25年11月份托福阅读真题及答案

2005年11月份托福阅读真题及答案Questions1-10AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcentury,itbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastandgrowingagriculturalhinterland.Marketdayssawthecrowdedcityevenmorecrowded,aslinefannersfromwithinaradiusof24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheep,cows,pigs,

vegetables,cider,andotherproductsfordirectsaletothetownspeople.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuouslyenlargedthroughouttheperioduntil1736,whenitreachedfromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreetbetweenPineandCedar.ThenextyeartheCallowhillMarketbeganoperation.Alongwithmarketdays,theinstitutionoftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphiaevenaftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.Thefairsprovidedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfromoutlyingplacestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown,forexample,werepopularitems.Auctionswereanotherpopularformofoccasionaltrade.Becauseofthecompetition,retailmerchantsopposedtheseaswellasthefairs.Althoughgovernmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessful,theordinarycourseofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants'side,asincreasingbusinessspecializationbecametheorderoftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterparts,andspecialtyshopsbegantoappearin

additiontogeneralstoressellingavarietyofgoods.OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia'smerchantsgenerallyprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness,afterall,inthecapitalcityoftheprovince.Notonlydidtheycatertothegovernorandhiscircle,butcitizensfromalloverthecolonycametothecapitalforlegislativesessionsoftheassemblyandcouncilandthemeetingsofthecourtsofjustice.1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)Philadelphia'sagricultureimportance(B)Philadelphia'sdevelopmentasamarketingcenter(C)ThesaleofimportedgoodsinPhiladelphia(D)TheadministrationofthecityofPhiladelphia

2.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatnewmarketsopenedinPhiladelphiabecause(A)theyprovidedmoremodemfacilitiesthanoldermarkets(B)theHighStreetMarketwasforcedtoclose(C)existingmarketswereunabletoservethegrowingpopulation(D)farmerswantedmarketsthatwereclosertothefarms.

3.Theword"hinterland"inline3isclosestinmeaningto(A)tradition(B)association(C)produce(D)region

4.Theword"it"inline6refersto(A)thecrowdedcity(B)aradius(C)theHighStreetMarket(D)theperiod

5.Theword"persisted"inline9isclosestinmeaningto(A)returned(B)started(C)declined(D)continued

6.Accordingtothepassage,fairsinPhiladelphiawereheld(A)onthesamedayasmarketsays(B)asoftenaspossible(C)acoupleoftimesayear(D)wheneverthegovernmentallowedit

7.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthormentions"Linensandstockings"inline12toshowthattheywereitemsthat(A)retailmerchantswerenotwillingtosell(B)werenotavailableinthestoresinPhiladelphia(C)weremorepopularinGermantownmaninPhiladelphia(D)couldeasilybetransported

8.Theword"eradicate"inline16isclosestinmeaningto(A)eliminate(B)exploit(C)organize(D)operate

9.Whatdoestheauthormeanbystatinginline17that"economicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants'side"?(A)Merchantshadastrongimpactoneconomicexpansion.(B)Economicforcesallowedmerchantstoprosper.(C)Merchantshadtoworktogethertoachieveeconomicindependence(D)Specialtyshopsnearlargemarketsweremorelikelytobeeconomicallysuccessful.

10.Theword"undergoing"inline22isclosestinmeaningto(A)requesting(B)experiencing(C)repeating(D)includingQuestions11-22Avicolturists,peoplewhoraisebirdsforcommercialsale,havenotyetlearnedhowtosimulatethenaturalincubationofparroteggsinthewild.Theycontinuetolookforbetterwaystoincreaseeggproductionandtoimprovechicksurvivalrates.lineWhenparrotsincubatetheireggsinthewild,thetemperatureandhumidityofthe(5)

