,threehorse-drawncarriagesandfoursupportvehicles,startedthetripfromJingyangcountyinShaanxionSept19,2014.ItwillpassthroughGansuprovinceandXinjiangUygurautonomousregion,andfinallyarriveinAlmaty,formerlyknownasAlma-Ata,thelargestcityinKazakhstan,andDunganinZhambylprovince.Thetripwillcoverabout15,000kilometersandtakethecaravanmorethanoneyeartocomplete.ThecaravanisexpectedtoreturntoJingyanginMarch2016.Thentheywillcomeback,carryingspecialtyproductsfromKazakhstanAsmallarttroupefoundedsixdecadesagohasgrownintoahouseholdnameintheInnerMongoliaautonomousregion.Inthe1950s,UlanMuqirArtTroupewascreatedbynineyoungmusicians,whotouredremotevillagesonhorsesandperformedtraditionalMongolianmusicanddancesfornomadicfamilies.The54-year-oldwasborninTongliao,ineasternInnerMongoliaandjoinedthetroupein1975.Hesaysthereare74branchtroupesacrossInnerMongoliaandactorsgivearound100showseveryyeartolocalnomadicpeople."IcanstillrecallthedayswhenItouredwiththetroupeintheearly'80s.Wesatonthebackofpickuptrucksforhours.Theskywasblue,andwecouldn'thelpbutsingthefolksongs,"Nasunsays.ThevastnessofInnerMongoliaandthelackofentertainmentoptionsforpeoplelivingthere,madetheirliveslonely."Thenomadicpeoplewereveryexcitedaboutourvisits,"Nasunrecalls."Wedidn'thaveaformalstage.Theaudiencejustsatonthegrass.Usually,theperformancesbecameabigpartywithlocalpeoplejoiningin."Forhim,therewardingpartabouttouringisn'tjustaboutsharingartwithnomadicfamiliesbutalsoaboutgaininginspirationforthemusicanddance.UlanMuqirliterallytranslatesas"redburgeon",andtoday'sperformersofthetroupestilltourtheregion'svillagesandentertainnomadicfamilies,buttheirfamehasspreadaroundtheworld.OnMay16and17,nearly100singersanddancersfromthetroupeperformedatBeijing'sPolyTheater.Theirshow,titledUlanMuqirontheGrassland,depictedthehistoryanddevelopmentofthearttroupe."BeingfromtheregionallowedmetoembracethecultureofInnerMongoliaandbeingamemberofthetroupeshowedmewhereIbelonged,"Nasun,thearttroupe'spresident,whoisalsoarenownedtenor,tellsChinaDaily.Duringatourin1985,hewenttoavillageandmetanelderlylocalman,whotoldhimastoryabouthisfriendshipwithasoliderfromShenyang,capitalofNortheastChina'sLiaoningprovince,decadesago.Thesolidergavetheoldmanahandmadesaddlewhentheybidfarewell.ThestoryinspiredNasuntowriteCarvedSaddle,asongthatlaterbecameoneofhismostpopularnumbers.Now,everyyear,Nasunrecruitsyoungsingersanddancersforthetroupe.Thetroupehasalsodesignedanewrepertoire,whichismostlybasedonthedailylivesofMongolianpeople,especiallythelivesofnomadicfamilies,andhascombinedcontemporarymusicalelementswithfolksongsoftheregion.Haimu,a25-year-oldkhoomei(alocalvariantofovertonesinging)singer,joinedthetroupethreeyearsago.Alongwithasix-memberband,heperformsfastsongsandsoftonesthathewrites－allwhileplayingthehorse-headfiddle."AlthoughIlearnedthepianosincechildhoodandgrewuplisteningtovariouskindsofmusic,tome,thefolkmusicofInnerMongoliaistheroot,"hesays."Performinginremotevillagesispleasant.Ifeelathomeontheboundlessgrasslands,andthewarmpeopletheremakemefeelfulfilled."ThefirstroundofspringauctionseasoninBeijingendedlastweek,butitfailedtocreatemuchspringintheartmarket.AlthoughtwopiecesofChinesepaintingfetchedmorethan100millionyuan,thedeclineintradingvolumeandsalerateshowedadownturnthisyear.Inthe“GrandView:ChinesePaintingHighlight”sessionatChinaGuardian2015springauctions,PanTianshou’srepresentativeworkEagle,RockandFlorahitarecordauctionpriceof279millionyuan,whileLiKeran’smasterworkJinggangMountainfetched126.5millionyuan,anunexpectedhighinrecentyears.However,thetradingvolumefellsto1.87billionyuanfrom2.22billionyuaninthesameperiodtheyearbefore.TheHuangchen2015SpringAuctions,whichrecorded42