汉语量词英译研究

AbstractThetranslationresearchonChinesequantifiersiswidelynoticedinthelongtraditionofsystematictranslationresearch.However,carefuldescriptionoftranslationpracticepresentsthattranslationisfilledwithchangesandshifts.TheserioustranslationresearchonChinesequantifiersbycategorizationtranslationmethodsareproducedisanimportantfactorthatshouldnotbeignored.ThedissertationconnectstheclassificationwiththetranslatingskillstoexplorehowtodealwiththetranslationontheChinesequantifiersandthesolutionsthathelptranslators’translationwork.Thecategorizingmethodandcasestudyareselected.Basedonthesystematicconclusion,theanalysismainlyfocusesontranslatingmethodswhichareprimarilyreliedontheequivalencebetweenChinesequantifiersandEnglishonesandthentheycouldbetranslatedaccordingtothecollocationpractice,copedwiththetranslationonthebasisofthecontextorcircumstances,conductedprofoundunderstandingontheoriginalandthenmakingbestchoices,appliedtoliteraltranslationorfreetranslationdependingontheneedsoftheoriginalandselectedwhethertotranslateornotbasedonthepassionateordispassionatepursuitofthequantifiers.Throughtheanalysis,itishopedthatthefindingsofthisdissertationwillgivesomeinsightsforthecomprehensionofthenoveltranslatingmethodsontheChinesequantifiers.Keywords:Englishtranslation;Chinesequantifiers;translationmethods;systematiccategorization摘要长期以来，在传统的系统翻译研究中，汉语量词的英译研究是备受关注的。然而，通过严谨的翻译实践描述可以发现，翻译过程充满各种变化和转移。为了应对这一状况，应该通过已有的分类归纳法对汉语量词进行细致的翻译研究，而这种分类归纳法无疑是这研究必不可少的重要因素。论文把分类与翻译技巧结合在一起来探讨如何处理汉语量词的英译和寻找一些能帮助翻译者在量词翻译这一板块遇到的问题的解决办法。论文选取归纳法和例证法进行研究。基于系统的总结，论文主要根据中英量词的对等关系进行分析，从而找出五种翻译方法或应对技巧：根据搭配习惯翻译、依据情景处理、理解原语深层含义择译、运用直译和意译法、按量词强弱程度择译或弃议。通过分析，希望本论文的研究成果能为汉语量词的英译理解和创新提供启发和帮助。关键词：英语翻译；汉语量词；翻译方法；系统分类

ContentsAbstract i摘要 ii1．Introduction 11.1Researchbackground 11.2Researchquestionsandresearchmethods 11.3Organizationofthedissertation 22．LiteratureReview 32.1Introduction 32.2Earlystudiesonquantifiers 32.3Quantifiersresearchinnewperspectives 42.3.1CuZexiang:focustheory42.3.2HeJie:rhetoricaesthheticconsciousnessonquantifiers’stipulationsofanagreementswerve 42.3.3Researchers’quantifiersstudyindistinguishingdirections …………….....62.4Summary 73．AnExhaustiveTranslationStudyofChineseQuantifiers 83.1Introduction 83.2EquivalencebetweenChineseclassifiersandEnglishquantifiers 83.2.1AnalysisofnominalclassifierswithEnglishquantifiers 83.2.2AnalysisofmomentumclassifierswithEnglishquantifiers ...113.3Fivetranslationmethodsorgeneralsettlementsoverthetranslationdifficulties 113.4Summary 144．Conclusion 154.1Summaryofthemajorfindings 154.2Limitationsandsuggestions 15References 16Acknowledgements 171．Introduction1.1ResearchbackgroundSincetranslationpracticebegan,translationresearcheshavebeenfocusingonhowtoachievetranslationequivalence.Tojudgeatranslatedtextisbetterornotisalwaystowatchwhetheritfollowstheoriginaltextcorrectlyandfaithfully.Differenttranslationtheoriesendeavourfiguringoutthemostavailablewaytoreachtranslationequivalence,forinstance,Nida’s(2004)theoryofdynamicequivalenceandCatford’s(1965)equivalencetheory.AccordingtoCatford(1965:21),“acentraltaskoftranslationtheoryisthatofdefiningthenatureandconditionsoftranslationequivalence”.Withequivalenceasthecentergoal,translatorsaresupposedtofollowtheoriginaltextascloselyaspossible,andthereislittlesystematicplaceforquantifiersintranslation.However,thereisnoabsoluteequivalence,butonlypartialequivalenceincertainlanguageaspects,forexample,equivalenceoffunction,meaningandstyle.ThereisafamousItaliansaying“traduttoretroditore”whichmeans“totranslateistobetray”.Equivalenceisalwaysrelativewhilenonequivalenceisinevitableintranslation.Accordingtotraditionaltranslationstudies,translationnonequivalenceisduetoobjectivelanguageandculturaldifferences,whichreflectsthetraditionalunderstandingoftranslationasatransparentlinguisticprocess.However,sincethecultureturnintranslationstudies,itiscontroversialthattranslationisnotapuretransparentprocessoflanguagecodeswitching,butaprocessinvolvingthetranslator’ssubjectivityandotherculturalelements.Asaresult,thesecondhalfofthetwentiethcenturyhaswitnessedtheappearanceofvariousnewtranslationstudiessuchasthepolysystemtheory,themanipulationschoolanddeconstructiontranslationtheories.Thesenewtheoriesgiveuptheconceptoftranslationequivalence,andexploretherelationsbetweentranslationandvariousfactorssuchastheroleofthetranslator,ideology,politicsandpower.Translationshiftsandrewritingshavebeenthemainpartsoftranslationstudies;neverthelessthetranslationofChinesequantifiersisstillangreatobstacleintranslatingwork.1.2ResearchquestionsandresearchmethodsContinuingthelongtraditionofequivalenceandtranslator’sinvisibilityintranslationstudies,thisdissertationconcentratesontheraresideoftranslationbystudyingtheequivalencewithChineseclassifiersandEnglishtablequantifiers,andsolvingtheproblemsexplodingduringtranslating.Thisdissertationwillmainlylookintothefollowingthreequestions:(1)WhatpreparationshouldbemadebeforetranslatingthelargequantitiesofChinesequantifiers?(2)Whatcanbedonewhilefacedtotheproblemofseekingequalorproperwords,especiallyinthepartofquantifiers,fortranslating?(3)Whatlimitationsandsuggestionscouldbeputforwardundertheresearch?Theresearchisdescriptiveratherthanprescriptive.Quantifiers’accuratetranslationistakenasinevitablephenomenaintranslationpractice.Theresearchpresentsvarioustranslationmethods,andstudiesthegeneralskillsofChinesemeasurewordstranslationintranslationshiftsbasedonthemetricmethod.Theclassificationofquantifiersisselectedastheprimaryresearchwayandexemplificationisusedtoassistinthestudy.Theclassificationofquantifiersandthewaysofquantifiers’translationaretakenasthesignificantpartsandelaboratedoranalyzedcarefully.1.3OrganizationofthedissertationThedissertationiscomposedoffourchapters.ChapterOnefunctionsasanintroduction,andstatestheresearchsetting,methodologyandstructureofthewholedissertation.ChapterTwointroducestheearlystudiesofquantifiersandsomenewperspectivesinsuchkindofresearch.ChapterThreeisthemainpartofthewholedissertation,whichwillanalyzeandintegratethematerialsandthenfigureouttheproperwaystocopewiththeproblemswhichwillbeencountered.ChapterFourconcludesthedissertation,presentingthemajorfindings,limitationsofthedissertation,andtheprospectsforfutureworkinthisfield.2．