cultural-differences-between-english-and-chinese-color-words-英语专业毕业论文设计

PAGE16PAGE15PAGE1CulturalDifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseColorWords1.IntroductionIthasbeenrecognizedthatlanguageisanessentialandimportantpartofagivencultureandthattheimpactofcultureuponagivenlanguageissomethingintrinsicandindispensable.Ontheonehand,languageasanintegralpartofhumanbeing,permeateshisthinkingandwayofviewingtheworld,languagebothexpressesandembodiesculturalreality.Ontheother,language,asaproductofculture,helpstoperpetuatetheculture,andthechangesinlanguageusesreflecttheculturalchangesinreturn.Asasmallcomponentpartoflanguage,colorwordshavetheirownuniquecharacteristicsanddifferentmeaningsindifferentculture.Differentnationsalwaysenduewordswithmeaningsoftheirownnationalculture.Asaresult,therearecertaindifferenceswhendifferentnationalpeopleusecolorwordsinlanguage.McLuhancharacterizedtoday’sworldasa“globalvillage”becauseoftherapidexpansionofworldwidetransportationandcommunicationnetwork．Inordertounderstandothernations’culturesandimprovethecross-culturecommunication,itisnecessarytodiscuss,understandandstudytheculturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesecolorwords.Atthesametime,itcanimproveourabilityanddobetterinpracticeoftranslation.ThispaperconcretelydiscussestheculturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesecolorwordsbythecomparisonofthetwolanguages.Thewholepaperisdividedintofiveparts.Inthefirstpart,itanalyzesthereasonsthatcausethedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesecolorwords.Inthesecondpart,itintroducesthedifferentclassificationsofcolorsinEnglishandChinese.Next,thepaperdiscusseswhateffectcolorwordsmakeinEnglishandChineseliteraryworks.Thenthereisacontrastiveanalysisbygivingexamplesaboutdifferentcolorsofthetwolanguages.Atlast,itsumsupthattheimportanceofknowingandstudyingtheculturaldifferences.Fromthispaper,wecanknowthattherearekindsofculturesindifferentnationsintheworld;wealsocanlearnthatcolorterm,asapartoflanguage,expressesdifferentmeaningsindifferentcultures.What’smore,wecanrealizehowtomakeasuccessfulcommunicationandhowtobegoodlanguagelearners.2.CausesfortheDifferencesBetweenEnglishandChineseColorWordsInthedailylife,languageandculturehaveaverycloserelationship.Foronething,language,whichisthecomponentofcultureandthecarrierofculture,canreflectcultureandservetocultureaswell.Tolearnlanguageistolearnculture.Foranotherthing,languageisubiquitous.Theproperuseoflanguageisrestrictedbycultureandthevocabularyoflanguagecontainsrichandcolorfulcultureallthetime.Languageandcultureareunitedwitheachother.Asthesmallcomponentpartoflanguage,colorwordshavetheirownuniquecharacteristicsanddifferentmeaningsindifferentculture.Everynationhasitsownlanguagesystemofcolorwords.Differentnationsalwaysenduewordswithmeaningsoftheirownnationalculture,sothereexistssomedifferenceswhenwemakeuseofEnglishandChinesecolorwords.Thereasonsthatcausethiskindofdifferencemainlyhavethreefactors.2.1DifferentLanguageFamiliesThefirstreasonisthatEnglishandChinesebelongtotwodifferentlanguagefamilies;therefore,thesamecolorwordsinthetwolanguageshavemoreorlessthesameprimarymeaning,butwhichhaveconsiderablydifferentsecondaryoradditionalmeanings.Asaresult,differentcolorwordsinEnglishandChineseexpressdifferentmeanings.2.2TheLanguageItselfThesecondreasonisthelanguageitself.Therearemanydifferencesinthecharacteristicsofbothlanguages.Englishwordsarecharacterizedbyflexibility.Onewordislikelytohavedifferentmeaningsindifferentcontexts.Comparativelyspeaking,themeaningsofChinesewordsremainfixed.Chineseisfeaturedbystandard,rigorandprecisenessinchoosingthewords.Let’stakethewordgreenforexample.Greengainscertainnewmeaningswhenassociatedwiththephrasegreenrevolutionandwhenitisusedalone,itstillcarriesthatmeaning.However,greeninChinesewilllosethemeaningunlessitiscombinedwithrevolutionorotherwordsinsimilar.2.3TheCulturalFactorThirdisthefactorbeyondthelanguage,whichincludestheculturalfactorssuchasdifferentcustoms，traditionsandculturalbackground.Theappearance,enrichmentanddevelopmentofcolorwordsandtheevolutionofsynonymscannotseparatefromtheirbackgroundofsociety,historyandculture.Onmanyoccasions,itisnotthebasicmeaningofthecolorthatfunctions,buttheprofoundculturalassociationsrelatedtothecolorthatfunctions.Thatistosay,thedifferencesinusingcolorwordsbetweenChineseandEnglishstandoutwhenthecolorwordsthemselvesdonotplayanimportantpart.Whenevertheabove-mentioneddifferencesexist,theusingofthecolorwordscannotbethesame.Therefore,specialattentionshouldbepaidinusingthecolorwords.3.TheDifferentClassificationsofColorsandtheFunctionsofColorWordsinEnglishandChineseLanguage3.1TheDifferentClassificationsofColorsinEnglishandChineseLanguageThelinguistsandtheanthropologists,throughconstantinvestigationandresearch,showsthatdifferentnationsdon’toftenclassifycolorsinthesamewayandthewaythatonenationallanguageclassifycolorwordsiscloselyrelatedtothenation’secologicalenvironmentandculturalenvironmentaswell.Inthemulti-coloredworld,differentlanguagehasdifferentnumbersofcolorwords.Nowlet’sseehowdifferentnationsclassifycolorterm.3.1.1ClassificationinEnglishInEnglish,thebasiccolortermusuallyhaselevenkinds,whicharewhite,black,gray,brown,red,green,yellow,blue,purple,orangeandpink.J.Lyons,anEnglishlinguist,putforwardthatblack,white,red,green,blueandbrownarebasiccolorwords,perhapsorangecanberegardasonekind.3.1.2ClassificationinChineseHowever,inChinese,therearered,orange,yellow,green,blue,indigoandpurple.Itisthoughtthattherainbowisthebasiccolor.Therearethreecolorsofgreen,blueandindigoinChinese.While,thereareonlytwocorrespondingcolorsofblueandgreen.Asaresult,qingcanonlybetranslatedintoblueorgreen.Forexample,qingcaiwillbetranslatedintogreenvegetables;qingjiaowillbetranslatedintogreenpepper;qingshanintogreenmountain.Butqingtianwillbetranslatedintobluesky;qingzhuanwillbeintobluebrick.Qingalsocanbetranslatedintoblack,suchasblackcloth,blackgownandblackhair.OneChinesewell-knownsaying“青出于蓝而胜于蓝”istranslatedasbluecomesfromtheindigoplantbutisbluerthantheplantitself.3.2TheFunctionsofColorWordsUsedinLiteraryWorksWhateffectdocolorwordsmakeinEnglishandChineseliteraryworks?Actually,colorwordscanbeseeneverywhereinliteraryworks.Asakindoflanguagesymbols,itcanreflectincisivelyandvividlythecolorsinhumanlifeanditalsocanprovideatmosphereforliteraryworksthemselves.Becausehumangenerallyhavechromesthesia,thatis,aformofsynesthesiainwhichnonvisualstimulationresultsintheexperienceofcolorsensations