nestarecontrollednaturally.Heatistransferredfromthebird'sskintothetopportionoftheeggshell,leavingthesidesandbottomoftheeggatacoolertemperature.Thistemperaturegradientmaybevitaltosuccessfulhatching.NestconstructioncancontributetothistemperaturegradientNestsoflooselyarrangedsticks,rocks,ordirtarecoolerintemperatureatthebottomwheretheeggcontactsthenestingmaterial.(10)Suchnestsalsoactashumidityregulatorsbyallowingraintodrainintothebottomsectionsofthenestsothattheeggsarenotindirectcontactwiththewater.Asthewaterthatcollectsinthebottomofthenestevaporates,thewatervaporrisesandisheatedbytheincubatingbird,whichaddssignificanthumiditytotheincubationenvironment(15)Inartificialincubationprograms,aviculturistsremoveeggsfromthenestsofparrotsandincubatethemunderlaboratoryconditions.Mostcommercialincubatorsheattheeggsfairlyevenlyfromtoptobottom,thusignoringthebird'smethodofnaturalincubation,andperhapsreducingtheviabilityandsurvivabilityofthehatchingchicks.Whenincubatorsarenotused,aviculturistssometimessuspendwoodenboxesoutdoors(20)touseasnestsinwhichtoplaceeggs.Inareaswhereweathercanbecomecoldaftereggsarelaid,itisveryimportanttomaintainadeepfoundationofnestingmaterialtoactasinsulatoragainstthecoldbottomofthebox.Ifeggsrestagainstthewoodenbottominextremelycoldweatherconditions,theycanbecomechilledtoapointwheretheembryocannolongersurvive.Similarly,theseboxesshouldbeprotectedfrom(25)directsunlighttoavoidhightemperaturesthatarealsofataltothegrowingembryo.Nestingmaterialshouldbeaddedinsufficientamountstoavoidbothextremetemperaturesituationsmentionedaboveandassurethattheeggshaveasoft,secureplacetorest.

11.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?(A)Nestingmaterialvariesaccordingtotheparrots'environment.(B)Humidityisanimportantfactorinincubatingparrots'eggs.(C)Aviculturistshaveconstructedtheidealnestboxforparrots.(D)Wildparrots'nestsprovideinformationusefulforartificialincubation.

12.Theword"They"inline2refersto(A)aviculturists(B)birds(C)eggs(D)rates

13.Accordingtoparagraph2,whenthetemperatureofthesidesandbottomoftheeggarecoolerthanthetop,then(A)theremaybeagoodchanceforsuccessfulincubation(B)theembryowillnotdevelopnormally(C)theincubatingparentmovestheeggtoanewposition.(D)theincubationprocessissloweddown

14.Accordingtoparagraph2,sticks,rocks,ordirtareusedto(A)softenthebottomofthenestforthenewlyhatchedchick(B)holdthenesttogether(C)helplowerthetemperatureatthebottomofthenest(D)makethenestbigger

15.Accordingtoparagraph2,theconstructionofthenestallowswaterto(A)provideabeneficialsourceofhumidityinthenest(B)loosenthematerialsatthebottomofthenest(C)keepthenestinacleancondition(D)touchthebottomoftheeggs

16.Allofthefollowingarepartofaparrot'sincubationmethodEXCEPT(A)heatingthewatervaporasitrisesfromthebottomofthenest(B)arrangingnestingmaterialatthebottomofthenest(C)transferringheatfromtheparenttothetopoftheeggshell(D)maintainingaconstanttemperatureontheeggshell

17.Theword"suspend"inline19isclosestinmeaningto(A)build(B)paint(C)hang(D)move

18.Theword"fatal"inline25isclosestinmeaningto(A)close(B)deadly(C)natural(D)hot

19.Theword"secure"inline27isclosestinmeaningto(A)fiesh(B)diy(C)safe(D)warm

20.Accordingtoparagraph3,adeepfoundationofnestingmaterialprovides(A)aconstantsourceofhumidity(B)astrongnestbox(C)moreroomfornewlyhatchedchicks(D)protectionagainstcoldweather

21.Whichofthefollowingisaproblemwithcommercialincubators?(A)Theylackthenaturaltemperaturechangesoftheoutdoors.(B)Theyareunabletoheattheeggsevenly(C)Theydonottransferheattotheegginthesamewaytheparentbirddoes.(D)Theyareexpensivetooperate.

22.Whichofthefollowingtermsisdefinedinthepassage?(A)Aviculturists(lineI)(B)Gradient(line8)(C)Incubation(line15)(D)Embryo(line24)

Questions23-33Themineralparticlesfoundinsoilrangeinsizefrommicroscopicclayparticlestolargeboulders.Themostabundantparticles—sand,silt,andclay—arethefocusofexaminationinstudiesofsoiltexture.Textureisthetermusedtodescribethelinecompositesizesofparticlesinasoilsample,typicallyseveralrepresentativehandfuls.(5)

