2013年交通考博英语阅读送答案

交通大学2013年考博英语阅读及答案

第一篇

Therearedesertntswhichsurvivethedryseasonintheformofinactiveseeds.Therearealsodesertinsectswhichsurviveasinactivelarvae(幼虫).Inaddition,difficultasitistobelieve,therearedesertfishwhichcansurvivethroughyearsofdrought(干旱)intheformofinactiveeggs.Thesearetheshrimps(小虾)thatliveintheMojaveDesert,anintenselydryregioninthesouth-westoftheUnitedStateswhereshadetemperaturesofover50Careoftenrecorded.

TheeggsoftheMojaveshrimpsarethesizeandhavetheappearanceofgrainsofsand.Whensufficientspringrainfallstoformalake,onceeverytwotofiveyears,theseeggshatch(孵化).Thenthewaterissoonfilledwithmillionsoftinyshrimpsaboutamillimetrelongwhichfeedontinyntandanimalorganismswhichalsogrowinthetemporarydesertlake.Withinaweek,theshrimpsgrowfromtheiroriginal1millimetretoalengthofabout1.5centimetres.

Throughoutthetimethattheshrimpsarerapidlymaturing,thewaterinthelakeequallyrapidlyevaporates.Therefore,fortheshrimpsitisaraceagainsttime.Bythetwelfthday,however,whentheyareabout3centimetrelong,hundredsoftinyeggsformontheunderbodiesofthefemales.Usuallybythistime,allthatremainsofthelakeisalarge,muddypatchofwetsoil.Onthethirteenthdayandthenext,duringthefinalhoursoftheirbrieflives,theshrimpslaytheireggsinthemud.Then,havingensuredthattheirspecieswillsurvive,theshrimpsdieasthelastofthewaterevaporates.

Ifsufficientrainfallsthenextyeartoformanotherlake,theeggshatch,andonceagaintheshrimpspassrapidlythroughtheircycleofgrowth,adulthood,egg-laying,anddeath.Someyearsthereisinsufficientraintoformalake:inthiscase,theeggswillremaindormantforanotheryears,orevenlongerifnecessary.Very,veryoccasionally,perhapstwiceinahundredyears,sufficientrainfallstoformadeeplakethatlastsamonthormore.Inthiscase,thespeciespassesthroughtwocyclesofgrowth,egg-laying,anddeath.Thus,onsuchoccasions,thespeciesmultipliesconsiderably,whichfurtherensuresitssurvival.

WhichofthefollowingistheMOSTdistinctivefeatureofMojaveshrimps?

Theirlivesarebrief.

Theyfeedon ntandanimalorganisms.

Theireggscansurviveyearsofdought.

Theylaytheireggsinthemud.

Bysaying"fortheshrimpsitisaraceagainsttime"(Para.3,Line2)theauthormeans .

theyhavetoswimfasttoavoiddangerintherapidlyevaporatinglake

theyhavetoswimfasttocatchtheanimalorganismsonwhichtheysurvive

theyhavetomultiplyasmanyaspossiblewithinthirteendays

theyhavetocompletetheirlifecyclewithinashortspanoftimepermittedbytheenvironment'

Thepassagemainlydealswith .

thelifespanoftheMojaveshrimps

thesurvivalofdesertshrimps

theimportanceofwatertolife

lifeintheMojaveDesert

Theword"dormant"(Para.4,Line3)mostprobablymeans .

inactive

strong

alert

soft

Itmaybeinferredfromthepassagethat .

appearanceandsizearemostimportantforlifetosurviveinthedesert

aspeciesmustbeabletomultiplyquicklyinordertosurvive

forsomespeciesonelifecycleinayearisenoughtosurvivethedesertdrought

somespeciesdevelopauniquelifepatterntosurviveinextremelyharshconditions

答案：1.C2.D3.B4.A5.D

第二篇

TheWelshlanguagehasalwaysbeentheultimatemarkerofWelshidentity,butagenerationagoitlookedasifWelshwouldgothewayofManx.oncewidelyspokenontheisleofManbutnowextinct. ernmentfinancingandcentral nning,however,havehelpedreversethedeclineofWelsh.RoadsignsandofficialpublicsarewritteninbothWelshandEnglish,andschoolchildrenarerequired

tolearnbothlanguages.WelshisnowoneofthemostsuccessfulofEurope’sregionallanguages,spokenbymorethanahalf-millionofthecountry’sthreemillionpeople.Therevivalofthelanguage,particularlyamongyoungpeople,ispartofaresurgenceofnationalidentitysweethroughthissmall,proudnation.LastmonthWales

markedthesecond oftheopeningoftheNationalAssembly,thefirstparliamenttobeconvenedheresince1404.TheideabehinddevolutionwastorestorethebalancewithintheunionofnationsmakinguptheUnitedKingdom.Withmostofthepeopleandwealth,Englandhasalwayshadbraggingrights.ThepartialtransferoflegislativepowersfromWestminster,implementedbyTonyBlair,wasdesignedtogivetheothermembersoftheclub-Scotland,NorthernIreland,andWales-abiggersayandtocountercentrifugalsthatseemedtothreatentheveryideaoftheunion.