.Manywritersgivedifferentcolorstodescribetheabstractthings,thecharacters,thefiguresoflive,themoodsandmentality.Itmakestheexpressionsmorefigurative.Theliteraryworkswillbeglorifiedbyusingthesecolors.Therefore,colortermisthenecessarypartineachnation’sculturallanguage.Next,let’sseesomeexamples.3.2.1TheFunctionsofColorWordsUsedinEnglishWorksThomasHardyisagreatmaster,whoisgoodatusingcolors.Inhisliterarywork,TessoftheD’Urbervilles,therearealargenumberofcolorwordsthatareused.Forexample,Shestoodonthethreshold,betweenthesteelystarlightwithoutandyellowcandle-lightwithin.——ThomasHardy：TessoftheD’UrbervillesHardymadeuseoftwocolors,steelyandyellow,todescribestarlightandcandlelight.ThisindirectlysetofftheorphanedandhelplesssituationofTess,especiallythewordsteely,notonlyexpressedthecolor,caesious,butalsomakepeopleconnect“callous”and“merciless”inmind.3.2.2TheFunctionsofColorWordsUsedinChineseWorksInmanyChineseliteraryworks,therealsouseslargenumberofcolorwords.Wecanseethemfromancientpoemsandsongstomodernnovels.Forexample,“日出江花红胜火，春来江水绿如蓝。”——白居易：《忆江南》Inthispoem,thewriter,BaiJuyi,uses红torefertotheredfloweralongshorewhichshinesupondawninganduses绿torefertothegreenriverwaterwhichswaysbyspringbreeze.ThismetaphormakesthespringofSouthbegorgeousandvigorous.Thereisanotherexample,“他觉得他的头颅仿佛是在颈脖子上旋转。他眼前是红的、黄的、绿的、黑的、发光的,立方体的、国锥形的—混杂的一团,在那里跳,在那里转……”——矛盾：《子夜》Thewriterusesthecolors“红”、“黄”、“绿”、“黑”,theadjectives“立方体的”、“圆锥体的”andtheverbs“跳”、“转”tosetoffamixedcolorfulscenethathasdimeyesight.4.ContrastiveAnalysisoftheCulturalDifferencesBetweenEnglishandChineseColorWordsPeopleliveinthemulti-coloredworld.Everylanguagehascorevocabularythatcomposedofmanycolorwords,butdifferentlanguagehasdifferentnumbersofcolorwords.TheInternationalOlympicflagconsistsofsixcolors.Thebackgroundcoloriswhite,whichsymbolizesthepurefriendshipandthefaircompetition.Inthecentraloftheflag,therearefivedifferentcolorringschaintogetherandputinorderofblue,yellow,black,greenandred.BluestandsforEurope;yellowAsia;blackAfrica;greenOceaniaandredAmerica.Asusingcolorwordsoveralongperiodoftime,peoplenotonlyenduethesewordswithliteralmeaningsbutalsoenduethemwiththemoreabundantculturalmeanings.Indifferentcultures,colorwordsexpressdifferentmeanings.ThefollowingpartswillbedevotedtothediscussionofculturaldifferenceswhenusingthecolorwordsinEnglishandChinese.SemanticmeaningsofEnglishandChinesecolorwordsaresameinsomesides,butdifferentinmanyaspects.Duetotherespectiveculturalbackgroundandtradition,somephrasescontainingcolorwordshavefarsurpassedtheiroriginalmeanings,formingdifferentconnotations.Whatdoesredmean?Ifheisinthebluemood,whatkindmoodishein?Ishehappy,sad,orwhat?Obviously,redandbluedonotjustmeanthecolor.Eachhasadditionalmeaning－certainculturalassociations－thatarehiddenbehindsthewords.AncientChinesesaidpurecolors(green,red,yellow,whiteandblack)andsecondarycolors(green,red,bluishgreen,purple,brownishyellow)basicallyincludemodernopticaltocolorclassification.InEnglish,blackrepresentsdeepthinkingandstability;redstandsforfaithandfraternity;yellowforintelligenceandglory;blueforeleganceandloyalty;whiteforpurityandsincerity;greenforhappinessandpermanence.Infact,almosteverycolorwordhasadualmeaning,basicmeaningandextendedmeaning.Thefirstlevelisusuallysuperficialanddirect,butifweputittogetherwithsomespecificwords,itwillbemorecolorfulthanthebasicmeaning.Next,let’shaveacomparativestudyofusingcolorwordsinEnglishandChineselanguage.Iwilltakeblack,white,red,blue,greenandyellowforexamples.4.1BlackBlack,whichisoppositetowhite,hassamederogatorysensebothinEnglishandChineselanguage.Blackrepresentsdarkandevil,whichisrelatedtofilth,disaster,misfortune,sad,detestation,dishonor,andsoon.Forexample,inEnglish,wehavethephrase“blackFriday”.Inreligion,blackmeansgrief,despairanddeath.FridayreferstotheFridaybeforeEasterday.Jesuswassufferingatthatday.Basingonthenation’sculturebackgroundandtraditionalcustom,thepeopleinEnglishcountriesuseblackFridaytosymbolizethedisaster.ItisassameasinChinese.InChina,peoplealwaysuseblacktodescribesomeevilsorterriblethings,forexample,blackmail（勒索）,blacklist（黑名单）etc.Butblackhasagoodmeaninginthefollowingsentence:Sincehetookoverthebusiness,thecompanyhasbeeninblack.Thatblackmeansrunningthebusinessprofitably.Besides,blackimpliesgloom,disgrace,misfortune,extremeanger,etc.Inaddition,bothinEnglishandChinese,blackhavethemeaningofbreakingeconomicalsystems.Fromthispoint,theirusagesaresimilar,too.Forexample,blackmarket(黑市),blackmoney（黑钱或匿报的非法收益）,black-marketgoods（黑市商品）,blacklist（黑名单）.Whatisthe“blacklist”meaning?Ifonepersongetsintoblacklist,thisindicatesthatheorshemakessomemistakesandisanunbelievableperson.Maybeheorshewillbekeptwatchonbygovernmentoroneorganization.Generallyspeaking,blacklist（黑名单）hasthesamemeaninginEnglishandChinese.Inspiteofthat,culturehasitsuniversalityandparticularity,nottomentionvariousnations’language.Inconsiderationoftheparticularityoflanguageandculture,andpeopledifferentthinkingways,thesamecolorwordhasdifferentmeaningsinEnglishandChinese.InEnglish,blackhasthemeaningofdeathandcondole.InEnglishcountries,accordingtotraditioncustom,peoplegenerallywearblackclothestoattendafuneral,forexample,wearblackforone’sfather（为某位去世的父亲穿黑色孝衣）.Whileinchina,accordingtoChinesecustom,peoplegenerallywearwhiteclothesatfuneralsformemorizingthedead.BlackalsocanmeanangerinEnglish,suchas,tobeblackintheface（面露怒色）andblackpassionsboiledupinsidehim（内心生起愤怒）.InChinese,blackalsocanmeanevilandcruel,suchas,blackmoney（黑钱）,black-hearted（黑心的）.4.2WhiteInancientChina,whitewasacolortoshowgentleandsimple.Whiteclothes,whitehouseandwhitebodyareseparatelymeanscivilian,grasshouseandpeoplewhohavenopower.Theymakepeoplethinkofhumblenessandpoor.Withthedevelopmentoflanguageandculture,ChinesecultureabsorbssomeEnglishexpressionsstepbystep.TomostChineseandWesterners,whitehassomemeaningsincommon.Whitesuggestspurity,innocenceandhonesty.Example:Maryisawhitegirl.(pureandinnocent).GivesomeexamplesinEnglishandAmericanliterature,aswhiteinnocenceandawhitespirit.TheconnotationofwhiteinChinesealsoincludessomethingunhappy.Atfunerals,Chinesepayrespecttodeadandexpresstheirsorrowbywearingwhiteandwritingelegiaccoupletsinwhitepaper.IntheWest,however,whiteisthetraditionalcolorforthebridesatweddings,andtowearwhiteatfuneralswouldbeoffensive.Socareshouldbetakenintranslatingthephrases“红白喜事”.Toavoidmisunderstanding,wecanputitsimplyasweddingsandfunerals.Talkingaboutredandwhite,thereisaninterestingcoincidenceinChineseandEnglish.InChinesethosewhoarepopularandfindfavorwiththeirbossesarecalled红人（redguyliterally）.ButIrishpeoplecallthemthewhite-headedboy.Inthissense,redequalswhiteinthetwocultures.Inaddition,therearesomephrasesaboutwhiteinChinese.Forexample,“白手起家”meansstartfromscratch,“白费心机”meansbotherone’sheadfornothing,“白色收入”meansincomewhichislegal.Whitealsohasthemeaningofauspicious,likethephrases,awhiteday（吉祥日）,WhiteChristmas（有雪的圣诞节）andthesentence:TodayisoneofthewhitedaysinTom’slife.4.3RedRedisthemostpowerfulcolorontheplanetanditisrifewithcontradictions.Itsuniversalmeaningisheat,blood,danger,andemotion,etc.Aredlightmeansthatthedoctorisin.Redheadsaresupposedtobefirebrands.InbothChineseandEnglish,redisusuallyassociatedwithahappyoccasion.Oncalendar,wecanfindthatholidays,suchasSpringFestival,areprintedinred,whichiscalled“red-letterdays”,whileordinarydaysareinblack.However,redhasdifferentmeaningsinEnglishandChinese.Forexample,intheQingdynasty,thebookthatwasauthorizedbytheemperoriscalled“redbook”.Itisdifferentfromthe“redbook”inEnglishspeakingcountrywhichmeansthebookwithredcover.InChina,duringtheculturerevolution,everyoneshouldkeeponeortwobooksaboutChairmanMao.Itwascalled“redtreasuredbook”.AssameasinEnglishcountries,suchwordsrelatedwithhistoryandgeographyhasitspropermeaning.Forexample,theAmericanfinancialinstitutionenclosesthepoorareawithredlineandrefusestoprovideloantothisareawhichmadetheareapoorer.Thiswascalledredlining.DuringtheAmericanCivilWar,theBritishsoldiersworescarletserviceuniform.Theywerecalledredcoat.Redisalsoassociatedwithcertainemotions.Letusseeafewexamples:Herfaceturnedredwhenbombardedwithsuchanembarrassingquestion.Whenhecriticizedmywork,Ireallysawred.Themerementionofhisenemy’snameislikewavingaredflagtohim.InEnglish“herfaceturnedred”or“tobecomered-faced”showsone’sembarrassment,asitdoesinChinese脸红.Butwhatisthemeaningofseeredandwavingaredflag?Bothsuggestanger.Theformermeanstobecomeveryangrywhilethelattermeanstocausequickangerinsomebodybydoingsomethingoffensive.Furthermore,redhassomeextendedmeanings,suchascruelty,disaster,etc.4.4BlueInChineselanguage,bluecanmakepeoplerememberblueskyandseainmind.Blueprovidespeoplethefeelingsofpeace,quietandopen.Italsoarousespeopletohaveagreatlongingforabrightfuture,asthephrase宏伟蓝图.Nevertheless,bluehascommendatorytermandderogatoryterminEnglish.Blueisthecolorofskyandsea,forexample,theblue.Blueimpliesexcellent,optimum,top-grade,etc.Forexample,ablueribbon,meanstheplayerwhoranksthefirstinaraceanditimpliesfirst-place,thehighesthonor,thebesttitle.Blueribbonrepresentshonor,powerandstrength,sotheproductssighed“blueribbon”arethemostattractivetoconsumers.Theword,blue-stocking,comesfromthe18thcentury.Atthattime,thewomenmembersofBritishliterarypressworebluesockssothatblue-stockingisborrowedtorefertoknowledgeableandtalentwomen.Butatthesametime,blueusuallymeansmelancholy,depressed,obscene,sexy,etc.forexample,blueaboutthegills,bluefit,crytheblues,abluejoke,abluefilm,andsoon.InEnglish,bluecollarmeansworkers,whoarelowerthanwhitecollar.WhileinChinese,thisisaquietanothermatter.TheChinese蓝hasaparticularculturalmeaning.Forexample蓝衫istherobedressedbyformerscholar.蓝图meansblueprint,蓝本meanswritinguponwhichlaterworkisbased。