语言学经典考题

LexiconChapter3一、术语解释1.open-classwords[浙江大学2023；武汉大学2023研]

【答案】Open-classwordsrefertowordswhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimitedandwiththeemergenceofnewideas,inventions,andsoon;newexpressionsarecontinuallyandconstantlybeingaddedtothelexicon.Forexample,nouns,verbs,andadjectivesallbelongtothisclass.2.determiners

[中山大学2023研]【答案】Determinerisawordwhichisusedwithanoun,andwhichlimitsthemeaningofthenouninsomeway.Forexample,inEnglish,thedeterminercanberealizedbya,this,her,some,etc.3.lexicalword

[武汉大学2023研,浙江大学2023研]

【答案】Lexicalword.lexicalwordsarealsocalledcontentwords,referringtothosewhichhavelexicalmeanings，thatis，thosewhichrefertosubstance,actionandquality,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andadverbs.英语专业考研真题精选二、选择题1.Wordslikepronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articlesare

items.[北京第二外国语学院2023研]A.open-classB.closed-classC.neitheropen-classnorclosed-class

【答案】B2.Intermsofthemeaningexpressedbywords,theycanbeclassifiedinto

.[大连外国语学院2023研]A.grammaticalwordsandlexicalwordsB.contentwordsandlexicalwordsC.grammaticalwordsandfunctionwords

【答案】A三、填空题1.Asthelexicalwordscarrythemaincontentofalanguagewhilethegrammaticalonesservetolinkitsdifferentpartstogether,thelexicalwordsarealsoknownascontentwordsandgrammaticalones

.

[中山大学2023研]

【答案】functionwords2.Intraditionalgrammar,

istheonlywordclasswhichcanfunctionasasubstituteforanotheritem.[中山大学2023研]

【答案】pronoun3.Intermsofthemeaningexpressedbywords,theycanbeclassifiedinto

wordsand

words.[南开大学2023研]

【答案】lexical,grammatical四、判断正误1.Wordsarethemoststableofalllinguisticunitsinrespectoftheirinternalstructure.[大连外国语学院2023研]

【答案】T2.Pronouns,prepositions,conjunctionsandarticlesareallopenclassitems.[清华大学2023研]

【答案】F3.Nouns,verbs,adjectivesandmanyadverbsarecontentwords.[北京第二外国语学院2023研]

【答案】T一、术语解释1.boundroot[四川大学2023研]

【答案】Itreferstothebaseformofawordthatcannotfurtherbeanalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity,andthisbaseformcouldnotoccuralone,suchas“-ceive”in“receive”.2.Functionalmorpheme[上海交通大学2023研]

【答案】Functionalmorpheme.Thisisasubtypeoffreemorphemes,whichoneconsistslargelyofthefunctionalwordsinlanguagesuchasconjunctions,prepositions,articlesandpronouns,forexample,“and,aboutwhenon,near,the”andsoon.其他考过旳术语：allomorph[四川大学2023研]morpheme[浙江大学2023研；武汉大学2023研；四川大学2023，2023研]stem[四川大学2023研；南开大学2023研]inflectionalmorpheme[南开大学2023研]Freemorphemes[西安交大2023研]Boundmorpheme[上海交通大学2023，2023研]inflection

[四川大学2023研]compound[四川大学2023研]allophone[北京师范大学2023研]英语专业考研真题精选二、简答题Whatarephonologicallyconditionedandmorphologicallyconditionedformofmorphemes?[武汉大学2023研]【答案】Somephonologicalfactorscanaffecttheappearanceofmorphemes,namely,theformofamorpheme;andtherecouldbeassimilation,anddissmilation.Forexample,thenegativemorphemecouldberealizedas“in-”or“im-”followedbydifferentphonologicalenvironments,asin“inefficient”and“imperfect”,asaresultofassimilation.Morphemescanalsobeconditionedbymorphologicalfactors;forexample,theallomorphsofthepluralmorpheme,ascouldbeseenin“oxen”,“cows”,and“feet”.三、论述题Whatisthedistinctionbetweeninflectionalaffixesandderivationalaffixes?[四川大学2023研]【答案】Thedistinctionbetweeninflectionalmorphemesandderivationalmorphemescouldbeillustratedinthefollowingfouraspects.1.Inflectionalaffixesveryoftenonlyaddaminuteordelicategrammaticalmeaningtothestem,forinstance,thoseinflectionalaffixesinwordssuchastoys,walks,John’s,etc.Therefore,theyservetoproducedifferentformsofasingleword.Incontrast,derivationalaffixesoftenchangethelexicalmeaning,egcite,citation;generate,generation.

