RTK-技术在地形测量中的应用研究

RTK技术在地形测量中的应用研究摘要：随着科学技术不断的发展，GPS技术也在不断的发展，目前GPS已经成为集卫星技术、微电子技术、计算机技术和天文观测技术为一体的高端技术.GPS技术的出现，在一定程度上促进了测绘技术发展，尤其是在定位和测量上.RTK技术作为GPS技术重要组成部分，其对地形测量有一定优势，其不仅能提高测量效率，同时也能提高测量精度，从而使地形测量工作有序进行.本文主要从RTK技术概况及原理、RTK技术地形测量过程中应该注意的问题、RTK技术在地形测量中的应用等方面出发，对RTK技术在地形测量中的应用进行相应研究.RTK技术作为GPS系统中重要定方式，其在地形测量中有重要作用.RTK技术不仅能控制测量、提高工作效率，同时也能以全站仪坐标进行放样，也能进行高精度定位.而要想将RTK技术更好的应用在地形测量中，仍需要对RTK技术技术概况、原理、应用应该注意的问题和实际应用进行具体分析，以便为地形测量工作创造更多有利条件.如何更好的将RTK技术更好应用在地形测量中，已经成为相关部门值得思索的事情.1 RTK技术概况及原理1.1RTK技术概况RTK技术事实上就是动态测量技术，其在实际测量中将相位测量与数据传输技术结合在一起，根据载波相位实时进行差分GPS测量，RTK技术作为GPS测量重要组成部分，已经成为测量技术发展的重要标志.在实际应用过程中，RTK技术是通过基准站接收机、数据链和流动站接收机来，实现其测量功能的.RTK技术在实际测图过程中，仅需一人拿着仪器在要测量地物或地貌特征点上1～2分钟，并在仪器上输测量地物或地貌特征点，就能将相应数据导入计算机，以此为依据通过绘图软件进行编绘，输入要完成的地形图数据，就能完成地形图.RTK技术在地形测量中应用,不仅节省大量人力、物力，同时也能避免传统测量中通视问题，尤其是在起伏较大的山地中使用，能使其工作效率得到显著的提高；工程放样方法相对较多，但是在实际应用过程中，对点通视状况要求较高，不能更好满足放样需求.而用RTK技术进行放样，只需要将目标点位置输入电子簿中并背向GPS机就能找打放样点位置，这种方法不仅快速方便且精度均匀，能更好满足放样需求.。此外，RTK技术也能对常规方法无法定位的坐标进行定位.因此，RTK技术主要在地形测量和工程放样中使用.文中主要对RTK技术在地形测量中应用进行相应分析.1.2RTK技术原理RTK技术原理就是基准站实时将测量的载波相位观测值、伪距观测值、基准站坐标等数据，以无线电传送的方式将将相应数据传送给流动站，流动站再对这些数据进行差分处理，最终得出基准站和流动站坐标差.在此基础上将数据转换成流动站平面坐标和高程，整个过程中就是RTK技术定位过程.2RTK技术地形测量过程中应该注意的问题一般地形测量是以静态测量控制点方法进行测量的，并在此基础上用RTK技术来完成碎部测量.RTK技术在实际测量过程中可以对测区内一定数量基准点进行测量并对该地形区地形、地物特征点坐标进行测定，最后利用相应测图软件来实现测绘编辑使其成为地形图.2.1做好准备工作在使用RTK技术进行测量的时候，应该做好相应准备工作.在测量前，应该了解点位、交通状况，同时也应该了解卫星预报评估障碍物状况及对GPS观测的影响.最后根据测量点卫星状况进行测量，并确定具体布网和作业方案.在此基础上，对电池、电量、内存容量和测图软件进行常规性检测..2.2选好基准点一般基准点都会选在交通便利的地方,这样不仅便于设备运输和操作，同时也便于保存.在选择基准点的时候，应该尽量避免成片植物区域，当无法避免时，尽量将基准点范围内植物清除.同时在选择基准点时，也应尽量远离高达建筑物或是大面积水域；在选择基准点时也应保证区域内无无线电发射设施和高压输电线路设备.埋石时最好从点位实际需求出发来确定基点.此外，还应该对GPS电台功率及覆盖能力进行分析,尽量将基准点布设在测区较高位置，以方便获取通讯数据，减少基准点个数.2.3做好外业测量和数据处理工作在对外业进行观测的时候，应该以仪器的具体步骤为:依据逐步进行操作，得出相应数据后，再以单位实际需求为依据选择适当的软件进行处理,处理过程中也应该对不同基准站点坐标进行计算，以确保坐标位置.2.4做好基准站设置和参数求解工作在使用仪器时，应该将正确基准站坐标输和仪器高度输入基准站中.选择正确的发射差分数据，对波特率进行正确选择，以保证基准站设置准确性.在对参数求解时，应该先在电子手簿中输入标准基准点以外的坐标，并对已知控制点进行联测，算出转换数据后接收数据并确定数据.2.5做好碎步测量工作和数据工作完成基本工作后，还应该对碎步进行测量.可以将流动站放置在地物地貌特征点上对每个碎步至少测量两三分钟.同时应该追的是碎步测量点必须与实际需求一致.完成外业采集工作后，还应该及时将采集数据处理成内业数据.在处理过程中可以以外业采集过程中画的草图和预设编码为依据完成内业图.这项数据工作必须及时完成，以避免时间过长而遗忘相应数据和图形，而影响地形测量进度.为了使RTK坐标数据更加准确，必须保证RTK数据与展点数据一致.在此基础上将代码、坐标或高程输入相对应办公软件中,之后再用相应软件进行处理，以便使RTK和软件有效的连接在一起，实现数据下载.最后通过编辑转换RTK格式将RTK数据存入计算机，使RTK数据和测图软件数据格式一致，为内业成图创造一定条件.2.6做好地图绘制工作做好上述一系列工作后，还应该对地图进行绘制.在绘制过程中，应该现对软件中的比例尺进行调试，使其与实际需要比例尺一致，之后启动展点命令，输入上述数据名称,根据外业草图进行绘制，并用人机操作形式进行交互编辑,使其形成完整图形.