TheWelshshowedlittleenthusiasmfordevolution.WhereastheScotsvotedoverwhelminglyforaparliament,thevoteforaWelshassemblyscrapedthroughbylessthanonepercentonaturnoutoflessthan25percent.Itspowerswereproportionaylimited.TheAssemblycandecidehowmoneyfromWestminsterortheEuropeanUnionisspent.Itcannot,unlikeitscounterpartinEdinburgh,enactlaws.Butnowthatitishere,theWelsharegrowingtoliketheirAssembly.Manypeoplewouldlikeittohavemorepowers.Itsimportanceasfigureheadwillgrowwiththeopeningin2003,ofanewdebatingchamber,oneofmanynewbuildingsthataretransformingCardifffromadecayingseaportintoaBaltimore-stylewaterfrontcity.MeanwhileagrantofnearlytwomilliondollarsfromtheEuropeanUnionwilltacklepoverty.WalesisoneofthepoorestregionsinWesternEurope-onlySpain,Portugal,andGreecehavealowerstandardofliving.

NewspapersandmagazinesarefilledwithstoriesaboutgreatWelshmenandwomen,boostingself-esteem.TofamiliarfacessuchasDylanThomasandRichardBurtonhavebeenaddednewiconssuchasCatherineZeta-Jones,themoviestar,andBrynTerfel,theoperasinger.Indigenousfoodslikesaltmarshlambareinvogue.AndWalesnowboastsanationalairline.AwyrCymru.Cymru,whichmeans“landofcompatriots,”istheWelshnameforWales.Thereddragon,thenation’ssymbolsincethetimeofKingArthur,iseverywhere-onT-shirts,rugbyjerseysandevencellphonecovers.“UntilveryrecenttimesmostWelshpeoplehadthisfeelingofbeingsecond-classcitizens,”saidDyfanJones,an18-year-oldstudent.Itwasawarmsummernight,andIwassittingonthegrasswithagroupofyoungpeopleinLlanelli,anindustrialtowninthesouth,outsidetherockmusicvenueoftheNationalEisteddfod,Wales’sannualculturalfestival.ThedisusedfactoryinfrontofusechoedtothesoundsofnewWelshbands.

“Therewasalmostagenetictendencyforlackofconfidence,”Dyfan.EquallycomfortableinhisWelshnessasinhismembershipintheEnglish-speaking,globalyouthcultureandthenewfederalEurope,Dyfan,liketherestofhisgeneration,isgrowingupwithasenseofpossibilityunimaginabletenyearsago.

“Weusedtothink.Wecan’tdoanything,we’reonlyWelsh.NowIthinkthat’schanging.”

Accordingtothepassage,devolutionwasmainlymeantto

maintainthepresentstatusamongthenations.

reducelegislativepowersofEngland.

createabetterstateofequalityamongthenations.

grantmoresaytoallthenationsintheunion.

Theword“centrifugal”inthesecondparagraphmeans9BBz14E8L

separatist.

conventional.

feudal.

political

WalesisdifferentfromScotlandinallthefollowingaspectsEXCEPT

people’sdesirefordevolution.

locals’turnoutforthevoting.

powersofthelegislativebody.

statusofthenationallanguage.

WhichofthefollowingisNOTcitedasanexampleoftheresurgenceofWelshnationalidentity

Welshhaswitnessedarevivalasanationallanguage.

Poverty-relieffundshavecomefromtheEuropeanUnion.

AWelshnationalairlineiscurrentlyinoperation.

Thenationalsymbolhas eafamiliarsight.

AccordingtoDyfanJoneswhathaschangedis

people’smentality.

popculture.

town’sappearance.

possibilitiesforthepeople.答案：CADBA

第三篇

Barbedwire,firstpatentedintheUnitedStatesin1867,yedanimportantpartinthedevelopmentofAmericanfarming,asitenabledthesettlerstomakeeffectivefencingtoenclosetheirlandandkeepcattleawayfromtheircrops.Thishadaconsiderableeffectoncattleranching,sincetheherdsnolongerhadunrestricteduseofthensforgrazing,andthefencingledtobetweenthefarmersandthecattleranchers.