2.Inflectionalaffixesdonotchangethewordclassofthewordtheyattachto,suchasflower,flowers;whereasderivationalaffixesmightormightnot,suchastherelationbetweensmallandsmallnessfortheformer,andthatbetweenbrotherandbrotherhoodforthelatter.3.Veryofteninflectionalaffixesareconditionedbynon-semanticlinguisticfactorsoutsidethewordtheyattachtobutwithinthephraseorsentence.Whereasderivationalaffixesaremoreoftenbasedonsimplemeaningdistinctions.

4.InEnglish,inflectionalaffixesaremostlysuffixes,whicharealwayswordfinal.Butderivationalaffixescanbeprefixesorsuffixes.四、选择题1.

otherthancompoundsmaybedividedintorootsandaffixes.

[大连外国语学院2023研]A.PolymorphemicwordsB.BoundmorphemesC.Freemorphemes【答案】A2.Whichtwotermscanbestdescribethefollowingpairsofwords:table—tables,day+break—daybreak.

[大连外国语学院2023研]A.inflectionandcompoundB.compoundandderivationC.inflectionandderivation【答案】A3.Compoundwordsconsistof

morphemes.

[北京第二外国语学院2023研]A.bound B.free C.bothboundandfree【答案】B五、填空题1.Therearetwofieldsofmorphology:thestudyof

andthestudyof

.

[人大2023研]【答案】inflectional；lexical/derivational2.A

morphemeisonethatcannotconstituteawordbyitself.

[北京第二外国语学院2023研]【答案】bound3.

isabranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestheinterrelationshipbetweenphonologyandmorphology.

[南开大学2023研]【答案】Morphophonology六、判断正误1.Thewordof“impossibility”containsfourmorphemes.[对外经济贸易大学2023研]【答案】F2.Both“use”and“books”contain/s/,whichcanberegardedasaphonemeandamorphemeaswell.[北京第二外国语学院2023研]【答案】F3.Thewords“water”and“teacher”haveacommonphonemeandacommonmorphemeaswell.[北京第二外国语学院2023研]【答案】F4.Thewords“boys”and“raise”haveacommonphonemeandacommonmorphemeaswell.

[北京第二外国语学院2023研]【答案】F一、术语解释1.Blending[四川大学2023研；西安交通大学2023研；中山大学2023研；武汉大学2023研；南开大学2023研]【答案】Blendingisarelativelycomplexformofcompounding,inwhichtwowordsareblendedbyjoiningtogethertheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthesecondword,orbyonlyjointheinitialpartsofthetwowords.Forexample,teleprinter+exchange→telex;transfer+resister→transistor.Andtheword“smog”isblendedfrom“smoke”and“fog”.2.Loanshift[武汉大学2023研]

【答案】Loanshiftisaprocessinwhichthemeaningisborrowed,buttheformisnative.Forexample,bridgeisanEnglishword，butwhenitreferstoatypeofcardgame，themeaningwasborrowedfromtheItalianponte.TheEnglishwordartificialsatelliteisalsoacaseofloanshifttocounteracttheRussiansputnik.3.Back-formation[上海交通大学2023研；四川大学2023，2023，2023研；南开大学2023研]

【答案】Itreferstoanabnormaltypeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongerformalreadyinthelanguage.Forexample,from“editor”theword“edit”wasgenerated.英语专业考研真题精选4.compound[四川大学2023研]【答案】Compoundreferstothosewordsthatconsistofmorethanonelexicalmorpheme,orthewaytojointwoseparatewordstoproduceasingleform,suchasthecompoundwords“blackboard”and“well-known”.5.folketymology

[武汉大学2023研]【答案】Folketymologyreferstoachangeinformofawordorphrase,resultingfromanincorrectpopularnotionoftheoriginormeaningofthetermorfromtheinfluenceofmorefamiliartermsmistakenlytakentobeanalogous.Asaresultofthismodification,thewordsparrowgrassinEnglishderivedfromasparagus.6.meaningshift[中山大学2023研]【答案】meaningshift:Inanarrowsense,meaningshiftisusedtorefertothechangeofmeaningthathasnothingtodowithgeneralizationorrestrictionsuchasbroadeningornarrowingofmeaning.