LiteratureReview2.1IntroductionThischapterstartswiththetheoreticalframeworkofthisdissertation,mainlyextensivelyoutliningtheearlystudiesonquantifiers,andthenhasareviewofthelateperspectivesaboutthemeasurewords.ThefinalpartofthischapterdealswiththesignificanceofthesystematicexploringoftranslatingChineseclassifiers.2.2EarlystudiesonquantifiersQuantifiersareviewedastheuniquepartofspeechintheSino-Tibetanlanguagesystem.Itisexceptionallycomplexandtoughworktonamethemeasurewordsaffirmativelyandstudycontinuouslyattributingtotheearlyinternallanguagestudiesbeingconstrainedwithintheframeofwesterngrammarresearch.Atfirst,astosuchkindofstudy,theinternalpartsmostlyfollowthewesterntheoreticalresearchresultslikethegrammarresearchwithoutitsabsolutesystem.Afterall,becausetherearefeworevennosuchconceptsinwesternlanguagesystems,theearlystudiesofquantifiersshownothingasXiaoCui(2011:6)said.Althoughmanyscholarshavepaidcloseattentiontothething—classifierscomefromthenounsandtheyareaffinitivetonouns,whichresultsfromthelimitedknowledgeofquantifiers,peoplecannotdefineitasanindividualone.Mashiwentong(马建忠:1983)regardstheclassifiersas“numerationalalternativename”,andithasbeenthefirsttimepeoplebeawareofthe“numerationalalternativename”whichisdifferentfromanotherwords,butatthattime“quantifier”hadnotbeenconfirmedyet.WiththeNewlyNationalLanguageGrammaremerging,LiJinxi(1924:81)refers,“Classifiersexpresstheamounts,followthenumbersandcanbedigit.”Thencomeoutthe“unitnouns”byWangLiinChineseContemporaryGrammar(1959)andLvShuxiang(2006).Neverthelessscholarshavegotdowntodistinguishingthemomentumclassifiersfromnominalclassifiers;theystillcan’tmakeabreakthrough.Eventhough“particle”isdefinedtoclassifiersinPekingMonosyllablicVocabulary(1983)and“standardofmeasurement”isnotedbyChenWangdao(1978),theseresearchesexpresslydescribefeaturesofquantifiersandyetdon’tgivethemadefiniteconcept.TillDingShengshu(1979:5)explainsformally,“Quantifiersusuallyareappliedbehindthedemonstrativenounsornumerals,andaheadofnouns”inModernChineseGrammarSpeech.“Quantifier”showsitsofficialdebut.Thoughthequantifierresearchisahardjob,domesticstudieshavebeeninprogressandtheforeignscholarsneithermisssuchgreatchancesof“thegoldrush”.Quantifierresearchwasthenatitslowestebb.Mostofthescholarsengagedinthismattertogreatextentemployedacognitiveperspectivetoinvestigatethenominalclassifiersystemfornominalclassifiersthatofferauniqueinsightintothemechanismofcategorizationoftheworldbyhumanbeings.Theirthesis,forexample,SemanticsandCognitionbyJackendoff(1983),Woman,Fire,andDangerousThingsbyLakoffG.(1987),BasicObjectsinNaturalCategories,CognitivePsychologybyRosch,E.(1976:382-439),CognitionbyReed(1982),firstlyreviewsplentifularticlesonthisissuescatteredoverdifferentfields,andthendistinguishestwokindsofclassifiers:measurewordsforquantifyingandcategorizationwordsforcategorizingnounsonthebasisoftheirinherentpropertiesorourinteractionwiththem.Thelatter,whichisthepointoftheirstudies,isfurther.Theirworksweredividedintoseveralsubclassesonacognitivebasistorevealthebasicmeansadoptedbyhumanbeingsintheprocedureofturningthemassiveworldintoeasy-to-perceiveconcepts.Basedonthisdivisionsystem,acognitivecomparisonbetweennon-nativeclassifiersandlocalmeasurewordsismadeinordertofigureoutwhatiscommonordifferentinthewayallhumanbeingsthink.2.