.5millionyuanintotalsales,experiencedthesame.Thesectionnumberwentdownto5from12comparedtolastyear.AccordingtoexpertShaoJianwu,theartmarketdidnotattractmuchexcitementthisyearduetotheboomingstockmarketandthepersistentproblemsofforgeryandfakedeals.ThetwopiecesofChinesepaintingnotcheduphighpricethisspringduetotheirownvaluenotduetoarevivalinthemarket."Thesuccessfultransactionoftwoworkswithahammerpriceofmorethan100millionyuanonceagainconfirmsthatvaluableandrareworksofhighqualityalwaysearnthelong-lastinghighprice.Chinesepaintingandcalligraphyisstillthepillarofthemarket.However,theoverallsalesratehasdroppedslightly,whichreflectsthedemandfortheordinaryauctiongoodshasweakened,”saidthepresidentofChinaGuardian’sHuYanyan."Besides,theentryofnewbuyersalsomakescertainchangestothedirectionofpurchasing.Inaword,theoverallmarkettrendisveryunpredictable.AlthoughChinaGuardian2015SpringAuctionshasachievedremarkableresults,itdoesnotmeanthatthemarkethaswalkedoutofthepredicament.Westillhavetowaitforthebigeconomicboomtoinvigoratetheartmarket.”Evenso,thehotpursuitofsomespecialitemsappearedthisspring.AspecialsessionofChinaGuardianSpringAuctionstitled“FineGilt—BronzeBuddhistImages”achievedagreatdealwithtotalsalesvolumeof41.89millionyuanand92percentsalerate.The5thShamarRinpocheStatuefrom16-17thcenturyofTibetwassoldfor5.06millionyuan.TheBeijingChengxuanAuctionsfeaturedalmost2,800itemsofcoinsandstampsinthreesessionswithgoodsalerate.TheHuachenAuctionsalsosetaspecialsessionofphotographsundertheconditionoflarge-scaledeclineofauctionsessions.TherewasapalpabledullthudofdisappointmentthataccompaniedthereturnoftheimperialentourageofZhenHuantoherhomeland.ItfollowedacoupleyearsofhushedexcitementasChinesefanswerefedtidbitsabouttheirproudconcubinewhowassupposedtoconquerthehighgroundoftheNorthAmericanmarket.ZhenHuanis,ofcourse,thetitlecharacterofTheLegendofZhenHuan,a2011televisionseriesthatsweptChinaoffitsfeetandlatertookotherAsiancountriesbystorm.Twoyearsago,itwasreportedthatHBO,apremiumcableserviceheadquarteredintheUnitedStates,wasgoingtoairitinNorthAmericaaftersomemodification.Now,acondensedversionthatprovidesEnglishsubtitlesbutnodubbinghasfinallybeenmadeavailableonNetflixforonlinestreaming.Thisversion,highlyanticipatedasamilestoneinChina'sculturalforayoverseas,hasbeenwidelypannedbyitshomeaudience.RetitledEmpressesinthePalace,theAmericanversionhasbeenshortenedfromitsoriginal76episodesat45minuteseach,tosix90-minuteepisodes.Thequickpacingthrewoffmanynativeviewers,whoareaccustomedtoamoreleisurelydaytime-soap-stylenarrativerhythm.(ChineseTVstationswouldruntwoorthreeepisodeseveryday.)Ididnotfinishthefull-lengthversionandfoundthetruncatedonenotdifficulttofollow.What'slost,Ibelieve,aretheinterestingsetupsandpausesthatilluminatetheChineseartofstorytelling.Muchoftheplotisstillthere.Itistheflavorthatwassacrificed.TheAmericaneditionusestheframeworkoftheEmpressDowagerinhersenioryearsreminiscingatthebeginningandtheendofeachepisode,hintingatwhat'stocomeandrecappingthekeypoints.Thisdevice,notusedintheoriginal,isculturallyunderstandablebutartisticallymediocre.Whatpuzzlesmeisthetwonewsongsfortheopeningandendcredits.TheywerewritteninEnglish,butsungbyChinesewithanuncomfortableaccent.TheywereobviouslydesignedtoappealtoanEnglish-speakingbase,butdonotjibewiththeChinesedialogue.Speakingofthedialogue,theEnglishtranslation,pickedapartbysomeChinese,istooliteralformytaste.IcanimagineatypicalAmericanhitbyaflurryofroyalranks,addressesandgreetings,evenmultiplenamesandtitlesforthesameperson.Thefirsthalfhourmustbeaswamptowadethrough,verymuchlikemyexperienceofgettingthroughaTolstoytomewithitsendlessinflectionsofnamestransliteratedintolengthyChinese.Iseethechoiceofverbatimtranslationasaneffortforconveyingexotica.Itisfairlycompetent,withnoerrorthatIcoulddetect,butfailstoriseabovewordsorcapturetheessenceofthelanguage.Aculturalproductusuallycrossesovertoaforeignterritoryfirstbyanemphasisonthecommonalities.ButwhetherinsideoroutsideChina,thetemptationtosellitforthedifferencesisjusttoogreat.Sure,thesumptuoussetsandcostumesareabigattraction,butthenarrativetechniquehasbecome－howshallIputit?