Tomeasuresoiltexture,thesand,silt,andclayparticlesaresortedoutbysizeandweight.Theweightsofeachsizearethenexpressedasapercentageofthesampleweight.Inthefield,soiltexturecanbeestimatedbyextractingahandfulofsodandsqueezingthedampsoilintothreebasicshapes;(1)cast,alumpformedbysqueezing(10)asampleinaclenchedfist;(2)thread,apencilshapeformedbyrollingsoilbetweenthepalms;and(3)ribbon,aflatfishshapeformedbysqueezingasmallsamplebetweenthethumbandindexfinger.Thebehavioralcharacteristicsofthesoilwhenmoldedintoeachoftheseshapes,iftheycanbeformedatall,providesthebasisforageneraltexturalclassification.Thebehaviorofthesoilinthehandtestisdeterminedbythe(15)amountofclayinthesample.Clayparticlesarehighlycohesive,andwhendampened,behaveasaplastic.Thereforethehighertheclaycontentinasample,themorerefinedanddurabletheshapesintowhichitcanbemolded.Anothermethodofdeterminingsoiltextureinvolvestheuseofdevicescalledsedimentsieves,screensbuiltwithaspecifiedmeshsize.Whenthesoilisfiltered(20)throughagroupofsieves,eachwithadifferentmeshsize,theparticlesbecomegroupedincorrespondingsizecategories.Eachcategorycanbeweighedtomakeatexturaldetermination.Althoughsievesworkwellforsilt,sand,andlargerparticles,theyarenotappropriateforclayparticles.Clayisfartoosmalltosieveaccurately;therefore,insoilswithahighproportionofclay,thefineparticlesaremeasuredonthe(25)basisoftheirsettlingvelocitywhensuspendedinwater.Sinceclayssettlesoslowly,theyareeasilysegregatedfromsandandsilt.Thewatercanbedrawnoffandevaporated,leavingaresidueofclay,whichcanbeweighed.

23.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)Characteristicsofhighqualitysoil(B)Particlestypicallyfoundinmostsoils(C)Howahighclaycontentaffectsthetextureofsoil(D)Waystodeterminethetextureofsoil

24.Theauthormentions"severalrepresentativehandrals"inline4inordertoshow(A)therangeofsoilsamples(B)theprocessbywhichsoilisweighed(C)therequirementsforanadequatesoilsample(D)howsmallsoilparticlesare

25.Thephrase"sortedout"inline5isclosestinmeaningto(A)mixed(B)replaced(C)carried(D)separated

26.Itcanbeinferredmatthenamesofthethreebasicshapesmentionedinparagraph2reflect(A)thewaythesoilisextracted(B)theresultsofsqueezingthesoil(C)theneedtocheckmorethanonehandful(D)thedifficultyofformingdifferentshapes

27.Theword"dampened"inline15isclosestinmeaningto(A)damaged(B)stretched(C)moistened(D)examined

28.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutasoilsamplewithlittleornoclayinit?(A)Itisnotveryheavy.(B)Itmaynotholditsshapewhenmolded.(C)Itsshapeisdurable(D)Itstexturecannotbeclassified

29.Theword"they"inline23refersto(A)categories(B)sieves(C)largerparticles(D)clayparticles

30.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthesedimentsievehasanadvantageoverthehandtestindeterminingsoiltexturebecause(A)usingthesievetakeslesstime(B)thesievecanmeasureclay(C)lesstrainingisrequiredtousethesieve(D)thesieveallowsforamoreexactmeasure

31.Duringtheproceduredescribedinparagraph3,whenclayparticlesareplacedintowaterthey(A)sticktothesidesofthewatercontainer(B)takesometimetosinktothebottom(C)separateintodifferentsizes(D)dissolvequickly

32.Theword"fine"inline24isclosestinmeaningto(A)tiny(B)many(C)excellent(D)various

33.AllofthefollowingwordsaredefinedinthepassageEXCEPT(A)texture(line3)(B)ribbon(line11)(C)sedimentsieves(line19)(D)evaporated(line27)