二、简答题

Anumberofinterestingword-formationprocessescanbediscernedinthefollowingexamples.Canyouidentifywhatisgoingoninthese?(a)Thedeceased’sremainswerescatteredoverthehill.(b)He’salwaystakingpills,eitheruppersordowners.[上海交通大学2023研]

【答案】Thewords“deceased”“upper”and“downer”haveundergoneaprocessofclassshift.Byshiftingthewordclassonecanchangethemeaningofawordfromaconcreteentityornotiontoaprocessorattribution.Thisprocessofwordformationisalsoknownaszero-derivation，orconversion.Inthesentencesabove,“deceased”,“upper”and“downer”areoriginallyadjectives,meaning“dead”,“higher”and“lower”respectively;inthesentencesabove,however,theymean“deadpeople”,“adrugusedasastimulant.”and“adepressantorsedativedrug”,whicharenouns.

三、论述题

WhatarethemajortypesofsemanticChanges?

[人大2023研]

【答案】Therearemainlythreekindsofsemanticchanges,namely,broadening,narrowing,andmeaningshift.Classshiftandfolketymologyalsocontributetochangeinmeaning.(1)Broadening

Broadeningisaprocesstoextendorelevatethemeaningfromitsoriginallyspecificsensetoarelativelygeneralone.Forinstance,thewordholidayusedtomean“holyday”inreligiousEnglish.Todayitmeans“adayforrest”regardlessofitsreligiousnature.(2)Narrowing

Contrarytobroadening，theoriginalmeaningofawordcanbenarrowedorrestrictedtoaspecificsense.Atypicalexampleisthewordmeatwhichoriginallymeant“food”.Inthecourseoftime,therangeofmeaningwasnarrowedtomeanspecifically“thefleshofanimalsusedasfood”.(3)Meaningshift

Allsemanticchangesinvolvemeaningshift.Yet,initsnarrowsense,meaningshiftreferstothechangeofmeaning,whichhasnothingtodowithgeneralizationorrestriction.Whatmakesthemeaningofaworddifferentisitsdeparturefromitsoriginaldomainasaresultofitsmetaphoricalusage.Forinstance，thewordbeadoriginallymeans“prayer”,butlateritrefersto“theprayerbead”,thevisiblemanifestationofaprayer,finally“small,ball-shapedpieceofglass,metalorwood”.(4)Classshift

Byshiftingthewordclassonecanchangethemeaningofawordfromaconcreteentityornotiontoaprocessorattribution.Thisprocessofwordformationisalsoknownaszero-derivation,orconversion.Thewordengineerasanounmeans“apersontrainedinabranchofengineering”,butitmeans“toactasanengineer”or“toplan,tomaneuver”whenusedasaverb.(5)Folketymology

Itreferstoachangeinformofawordorphraseresultingfromanincorrectpopularnotionoftheoriginormeaningofthetermorfromtheinfluenceofmorefamiliartermsmistakenlytakentobeanalogous.Asaresultofthismodification，thewordsparrowgrassinEnglishderivedfromasparagus;theSpanishcucarachachangedintoEnglishcockroach.四、选择题1.Vocabularychangeinlanguagecanincludeallexcept

.

[对外经济贸易大学2023研]a)additionofnewwordsb)simplificationofwordformsc)lossofwordsd)changesofwordmeaning【答案】d2.Wordslikebrunch,guesstimateareexamplesof

.

[西安外国语学院2023研]a.acronymsb.contractionsc.blendsd.cohyponyms【答案】c3.ThewordUNisformedinthewayof

.[西安交通大学2023研]A.acronymyB.clippingC.initialismD.blending【答案】C4.Languagehasbeenchanging,butsuchchangesarenotsoobviousatalllinguisticaspectsexceptthat

of

.[西安外国语学院2023研]

a.phonologyb.lexiconc.syntaxd.semantics【答案】b5.“Wife”,whichu