同时也应该将野外测点输入计算机中,使其与图式符号库形成连线，以便对地形图进行规范，一旦地形图与实际规范有差距，就应该进行进行编辑处理，以保证相应工作顺利进行.3 RTK技术在地形测量中的应用测量工程的发展对测量精度和效率要求越来越高，而常规的测量技术不能更好满足实际需求.GPS技术的出现,尤其是RTK技术的出现，其仅以数量基准控制点就能确定测量坐标，并在此基础上通过绘图软件将野外测量数据绘制成地形图，之后以相应方式输出不同比例大小的地形图.目前来看，RTK技术在地形测量中应用的比较多.某地区在对城市规划进行测量时，先对该地区地形条件和居民人口数量进行分析，在此次基础上对该区水准面控制网实际情况进行分析，并采用RTK技术进行控制测量.在实施该方案时，先对传统控制测量、细部测量等作业方法进行相应调整并导入RTK技术，对传统测量技术进行改进.通过全站仪辅助，对该地区进行测量.测量过程中是用RTK控制网对测区进行总体控制的，在一定程度上实现了多基点控制点联测,基准站一般控制在十千米范围内.在实际操作中会受到电磁波干扰或卫星条件限制,对不同基站进行联测后，对RTK测量精度进行检测，以实现对不同分层技术进行控制.检测时RTK点之间的边长符合规定，采集数据时，控制点的固定解采集超过三次，仪器能自动取平均值.在移动RTK流动站时，能检测到已知点和RTK重复点，在一定程度上证明数据采集不同时段的精度是比较可靠的.因此，在对这一城市进行地形测量过程中，其测量精度与实际相符、能控制在一定范围内并符合技术要求.通过对城市坐标差、点位进行检验时，也能达到一定标准.通过全站仪对这一区域边长进行测量，其边长误差值在标准范围内，能满足实际精度.将RTK技术应用在城市规划测图中，虽然有一些不规范的地方，检测起来也比较繁琐，很难形成统一的标准，但是随着数字技术不断的发展，RTK技术的测量精度将会有所提高.为了更好满足现实需求，还需要对RTK技术进行相应研究.4 结语随着各种工程测量的发展，对测量的要求越来越高，不仅要满足基本测量需求，同时也要满足测量效率和精度需求.而常规的测量方法不能更好满足这一需求，RTK技术的出现，在一定程度上满足了工程测量需求.RTK技术在地形测量中的使用，不仅节省大量人物力和时间，一定程度上也提高了测量效率和测量精度.然而，在实际应用过程中，也应该注意相应问题.随着科学技术不断的发展，对地形测量要求将会更高要求.为了更好满足时代发展需求，还需要加大工程测量技术研究力度，以保证地形测量工作顺利进行.GPS-RTKtechnologyapplicationintopographicsurveyandresearchABSTRACT:Withthecontinuousdevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,theGPSapplicationinthemeasurementrangeisbecomingmoreandmorewide.TheemergenceofGPStechnology,toacertainextent,promotedthedevelopmentofsurveyingandmappingtechnology,especiallyonthepositioningandmeasurement.RTKtechnologyasanimportantpartofGPStechnology,thetopographicsurveyhassomeadvantages,itcannotonlyimprovethemeasurementefficiency,atthesametimealsocanimprovethemeasurementprecision,sothatthetopographicsurveyworkorderly.ThisarticlemainlyfromtheRTKtechnologyprinciple,TKsurveyandtopographicsurveyprocess,RTKtechnologyshouldpayattentiontotheproblemsinitsapplicationintopographicsurvey,theapplicationofRTKtechnologyintopographicsurveyconductedcorrespondingresearch.KEYWORDS:GPS-RTKtechnology;Topographymeasurement;application (GlobalPositioningSystem)GlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)isjointlydevelopedbytheAmericanarmedforcesinthe1970sanewgenerationofspacesatellitenavigationandPositioningSystem.RTKtechnologyasanimportantwayofGPSsystem,ithasanimportantroleintopographicsurvey.RTKtechnologycannotonlycontrolmeasure,improveworkefficiency,alsocanwithtotalstationcoordinatelofting,alsocanundertakehigh-precisionpositioning.TothebetterapplicationofRTKtechnologyintopographicsurvey,stillneedtooverviewofRTKtechnology,principle,application,shouldpayattentiontothespecificandpracticalapplicationoftheanalysis,inordertocreatemorefavorableconditionsfortopographicsurveywork.HowtobetterapplyRTKtechnologybetterintopographicsurvey,hasbecomearelevantdepartmentisworththinking.1.1profileofRTKtechnologyRTKtechnologyinfactisthedynamicmeasurementtechnique,thephasemeasurementintheactualmeasurementanddatatransmissiontechnologytogether,accordingtothecarrierphasedifferentialGPSmeasurementsinrealtime,asGPSRTKtechnologyimportantconstituent,hasbecomeanimportantsymbolofmeasuringtechnologydevelopment.Inpracticalapplicationprocess,RTKtechnologyisthroughthebasestationreceiver,datalinkandroverreceivertoachieveitsmeasurementfunction.RTKtechnologyintheactualmappingprocess,onlyonepersonholdingtheinstrumentinmeasuringthefeatureorfeaturespoint1~2minutes,andlosingoninstrumentmeasurementfeaturesorgeomorphicfeaturepoints,canthecorrespondingdataintothecomputer,onthisbasisthroughthedrawingsoftwarecompilation,entertocompletethetopographicmapdata,topographicmapwillbefinished.RTKtechnologyapplicationintopographicsurvey,notonlysavealotofmanpowerandmaterialresources,atthesametimecanalsoavoidthetraditionalmeasurementsdependingontheproblem,especiallyinthemountainsofvolatileuse,canmakeitsworkefficiencyissignificantlyimproved;RTKtechnologycanalsobeunabletolocatethecoordinatesoftheconventionalmethodsforpositioning.Therefore,RTKtechnologyismainlyusedintopographicsurveyandengineeringlayout.ThemainapplicationofRTKtechnologyintopographicsurveyaccordingly.1.2principleofRTKtechnologyGPSpositioningisdeterminedmainlybyusingtheprincipleofrangingintersectionpoint.CarrierphasedifferentialtechniqueisalsocalledRTK(RealTimeKinematic)technology,isreal-timeprocessingoftwostationcarrierphaseobservationquantitydifferencemethod.Carrierphasedifferencetechnologysystemconfigurationconsistsofthreeparts:(1)thebasestationreceiver.(2)theroverreceiver,roveralsoincludessoftwaresystemsthatsupportthereal-timedynamicdifference.(3)datalink.Real-timewillmeasureprincipleofRTKtechnologyisincarrierphaseobservations,thepseudorangeobservations,referencestationcoordinatesdata,correspondingdatatransmittedintheformofradiotransmissiontotherover,roverdifferenceprocessingthesedataagain,finallydrawabasestationandrovercoordinatedifference.Onthebasisofgeneraldataintoaroverplanecoordinatesandelevation,thewholeprocessistheprocessofRTKpositioningtechnology.UsuallyRTKmeasurementaccuracycanreachseveralcentimeters.2topographymeasurementintheprocessofRTKtechnologyshouldpayattentiontotheproblemGeneraltopographymeasurementbasedoncontrolpointmethodformeasuringthestaticmeasurement