Questions34-43Anumberoffactorsrelatedtothevoicerevealthepersonalityofthespeaker.Thefirstisthebroadareaofcommunication,whichincludesimpartinginformationbyuseoflanguage,communicatingwithagrouporanindividual,andspecializedlinecommunicationthroughperformance.Apersonconveysthoughtsandideasthrough(5)

choiceofwords,byatoneofvoicethatispleasantorunpleasant,gentleorharsh,bytherhythmthatisinherentwithinthelanguageitself,andbyspeechrhythmsthatareflowingandregularorunevenandhesitant,andfinally,bythepitchandmelodyoftheutterance.Whenspeakingbeforeagroup,aperson'stonemayindicateunsurenessorfright,confidenceorcalm.Atinterpersonallevels,thetonemayreflectideasand(10)feelingsoverandabovethewordschosen,ormaybeliethem.Heretheconversant'stonecanconsciouslyorunconsciouslyreflectintuitivesympathyorantipathy,lackofconcernorinterest,fatigue,anxiety,enthusiasmorexcitement,allofwhichare.usuallydiscerniblebytheacutelistener.Publicperformanceisamannerofcommunicationthatishighlyspecializedwithitsowntechniquesforobtainingeffectsbyvoiceand/or(15)gesture.Themotivationderivedfromthetext,andinthecaseofsinging,themusic,incombinationwiththeperformer'sskills,personality,andabilitytocreateempathywilldeterminethesuccessofartistic,political,orpedagogiccommunication.Second,thevoicegivespsychologicalcluestoaperson'sself-image,perceptionofothers,andemotionalhealth.Self-imagecanbeindicatedbyatoneofvoicethatis(20)confident,pretentious,shy,aggressive,outgoing,orexuberant,tonameonlyafewpersonalitytraits.Alsothesoundmaygiveacluetothefacadeormaskofthatperson,forexample,ashypersonhidingbehindanoverconfidentfront.Howaspeakerperceivesthelistener'sreceptiveness,interest,orsympathyinanygivenconversationcandrasticallyalterthetoneofpresentation,byencouragingordiscouragingthe(25)speaker.Emotionalhealthisevidencedinthevoicebyfreeandmelodicsoundsofthehappy,byconstrictedandharshsoundoftheangry,andbydullandlethargicqualitiesofthedepressed

34.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)Thefunctionofthevoiceinperformance(B)Theconnectionbetweenvoiceandpersonality(C)Communicationstyles(D)Theproductionofspeech

35.Whatdoestheauthormeanbystaringthat,"Atinterpersonallevels,tonemayreflectideasandfeelingsoverandabovethewordschosen"(lines9-10)?(A)Feelingsareexpressedwithdifferentwordsthanideasare.(B)Thetoneofvoicecancanyinformationbeyondthemeaningofwords.(C)Ahightoneofvoicereflectsanemotionalcommunication.(D)Feelingsaremoredifficulttoexpressthanideas.

36.Theword"Here"inline10refersto(A)interpersonalinteractions(B)thetone(C)ideasandfeelings(D)wordschosen

37.Theword"derived"inline15isclosestinmeaningto(A)discussed(B)prepared(C)registered(D)obtained

38.Whydoestheauthormention"artistic,political,orpedagogiccommunication"inline17?(A)Asexamplesofpublicperformance(B)Asexamplesofbasicstylesofcommunication(C)Tocontrastthemtosinging(D)Tointroducetheideaofself-image

39.Accordingtothepassage,anexuberanttoneofvoice,maybeanindicationofaperson's(A)generalphysicalhealth(B)personality(C)abilitytocommunicate(D)vocalquality

40.Accordingtothepassage,anoverconfidentfrontmayhide(A)hostility(B)shyness(C)friendliness(D)strength

41.Theword"drastically"inline24isclosestinmeaningto(A)frequently(B)exactly(C)severely(D)easily

42.Theword"evidenced"inline25isclosestinmeaningto(A)questioned(B)repeated(C)indicated(D)exaggerated

43.Accordingtothepassage,whatdoesaconstrictedandharshvoiceindicate?(A)Lethargy(B)Depression(C)Boredom(D)Anger

Questions44-50Asthetwentiethcenturybegan,theimportanceofformaleducationintheUnitedStatesincreasedThefrontierhadmostlydisappearedandby1910mostAmericanslivedintownsandcities.Industrializationandthebureaucratizationofeconomiclinelifecombinedwithanewemphasisuponcredentialsandexpertisetomakeschooling(5)