－abitanglicized,whichisnecessaryforculturalexport.Judgingbytheresponses,thislegend,which,contrarytotheclaimoftheEnglishtrailer,istotallyfictitious,hasdepartedfromChinabutnotyetlandedonAmericanshores.IamabigfanofRalphWaldoEmerson'sessaytitledSelf-Reliance.Ifyou'venotyetreadit,Istronglyencourageyoutodoso.Inthisessay,thevenerableEmersontalksabouteschewingthetrappingsofsocietyandfindingone'sownpath.Heurgesthereadertofindrectitudeandleadamorallife.Heprofessesthat,onlybybeingselfreliant,asopposedtorelyingonthegovernmentandbeingdictatedtobysociety,canonebeginleadingadecentandpurposefullife.Heaversthatsuchalifeistheonlylifeworthliving.Iagreewithhim.ThisessaywaswrittenduringatimeofsocialupheavalinAmerica,anditisratheroddthatEmersonauthoredit,ashewasapartoftheuppercrustofsocietyatthetime.Itjustsohappenedthathelookedaroundhim,attheindolenceandthewantonnessofthepeopleinhiscircle;hewonderedhowintheworldhecametobelongthere.Indeedhispenningandpublishingthisessaycausedhisexcommunicationfromhighsocietyandalsocausedhimalotoflegaltrouble.Thelegaltroublecameasaresultofthefactthathewasspeakingoutagainstthegovernment.Iliketoreferencesuchtextsfromtimetotimeasanexamplebothofthefactthathistorydoesrepeatitselfandthatthisworldisnotsobigthatwhatappliestoonesocietydoesnotinanywaytouchanothersociety.Onamuchsmallerscale,Emerson'sessayaffectsmeverydeeply.Notasanurgingtobecomeselfreliant–I'mnothingifnotthat!Inhistextheexpoundsontheideathatonemustgivetheirlifeapurpose.Andthatisthetruetopicofthisentry.Theselastfouryearshavebeensoeasy:teachforagrandtotalofsixhoursaweek,andtherestofmytimeismine.SinceI'vebeenhereIhavebeentaskedwithnothingmorechallengingthanlearningmystudents'namesandfiguringoutwhattodowiththemforthebrieftimeeachweekthatIstandinfrontofthem.Idonotconsiderthechallengesoflearningtoliveherepartofapurposefullife.Iconsiderthoseissuesexistentialinnature.OneoftheproblemswithmylifeinAmericawasthatIfeltithadnopurpose.IwenttoworkeverydayandevendidwhatIcouldtomakemycolleagues'workliveseasier,butIsimplycouldnotdigestthefactthatthatwasmysolepurposeinlife.Withnofamilytosupport,Iwasthesolebeneficiaryofmyemployment:thepaycheck,thebenefits,theincentivesandtherewardswereminealone.Notmuchofapurposeinbeingself-serving,isthere?WhileIwasastudent,IfeltIwasleadingapurposefullife.Learningnewthings,broadeningmyhorizons,expandingmylifeexperiencesallgavemylifeazipanddrivethatIhadnotfeltsincebeinginsurvivalmodewhenmykidsweresmall.AftergraduatingcollegeIfeltoddlydeflated…butbythen,Chinawasonmyhorizon.请删除以下内容，O(∩_∩)O谢谢！！！AnarbitrarytitlegiventoafuneraryworkfromancientEgyptcalledpertemhru,thetranslationofwhichis"comingforthbyday,"or"manifestedinthelight."Severalversionsorrecensionsofthisworkareknown,namelythoseofHeliopolis,Thebes,andSais,differingonlyinasmuchastheywereeditedbythecollegesofpriestsfoundedatthesecenters.Manypapyrioftheworkhavebeendiscovered,andpassagesfromithavebeeninscribeduponthewallsoftombsandpyramidsandonsarcophagiandmummy-wrappings.OneverycompletecopyisondisplayattheEgyptianMuseuminTurin,Italy.Itisundoubtedlyofextremelyearlydate;exactlyhowearlyitwouldbedifficulttosay,butinthecourseofcenturiesitwasgreatlyaddedtoandmodified.Itcontainsabout200chapters,butnocompletepapyrushasbeenfound.Thechaptersarequiteindependentofoneanother,andwereprobablyallcomposedatdifferenttimes.Themainsubjectisthebeatificationofthedead,whoweresupposedtorecitethechaptersinorderthattheymightgainpowerandenjoytheprivilegesofthenewlife.Theworkaboundsinmagicalreferences.ThewholetrendoftheBookoftheDeadisthaumaturgic,asitspurposeistoguardthedeadagainstthedangerstheyhavetofaceinreachingtheotherworld.Asinmostmythologies,thedeadEgyptianhadtoencountermalignantspiritsandwasthreatenedbymanydangersbeforereachinghishavenofrest.HealsohadtoundergojudgmentbyOsiris,andtojustifyhimselfbeforebeingpermittedtoentertherealmsofbliss.Thisheimaginedhecouldingreatpartaccomplishbytherecitationofvariousmagicalformulaandspells,whichwouldwardofftheevilinfluencesopposedtohim.TothisendeveryimportantEgyptianofmeanshadburiedwithhimapapyrusoftheBookoftheDead,containingatleastallthechaptersnecessaryforencounteringtheformidableadversariesatthegatesofAmenti,theEgyptianHades.Thesechapterswouldassisthiminmakingrepliesduringhisceremonyofjustification.Firstamongthesespellswerethe"wordsofpower."TheEgyptiansbelievedthattodiscoverthe"secret"nameofagodwastogaincompleteascendancyoverhim.SympatheticmagicwasinvogueinEgyptianburialpractice,whichexplainsthepresence,intombsofpeopleofmeans,ofpaintingsoftablesladenwithfoodanddrink,withinscriptionsattachedconveyingtheideaofboundlessliberality.Inscriptionslikethefollowingareextremelycommon—"Totheka[essentialdoubleorsoul]ofso-and-so,5,000loavesofbread,500geese,and5,000jugsofbeer."Thosededicationscostthegenerousdonorslittle,astheymerelyhadtheobjectsnamedpainteduponthewallofthetomb,imaginingthattheirkaorastralcounterpartwouldbeeatableanddrinkablebythedeceased.ThisofcourseismerelyanextensionoftheNeolithicconceptionthatarticlesburiedwithamanhadtheirastralcounterpartsandwouldbeofusetohiminanotherworld.PictorialrepresentationplayedaconsiderablepartinthemagicalritualoftheBookoftheDead.OneofthepleasuresofthedeadwastosailoverHeavenintheboatofRa,andtosecurethisforthedeceasedonemustpaintcertainpicturesandmutteroverthemwordsofpower.Regardingthisbelief,E.A.WallisBudgestatesinhisbookEgyptianMagic(1889):"Onapieceofcleanpapyrusaboatistobedrawnwithinkmadeofgreenabutmixedwithantiwater,andinitaretobefiguresofIsis,Thoth,Shu,andKhepera,andthedeceased;whenthishadbeendonethepapyrusmustbefastenedtothebreastofthedeceased,carebeingtakenthatitdoesnotactuallytouchhisbody.ThenshallhisspiritenterintotheboatofRaeachday,andthegodThothshalltakeheedtohim,andheshallsailaboutwithhimintoanyplacethathewisheth.ElsewhereitisorderedthattheboatofRabepainted'inapureplace,'andinthebowsistobepaintedafigureofthedeceased;butRawassupposedtotravelinoneboat(calledAtet)untilnoon,andanother(calledSektet)untilsunset,andprovisionhadtobemadeforthedeceasedinbothboats.Howwasthistobedone?OnonesideofthepictureoftheboatafigureofthemorningboatofRawastobedrawn,andontheotherafigureoftheafternoonboat;thustheonepicturewascapableofbecomingtwoboats.And,providedtheproperofferingsweremadeforthedeceasedonthebirthdayofOsiris,hissoulwouldliveforever,andhewouldnotdieasecondtime.Accordingtotherubrictothechapterinwhichthesedirectionsaregiven,thetextofitisasold,atleast,asthetimeofHesept,thefifthkingofthe1st.dynasty,whoreignedabout4350B.C.,andthecustomofpaintingtheboatuponpapyrusisprobablycontemporaneous."Thewordsofpowerwerenottobespokenuntilafterdeath.Theywere"agreatmystery,"but"theeyeofnomanwhatsoevermustseeit,foritisathingofabominationforeverymantoknowit.Hideit,therefore,theBookoftheLadyoftheHiddenTempleisitsname."ThiswouldseemtorefertosomespellutteredbyIsis-HathorthatdeliveredthegodRaorHorusfromtrouble,or