3QuantifiersresearchinnewperspectivesAstranslationstudiesmovetowardthe“cultureturn”whichshiftsthefocusofstudies“fromamoreformalistapproachtotranslationtoonethatlaidgreateremphasisonextra-textualfactors”(Bassnett,2007:13),diverseelementsthathaveaneffectontranslationofChinesequantifiersattractmoreandmoreattention.Inthefollowingsections,thedissertationpresentswhatnewanglesareputforwardandhowtheyareconnectedwiththeknowledgeinotherfields.2.3.1ChuZexiangTraditionally,manyscholarsdiscussthequantifiersinastaticway.Asisknownwegettounderstanditintheresearchwayoftheclassification,match,overlapandrhetoricofthemeasurewords.Thenpeopleadoptdynamicmethodstoexploreit.Grammariansgraduallyapplyadvancedtheoriesandmethodstocreatenewopinions.Theyplaceastressonstudyingthismatterwithcommontheoryoflanguage,quantifiersofmandarin,dialectandancientChineseresearch.FocustheoryisappliedtoquantifiersresearchbyChuZexiang(2001)fallingintopeople’ssights.Inhisstudy,itisn'tchainedtotheuseofnumeral“one”withstressingtheamount,mainlyuse“one”,thisnumeral,andshowsitsfeaturemeanwhile,andthenexplainsthewordorderof“noun+quantifier”bylistingexamples,contrastingandintensifyingtheconcerningpoints.Thestudywantstopointoutthatthespeakerdesirestomakehiswordswithnumeralclassifierphrasesmoreattractive.ChuZexiangmovesfurthertoanotheraspect-thewordorderof“noun+quantifier”alsoperformscomparabilityandmeetstheneedofphoneticrhythm.Inconclusion,it’struethatChuZexiangdigsatthestudyofquantifiersinoneleap.2.3.2HeJie:rhetoricaestheticconsciousnessonquantifiers’stipulationsofanagreementswerveHeJie(2000)proposestheaspectofbodyinquantifierresearch,whichistodrawattentiontotheChineseclassifierswithafocusonthesemanticaspect.Itincludesfiveparts:asummaryofformerstudiesonChineseclassifiers,thesub-categorizationoftheclassifiers,therelationshipbetweenthegrammaticalformandmeaninginrelationtothedistributionoftheclassifiers,thesemanticusageoftheclassifiers,theformationprocessandchangesofmeaningsoftheclassifiers.Hecreatesmanynewideasforhistheoryanddefinitelymakesgreatcontribution.Hisbook,ResearchonContemporaryChineseQuantifiers,hasalwaysbeenbringingnewinsightsintoChineseclassifiers,andbenefitingeveryonefromcollegestudentstoresearchersbothathomeandabroad.StipulationsofanagreementswerverefersthatthewordwhichshouldhavemodifiedAfinallyhastransferredtomodifyB.ThisperspectiveisexhibitedbyHeJieactuallybeingratherdistinctively.AccordingtoChenWangdao(1980:118),“Beautyisakindofemotion,andphilosophyisbehavinglikesortsofunderstanding.”Rhetoricaestheticconsciousnessonquantifiers’stipulationsofanagreementswerveisonekindofpeople’sfeelingandtasteabouteffectsofquantifiers’swervingresultinginburstingwithsomekindofaffectionandimagination.Itimpressespeopleinspecialways:vividverve,novelembodiment,profoundhumourandviolentpassions.Theyarecalledof“FourBeauties”becausepeoplecouldhaveancheerfulentertainmentafterhandlingthem.Heregoestothedetailsasfollow.Firstly,withinthestudy,itisvitaltoexperiencethegreatcharmofclassifiers’vividvervebringingabout.Stipulationsofanagreementswervecancreateanewartisticconceptionandpursuethegreatenjoymentofbeautyleadingtovisualemotionalexperienceandrichimagination.LiBai’sMoonPoemsmaybethetypicalcasetogiveasolidproof.Intheliterarysystem,dominantpoeticsconsistsoftwocomponents:“oneisaninventoryofliterarydevices,genres,motifs,prototypicalcharactersandsituations,andsymbols;theotheraconceptofwhattheroleofliteratureis,orshouldbe,inthesocialsystemasawhole”(Lefevere,1992/2004:26).Dominantpoeticsdecides“whatisinandwhatisout”(Lefevere,1992/2004:36)intranslation.Andinthissaying,wegettoknowthatit’sessentialtocarve,especiallyoccurredtothequantifiers.Nowexamplesarelistingasfollow:Iseeawillowtwistingtowardsthebank,andacloveofdimmoon.(贾平凹:Blundering)Hereallyseesthemooninthethinclouds,butit’sapillofcoolmoonlooming.(钟文志:TheGalaxyofMidnight)Thecloveisalsodecoratingthepetal,buthereit’susedtomodifythedimmoon;thepillisoftenappliedtomodifythemedicine,buthereinordertoemphasizethechillysceneryandmakereadersfeelthesamethingwiththeauthor,thepillmaywork.Thequantifiers“cloveandpill”buildanairofcoldness,stillnessandremoteness,whichinagreatsensemakepeoplelostinthecharmingworldanddesiretovisitit.Secondly,patronagecontainstwocomponents:thethingofembodyingandvisualizingandthat’swecallit“novelembodiment”.Inreality,lotsofthingsareabstractandconceptualizing,butstipulationsofanagreementswerveshowspeopletheopposite.StandingonHeJie’sfeet,wecan’tapplythephilosophicallogictoconvinceourselves.Theideaheproposesbetraystheusualmatchingrulesofexpressiontoconstructanimaginationof“similarityanddissimilarity”,illogically.Animportantcharacteristicofsuchanideaistomaketheabstractthingsintovisual,perceivedandprominentones.Profoundhumourwithinthestudyisthethirdflashpointinthissection.AccordingtoLefevere(1992/2004:8),translators“adapt,manipulatetheoriginalstheyworkwithtosomeextent,usuallytomakethemfitinwiththedominant,oroneofthedominantideologicalandpoetologicalcurrentoftheirtime”.Therefore,understandingwelloftheChinesequantifiersmaybethefirststeptoaccomplishtheapproachingrewritingandtheninthiswaythetranslatorscouldplayanactiverole.Nowadaysthesenseofhumourhasbeenaprevailingtrend.HeJieaddsthiselementintothequantifiers’research.Withoutdoubts,ithastoexpresspeoplewhentheyreachthistopic.WecangaindetailedexamplesinLuXun’sBiographyofA-Q(2005).InLuXun’sdescription,A-Qispresentedtobejocularandzestful.Finally,theviolentpassionsplayanimportantpartinhiscreativestudy.AccordingtoCh.Barrie,“Studyonemotionalcontentofthelanguagebehaviorisastudyonlanguageperformanceofemotionalactivities.”HeJiefollowsBarrie’sideasandborrowsthequantifiersexpressingemotionundertheruleofstipulationsofanagreementswerve.InXingKui’sAskingtheWay,“Backinthesnowstoodatrunkofgirllikethedaffodil.”Thequantifier“trunk”shouldportraytheflowersandtreesinthedailyapplication;heretheauthorswervesittodescribeagirltoconveyherburstinglove.Thatisstipulationsofanagreementswerveingoodside,anditcanbeusedintheworserespect.AccordingtoLaoShe’sworks,likeSacrificeandXiangziCamel,playthegoodandbadpartsmostincisively.Rhetoricaestheticconsciousnessonquantifiers’stipulationsofanagreementswervecanbringaboutapositiveimpactandapeculiararteffect.Itcanmakepeopleentertainedandlearntheprofoundphilosophyoflifeaswell.2.3.3QuantifiersstudyindistinguishingdirectionsStudyingthequantifiersfromtheperspectiveofetymologyisananalyzingmethod.Fromthepointofview,mostofthequantifiersderivefromtheextensionofnounsorverbsandmanyofthemcanbeexplainedandtracedthroughtheirorigination.Thisissuggestedtobeonebestchoiceduringteaching.Cognitivelearningabouttheanalysisofquantifiersisanotherusualexploringwaypeopleoftenuse.Withthedevelopmentofcognitivelinguistics,manyconcepts,asmetaphor,archetype,metonymy,typification,etc.,areintroducedtoquantifiers’researchandhelptoexplaintheclassifiersmatch.Undersuchangle,peoplewouldnotbeconfusedwhenlearningquantifiersandteacherscouldgivetheclassesvividly.2.4SummaryAsthestudiesonquantifiersreviewedaboveindicate,quantifiers’researchmustbetreatedasever-lastingwork.TheresearchersathomearealmostconcentratingontheresearchoftheapplicationandclassificationofChinesequantifies.Basedonthestudiesdonebypreviousresearchers,thisdissertationfurtherexploresquantifiersintranslatingrespect.Withtherapiddevelopmentofsociety,thecentreoforiginalmeaningisdestructedandtranslationstudiesmoveoutofthetraditionalequivalencetheorieswhichholdtheoriginalworkinthecentre.Translators,asaresult,aregivenmuchmorefreedom.Therefore,translatorscanaccomplishthetranslatingworkinanavailableway.3．AnExhaustiveTranslationStudyofChineseQuantifiers3.1IntroductionThispartisgoingtopresenttheresultofthequantitativeanalysisofthedifferentengagementresourcesofthequantifiers’classification,andthengiveadetaileddiscussiononthetranslationmethodsofit,concerningthespecificandgeneralskills.3.2EquivalencebetweenChineseclassifiersandEnglishquantifiersTheanalysisisdonemainlybasedontwoparameters:nominalclassifiersandmomentumclassifiers.Thefindingisshowninthefollowingtablesandthenthedetaileddiscussionispresented.3.2.1AnalysisofnominalclassifierswithEnglishquantifiersQuantifiersinChineseareappliedtomeasurethethingsorbehaviour,andcanbecalledinanotherwaywheninEnglishtheyaredescribedasthemeasuredwords.The“partitive”inEnglishactuallyexpressestheamountsofthings.R.Quirk,S.Greenbaum,G.LeechandJ.Svartvik(1972)categorizethepartitiveintothenounsinAGrammarofContemporaryEnglish.Thedetailsarepresentedasfollows:Table1DistributionsofnominalquantifiersGeneralNameClassifiersinChineseQuantifiersinEnglishNominalClassifiersCollectiveQuantifier对、双、副、组、行、盘、堆、批、伙、群、帮、班、排、连、营、师、种、类、套……pair(对：a~ofvases;双：a~ofshoes;a~ofglasses),couple(对：a~ofrabbits),group(组：a~ofpeople),file(行：a~ofwhitewaterbirds一行白鹭),plate(盘：two~sofdumplings),heap/lump(堆：abig~ofbooks),set/passel(批),band/pack(伙，帮),host(群),kind(种、类)...NominalClassifiersInstitutionalUnitQuantifier寸、尺、丈、里、升、斗、石、公尺；磅、品脱、斤、两、钱；元、角、分；英亩……inch(吋),foot(呎：a~ofwater一呎深的水),mile(哩)，metre(公尺/米：a~ofcloth);pound(磅：a~ofbutter),pint(品脱：a~ofmilk),gram,tael(两);dollar,penny(便士)；acre(英亩：an~ofland)…NominalClassifiersBorrowedQuantifier桶、罐、碟、杯、瓶；束、串、片、团、滴；包、捆、发、贴/张；口、头、身、手/把、瓣；线、阵、番、缕、股、流、丝……pail(a~ofmilk/water),pot(a~ofhoney一罐蜜),plate(aplateofsaltedbambooshoots一碟盐煮笋),cup(a~ofcoffee),bottle;bunch(束：a~offlower;串：a~ofgrapes),sheet/stretch(asheetofglass一片玻璃;astretchofland一片土地),ball(团),drop(滴);pack(et)/bundle(apackofcigar一包香烟;abundleofclothes一包衣服),bundle(a~ofwood),round(发：a~ofammunition一发子弹),piece(a~ofmedicatedplaster一贴/张膏药);mouthful(a~ofsweetair一口新鲜空气),head