4.5GreenGreensymbolizesliveandspringinChinese.Itisbecausethatgreenreferstothecolorofplant’sleavesinspring,whichisthecolorofthebeginningoflive.Greenalsomeansyoungandvitality,suchas,沙漠绿洲,itmeansalife-forceplacewithwaterandgrassinthesand.Besides,itsymbolizessafe,health,peaceandenvironmentalprotection,asgreenlight,greenbelt.GreeninEnglishoftenisacommendatoryterm,whichmeansvitalityandlivelily.Forexample,agreenoldage,inthegreen,greenthumb,andsoon.Innature,thegreenplantisthemostcommonplant,sogreeninEnglishalsostandsforthenatureandthenaturalenvironment.GreenRevolutionmeanstoimprovenaturalenvironmentanddevelopagricultureforresolvinggrainsproblemsindevelopingcountries.Green-Peaceisanorganizationpropagatesandcallsontoprotecttheearth,thenaturalecologyandtheanimalsandplants.Sometimesgreenhasthederogatoryterm,whichmeansenvyandlackofexperience.Suchasstillgreen,agreenhand,greeneye,greenwithenvy,etc.EveryoneknowsthatAmericanpapermoneyisgreenanditisdescribedasgreen,greenback,foldinggreenorlonggreen.Greenpowermeansthesocialpowerorprivilegethatmoneycanbuy.4.6YellowInwesternculture,yellowusuallyhasthederogatoryterm.Itmeanstheillegalrelationswithenemyorbetray.Forexample,thelittleyellowstainoftreason.InChineseculture,yellowrepresentsimperialfamilyanditsterritory,forexample,黄袍加身meanstheemperorbeginstocontrolthecountry,黄旗紫盖meanstheSonofHeavenwasborn.Sometimesininformalsituations,yellowcanimplytimid,suchasyellowstreak.Ifpeoplewanttoexpresssexy,licentiousanddecadent,degenerateinEnglish,theyusuallyusebluetoexpress.Forexample,bluetalk,bluesoftware,makeabluejoke,etc.Butinchinapeopleusuallyusethecolorword,yellow,toexpresstheabovemeanings.Whenexpressingoneisyoungandignorant,EnglishpeopleusegreenbutChineseuseyellow.Forexample,“inthegreenofone’syears”/“Doyouseeanygreeninmyeye?”andtheChineseterms黄童白叟、黄口小儿、黄口孺子、黄花闺女和黄毛丫头.Inaddition,theChinesephrases黄发isthetokenof/longevity,and黄话meansunreliablewords.4.7SomeDistinctDifferencesBetweentheColorWordsinEnglishandChineseLanguageAccordingtotheabovecomparisonandcontrast,wecanseethattherearedistinctdifferencesbetweenthecolorwordsinChineseandEnglish.Sometimes,ChinesemaynotusethecolorwordswhentheyareusedinEnglishexpressionsandviceversa.LetusseeafewexamplescontainingtheChinesecharacter——红.红人:afavoritewithsomebodyinpower红榜:honorroll红利:bonus;extradivided红运:goodluck红光满面:one’sfaceglowingwithhealth红茶:blacktea红绿灯:trafficlightIbelievetheabovementionedexamplesillustratethatcolorsindifferentculturesreflecttherelationshipbetweencolortermandcultures.Ascolortermisapartoflanguage,wecaninferthatlanguageandcultureareunitedwitheachother.Tolearnlanguageistolearnculture.5.TheImportanceofStudyingtheCulturalDifferencesinColorWordsAswehaveshownsofar,languageandculturecorrelatewitheachotheratdifferentlevels.EnglishandChinesecolorwordshavedifferentsemanticmeaningsandusages,becauselotsofcolorwordsareproducedunderspecialhistoricalandgeographicalbackground.AmericanfamouslinguistLeonardBloomfieldsaid,“InforeignLanguage,themeaningofanyawordorasentenceisalwaysanapproximation,thecorrespondingwordorsentencedifferentfromthenativelanguage.”Itisthisun-equivalencethatmakesushavebiaswhenusingdifferentlanguage.Incross-culturalcommunication,thecolorwordasasymbolsysteminbothChineseandEnglishlanguageshasdifferentusesandculturalvalues,culturalimplications.Weshouldpayattentiontothephenomenonthatlanguagescannotbeequalwhenweareusinglanguage.CarlRogers,agreatpsychologist,statesthatrealcommunicationtakesplacewhenwelistenwithunderstanding.Byanalogy,wemayequallysaythatcommunicationcollapseswhenwelistenwithmisunderstanding.Morespecifically,wemayevenstatethatculturalstereotypesandconflictscomeinwhenwecommunicatewithnorealunderstanding.Ifwedonotunderstandtheculturaldifferencesamongvariousnations,itisevenharderforustocommunicatewitheachother.Moreover,onlywhenwehaveknownsomethingaboutthedifferencesbetweentwolanguagesbeforewearetranslatingfromthesourcelanguagetothetargetlanguage,weareabletodoaprecisetranslation.Inaddition,inlanguageteaching,itisabeliefthatsuccessfulmasteryofaforeignlanguagehasmuchtodowithanunderstandingoftheculturalbackgroundofthetargetlanguageforlanguagelearners.6.ConclusionAbovearemyunderstandingsofthedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishoncolorwords.Thepapernotonlyanalyzesthecausesforthedifferencesbetweentwolanguages,butalsogivesthedifferentclassificationsofthetwolanguagesandillustratestheeffectswhencolorwordsusedbythewriters.Thepaperalsotakesseveralkindsofconcretecolorsasexamplesandmakescomparisonsbetweenculturalintensionofthecolorterms.Coloristheperceptionofpeopletotheobjectiveworld.Inhumanlanguagetherearegreatnumbersofcolorterms.Incross-culturalcommutations,differentnationswithdifferentculturalbackgroundshavedifferentperceptionofvariouscolors.Actually,becauseofhistorical,geographicalbackgroundandtraditionalsocialcustoms,everylanguagehastheirowncharacteristicsandfeatures.Inthepast,mosthumanbeingswereborn,lived,anddiedwithinalimitedgeographicalarea,neverencounteringpeopleofotherculturalbackgrounds.Suchanexistencehowever,nolongerprevailsintheworld.Theinternationalanddomesticchangesinthepastdecadeshavebroughtusintodirectandindirectcontactwithpeoplewho,becauseoftheirculturaldiversity,oftenbehaveinwaysthatwedonotunderstand.Itisnolongerdifficulttofindsocialandprofessionalsituationsinwhichmembersofonceisolatedgroupsofpeoplecommunicatewithmembersofotherculturalgroups.Nowpeoplefromdifferentculturemayliverightnextdoortoeachother.Thereasonistheworldbecomesthe“globalvillage”becauseofmoderntechnology.Wecannowboardaplaneandflyanywhereintheworldinseveralhours.Communicationsatellites，sophisticatedtelevisiontransmissionequipment,andtheWorldWideWebnowallowpeoplethroughouttheworldtoshareinformationandideasatthesametime.Sohowtounderstandandcommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesbecomesanissue.Asaforeignlanguagelearner,wemustpayattentiontothoseculturedifferencesandhelpustomasterforeignlanguageandcommunicatewiththepeoplefromothercultruressmoothlyandefficiently.ThusitisnecessaryforEnglishteacherstointroducetherichculturalconnotationswhenteachingvocabulary.AnditwillbegreathelpfultostudytheculturalconnotationsofvocabularytoimproveEnglishteachinganddevelopstudents’cross-culturalcompetence.基于C8051F单片机直流电动机反馈控制系统的设计与研究基于单片机的嵌入式Web服务器的研究MOTOROLA单片机MC68HC（8）05PV8/A内嵌EEPROM的工艺和制程方法及对良率的影响研究基于模糊控制的电阻钎焊单片机温度控制系统的研制基于MCS-51系列单片机的通用控制模块的研究基于单片机实现的供暖系统最佳启停自校正（STR）调节器单片机控制的二级倒立摆系统的研究基于增强型51系列单片机的TCP/IP协议栈的实现基于单片机的蓄电池自动监测系统基于32位嵌入式单片机系统的图像采集与处理技术的研究基于单片机的作物营养诊断专家系统的研究基于单片机的交流伺服电机运动控制系统研究与开发HYPERLINK"/deta