Beforebarbedwirecamesintosgeneraluse,fencingwasoftenmadefromserratedwire,whichwasunsatisfactorybecauseitbrokeeasilywhenunderstrain,andcouldsnapincoldweatherduetocontraction.Thefirstpracticalmachineforproducingbarbedwirewasinventedin1874byanIllinoisfarmer,andbetweenthenandtheendofthecenturyabout400typesofbarbedwireweredevised,ofwhichonlyaboutadozenwereeverputtopracticaluse.

Modernbarbedwireismadefrommildsteelhigh-tensilesteel,oraluminum.Mildsteelandaluminumbarbedwirehavetwostrandstwistedtogethertoformacablewhichisstrongerthansingle-strandwireandlessaffectedbytemperaturechanges.Single-strandwire,roundoroval,ismadefromhigh-tensilesteelwiththebarbscrimpedorweldedon.Thesteelwiresusedaregalvanized-coatedwithzinctomakethemrustproof.Thetwowiresthatmakeupthelinewireorcablearefedsepara ysintosamachineatoneend.Theyleaveitattheotherendtwisted-togetherandbarbed.Thewiretomakethebarbsisfedsintosthemachinefromthesidesandcuttolengthbyknivesthatcutdiagonallythroughthewiretoproduceasharppoint.Thisprocesscontinuesautomatically,andthefinishedbarbedwireiswoundontoreels,usuallymadeofwireinlengthof400metersorinweightsofupto50kilograms.Avariationofbarbedwireisalsousedformilitarypurposes.Itisformedsintoslongconiesorentanglementscalledconcertinawire.

Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?

CattleranchingintheUnitedStates.

Atypeoffencing

Industrialusesofwire

Acontroversyoverlanduse

Whatisthebenefitofusingtwo-strandedbarbedwire?

Improvedrust-

Increasedstrength

Morerapidatta entofbarbs

Easierinstallation.

Accordingtotheauthor,thesteelwiresusedtomakebarbedwirearespeciallyprocessedto

protectthemagainstrust

makethemmoreflexible

preventcontractionincoldweather

straightenthem.

Theword“fed"inline20isclosestinmeaningto

put

eaten

bitten

nourished

Whatistheauthor'spurposeinthethirdparagraph?

Toex intheimportanceofthewire.

Tooutlinethedifficultyofmakingthewire

Todescribehowthewireismade

Tosuggestseveraldifferentusesofthewire.答案：BBACC

第4篇

Withoutregularsofsomehormonesourcapacitytobehavewouldbeseriouslyimpaired;withoutotherswewouldsoondie.Tinyamountsofsomehormonescanmodifymoodsandactions,ourinclinationtoeatordrink,ouraggressivenessorsubmissiveness,andourreproductiveandparentalbehavior.Andhormonesdomorethaninfluenceadultbehavior;earlyinlifetheyhelptodeterminethedevelopmentofbodilyformandmayevendetermineanindividual’sbehavioralcapacities.Laterinlifethechangingoutputsofsomeendocrineglandsandthebody’schangingsensitivitytosomehormonesareessentialaspectsofthephenomenaofaging.

Communicationwithinthebodyandtheconsequentintegrationofbehaviorwereconsideredtheexclusiveprovinceofthenervoussystemuptothebeginningofthepresentcentury.TheemergenceofendocrinologyasaseparatedisciplinecanprobablybetracedtotheexperimentsofBaylissandStarlingonthehormonesecretion.Thissubstanceissecretedfromcellsintheintestinalwallswhenfoodentersthestomach;ittravelsthroughthebloodstreamandstimulatesthepancreastoliberatepancreaticjuice,whichaidsindigestion.Byshowingthatspecialcellssecretchemicalagentsthatareconveyedbythebloodstreamandregulatedistanttargetorgansortissues.Baylissandstarlingdemonstratedthatchemicalintegrationcouldoccurwithoutparticipationofthenervoussystem.

Theterm“hormone”wasfirstusedwithreferencetosecretion.StarlingderivedthetermfromtheGreekhormone,meaning“toexciteorsetinmotion.Theterm“endocrine”wasintroducedshortlythereafter“Endocrine”isusedtorefertoglandsthatsecretproductsintothebloodstream.Theterm“endocrine”contrastswith“exocrine”,whichisappliedto