(a~ofcattle),handful(a~ofrice一手/把米),segment(a~ofgarlic一瓣大蒜);ray/glean/line(a~ofhope一线希望),puff(a~ofbreeze一阵微风),dose(番：a~offlattery一番谄媚),wisp(缕：a~steam一缕蒸汽),stream(股：a~ofhotair一股热气;流：a~ofwater一流细水),trace(丝：amere~ofasmile一丝笑意)…NominalClassifiersIndefiniteQuantifier一些、一点点、若干、两三本、数打、其中任一些/一个……some(someofthestudents一些学生),scrap(a~ofevidence一点点证据),anumberofpeople(若干人),couple(a~ofbooks两三本书),dozen(~sofeggs数打蛋),any(~ofthese这些中的任一个或一些)…AsshowninTable1above,withintheclassificationofquantifiers,thetranslatingmethodsareimpliedandvarious.Astothecollectivequantifiers,wecanseethegoodpartsofitanditsoppositeside.Theimagic,vividfeatureisespeciallyclearlyoutlinedaswell.Accordingtotheclassificationofthequantifiersabove,theequalwordsarealwaysalmostcanbefoundandtheexpressionofthegeneralcollectiveconceptisoftenshownaspair,group,set,etc.Whentheword“packandband”areusedtodescribedaperson,hemightbeabanditorathief.Inordertobeconsistentwiththeoriginaltext,thecollectivequantifiersinfluenceinagreatsense,especiallyoccurredtodescribingtheanimals.That’sabigobstacle.However,thisdissertationhasarrivedatasystematicconclusionoveritanddiscoveredthephenomenonofnonequivalenceasTable2showninthefollowing:Table2Specificquantifiersmodifyinganimalsanimala+collectivename+ofinsect(s)swarm;horde;nest;flight;rabble;plagueant(s)army;bike,state;colony;nest;swarmbee(s)cluster;bike;colony;drift;erst;flight;grist;hive;hum;nest;swarm;cast,college,game,fry,peck,rabble,stand,range,butt,spindlebeetle(s)swarmbutterfly(-ies)flight;flutter;swarm;rabble;kaleidoscopecaterpillar(s)毛毛虫army,nestcicada(s/e)蝉cockroach(es)蟑螂intrusion;swarmcricket蟋蟀cricketfly(-ies)business;cloud;community;hatch;fare,rabble;swarmgnat(s)蚋，蠓cloud;horde;rabble;plague;swarmgrasshopper(s)蚱蜢cloud;clusterhornet(s)大黄蜂bike;nest;swarmladybird(s)瓢虫/花大姐lovelinesslocust(s)蝗虫plague;host,cloud;swarmlouse(lice)跳蚤flockmidge蠓bitemosquito(es)scourge;swarmtermite(s)白蚁brood/colony;nest;swarmwasp(s)黄蜂/蚂蜂plague,bike;knot,knap;colony;nest;pail;swarmcrab(s)螃蟹cast;bushel(whenbuycrabs)lobster(-/s)龙虾scorpion(s)蝎子bed;nestspider(s)cluster;clutterclam(s)蛤bed;flaccidityoyster(s)牡蛎bed;cast;clam,hive,set;culchsnail(s)蜗牛escargatoire;rout;walkjellyfish水母flutter,brood;smack;stuckMovingtotheinstitutionalunitquantifier,theclassifiersinthissegmentaretakentomeasurethedistance,weight,area,etc.Fromthetable,weclearlyunderstandthatthereexistdifferencesinthemetrologyamongChinese,AmericanandBritishcultures.Forexample,weChineseregardtheli(里),zhang(丈),chi(尺)asthelinearmeasureswhiletheBritishandtheAmericansapplytothemile,yard,foot.Nevertheless,somequantifiersareuniformed,forinstance,kilogram,ton,metreandsoon.Inthiscircumstance,theexpressingwayofquantifiersisagreeablythesame.Therefore,theyaresimilarbothondefinitionandform.Thengoingtowardthebyquantifier,amongtheseclassifierstheyhavealreadyactuallybeenresortedmarkedsemicolon.Thetranslatingmethodofbyquantifiersinthispartcouldreachtheborrowedapproachandinasenseitcouldbeexplainedtobeequal.Thefirsttwokindsofquantifierscouldbeundertakeneasilybecausethey’rejustdecoratedbyborrowingthenameofcontainersandtheshapeofthingswhiletherestcan’tsimplyapplythisapproach,likethemethodofparaphrasingwhichmaybeexp