increasinglyimportantforeconomicandsocialmobility.Increasingly,too,schoolswereviewedasthemostimportantmeansofintegratingimmigrantsintoAmericansociety.ThearrivalofagreatwaveofsouthernandeasternEuropeanimmigrantsattheturnofthecenturycoincidedwithandcontributedtoanenormousexpansionofformal(10)schooling.By1920schoolingtoagefourteenorbeyondwascompulsoryinmoststates,andtheschoolyearwasgreatlylengthened.Kindergartens,vacationschools,extracurricularactivities,andvocationaleducationandcounselingextendedtheinfluenceofpublicschoolsoverthelivesofstudents,manyofwhominthelargerindustrialcitieswerethechildrenofimmigrants.Classesforadultimmigrantswere(15)sponsoredbypublicschools,corporations,unions,churches,settlementhouses,andotheragencies.Reformersearlyinthetwentiethcenturysuggestedthateducationprogramsshouldsuittheneedsofspecificpopulations.Immigrantwomenwereonesuchpopulation.Schoolstriedtoeducateyoungwomensotheycouldoccupyproductiveplacesinthe(20)urbanindustrialeconomy,andoneplacemanyeducatorsconsideredappropriateforwomenwasthehome.Althoughlookingafterthehouseandfamilywasfamiliartoimmigrantwomen,Americaneducationgavehomemakinganewdefinition.Inpreindustrialeconomies,homemakinghadmeanttheproductionaswellastheconsumptionofgoods,andit(25)commonlyincludedincome-producingactivitiesbothinsideandoutsidethehome,inthehighlyindustrializedearly-twentieth-centuryUnitedStates,however,overproductionratherthanscarcitywasbecomingaproblem.Thus,theidealAmericanhomemakerwasviewedasaconsumerratherthanaproducer.Schoolstrainedwomentobeconsumerhomemakerscooking,shopping,decorating,andcaringforchildren(30)"efficiently"intheirownhomes,orifeconomicnecessitydemanded,asemployeesinthehomesofothers.Subsequentreformshavemadethesenotionsseemquiteout-of-date.

44.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph1thatoneimportantfactorintheincreasingimportanceofeducationintheUnitedStateswas(A)thegrowingnumberofschoolsinfrontiercommunities(B)anincreaseinthenumberoftrainedteachers(C)theexpandingeconomicproblemsofschools(D)theincreasedurbanizationoftheentirecountry

45.Theword"means"inline6isclosestinmeaningto(A)advantages(B)probability(C)method(D)qualifications

46.Thephrase"coincidedwith"inline9isclosestinmeaningto(A)wasinfluencedby(B)happenedatthesametimeas(C)begantogrowrapidly(D)ensuredthesuccessof

47.Accordingtothepassage,oneimportantchangeinUnitedStateseducationbythe1920'swasthat(A)mostplacesrequiredchildrentoattendschool(B)theamountoftimespentonformaleducationwaslimited(C)newregulationswereimposedonnontraditionaleducation(D)adultsandchildrenstudiedinthesameclasses

48.Vacationschoolsandextracurricularactivitiesarementionedinlines11-12toillustrate(A)alternativestoformaleducationprovidedbypublicschools(B)theimportanceofeducationalchanges(C)activitiesthatcompetedtoattractnewimmigrantstotheirprograms.(D)theincreasedimpactofpublicschoolsonstudents.

49.Accordingtothepassage,early-twentiethcenturyeducationreformersbelievedthat(A)differentgroupsneededdifferentkindsofeducation(B)specialprogramsshouldbesetupinfrontiercommunitiestomodernizethem(C)corporationsandotherorganizationsdamagededucationalprogress(D)morewomenshouldbeinvolvedineducationandindustry

50.Theword"it"inline24refersto(A)consumption(B)production(C)homemaking(D)education

2005．111-50答案

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目录第一章项目总论 -1-§1.1项目简介 -1-§1.2可行性研究的范围 -2-§1.3编制依据 -2-第二章项目建设背景及必要性 -3-§2.1橡胶密封件项目提出的背景 -3-§2.2国家产业政策 -6-§2.3项目建设的必要性 -8-第三章项目优势 -11-§3.1市场优势 -11-§3.2技术优势 -16-§3.3组织优势 -17-§3.4政策优势:关中—天水经济区发展规划 -17-§3.5区域投资环境优势 -17-第四章产品介绍与技术介绍 -20-§4.1橡胶密封件产品介绍 -20-§4.2产品标准 -21-§4.3产品特征及材质 -21-§4.4产品方案 -26-§4.5产品技术来源 -27-第五章项目产品发展预测 -28-§5.1产品行业关联环境分析 -28-§5.2行业竞争格局与竞争行为 -33-§5.3竞争力要素分析 P