,andonthisbasis,usingRTKtechnologytocompletethedetailmeasurement.RTKtechnologyintheactualprocessofmeasuringthemeasurementzoneofacertainnumberofbenchmarkscanbemeasured,andthecryovolcanicterrainandobjectofthefeaturepointcoordinatesaremeasured,andfinallyusingthecorrespondingmappingsoftwaretoimplementthemappingeditor,makingitatopographicmap.2.1goodpreparationbeforeWhenusingRTKtechnologytomeasurebeforethecorrespondingmeasureshouldbereadyforwork.Shouldunderstandpoint,trafficconditions,alsoshouldunderstandthestatusofthesatelliteforecastassessmentofobstaclesandimpactonGPSobservation.Accordingtothemeasurementpointonsatellitemeasurements,anddeterminethenetandworkplan.Basedonthis,againtothebattery,battery,memorycapacity,androutineinspectionsofmappingsoftware.2.2chooseagoodbenchmarkWhenselectingareferencepoint,generallychoosewherethetransportationisconvenient,andtrytoavoidpieceofplantarea,whenunabletoavoid,trytoclearthebenchmarkwithinthescopeoftheplant.Atthesametimealsoshouldtrytostayawayfromtallbuildingsorlargewaterareasandareaswithnoradioemissionandtransmissionlineequipment.Inaddition,youshouldanalyzetheGPSradiopowerandcoverage,asfaraspossiblethereferencepointsettinghigherpositionofthesurveyedarea,convenienttoobtaincommunicationsdataandreducenumberofdatum.2.3todoagoodjoboffieldmeasurementanddataprocessingInfieldobservations,shouldbeoperatedaccordingtothespecificstepsofinstrumentgradually,andthenselecttheappropriatesoftwarebasedonpracticalneedsforprocessing,processingofdifferentbenchmarksiteshouldalsocoordinatecalculation,toensurethatthecoordinatesofthelocation.2.4doagoodjobbasestationsettingandparameterstosolveWhenusinginstrument,shouldbethecorrectreferencestationcoordinatesandtheheightoftheinstrumentinputdatumstation.Launchdifferencedata,choosetherighttocorrectselectionofbaudrate,inordertomakesurethebasestationsettingaccuracy.Ofsolvingparameters,shouldfirsthandinelectronicbookbeyondstandarddatuminput,thecoordinatesofknowncontrolpointsaremeasured,calculatedconversiondataafterreceivingdataanddataweredetermined.2.5doagoodjobandmanyquickmeasurementAftercompletionofbasicworkshouldalsobemeasuredindetail.Canplacetheroverontheterrainlandformfeaturepointsforeverydetailmeasuringatleasttwoorthreeminutes.Aftercompletionoffieldcollectionworkshouldalsobetimelycollectionandprocessingofdataintodataintheindustry.Intheprocesscanbecollectedoutsidetheindustryintheprocessofpaintingonthebasisofthesketchandthedefaultencodingcompletionfigureintheindustry.,coordinates,onthebasisofthiscodeorelevationinputcorrespondingofficesoftware,andthenwiththecorrespondingsoftwareforprocessing,sothattheRTKtogethereffectively,andthesoftwarefordatadownload..FinallybyeditingtheconvertRTKformatstheRTKdatastoredinthecomputer,maketheRTKdataformat,dataandmappingsoftwaretocreatecertainconditionsformappingintheindustry.2.6doagoodjobmappingAftercompletingtheaboveaseriesofwork,shouldalsobedrawnonmaps.Intheprocessofdrawing,shouldbeonthescaleofsoftwaredebugging,nowmakeitconsistentwiththeactualneedsscale,afterstarttheatcommand,enterthenameofthedata,andaccordingtothefieldtodrawsketch,makeitsformacompletegraphics..Andatthesametimethefieldpointshouldbeinputinthecomputer,withtheschematicsymbollibraryformtheattachment,sothatthespecificationoftopographicmapsoastoensurerelevantworksmoothly.3TheGPS-RTKtechnologyapplicationintopographicsurveyWiththeemergenceofRTKtechnology,rapidpositioningmeasurementismoreandmorerelaxed.AlongwiththecontinuousimprovementofRTKtechnology,appeareddifferentRTKmeasurementsystem.Now,RTKtechnologyintheapplicationsoftopographicsurveyismore.Asmeasuredintheurbanplanninginagivenarea,firsttotheregionterrainconditionsandresidentialpopulationquantityisanalyzed,basedontheanalysisofactualsituationlevelcontrolnetworkinthearea,usingRTKtechnologytocontrolthemeasurement.Inimplementingtheplan,firsttothetraditionalcontrol,detailmeasurementmethodtocarryonthecorrespondingadjustmentandimporttheRTTtechnology,toimprovethetraditionalmeasurementtechniques.Theregionismeasuredbytotalstationauxiliary.WithRTKmeasurementprocesscontrolnetworktocontroltheoverallthicknessdivision,toacertainextent,achievedmorethanbpcontrolpointmeasurement,generalcontrolbenchmarkstationwithin10kilometers.Therefore,intheprocessofthecityterrainmeasurement,themeasurementaccuracyisconsistentwiththeactual,canbecontrolledwithinacertainrangeandaccordwithtechnicalrequirements.Throughtheurbancoordinatedifference,testpoint,alsocanreachacertainstandard.Thethisarealengthismeasuredbytotalstation,thesidelengtherrorvaluesinthestandardrange,cansatisfytheprecision.ApplyRTKtechnologyinurbanplanningandmapping,althoughtherearesomenon-standardparts,andmorecumbersometotest,itisdifficulttoformaunifiedstandard,butwiththecontinuousdevelopmentofdigitaltechnology,themeasuringaccuracyofRTKtechnologywillbeimproved.Inordertobettermeetthedemandofreality,alsoneedtothecorrespondingstudyontheRTKtechnology.4conclusionAlongwiththedevelopmentofengineeringmeasurement,tomeasurethedemandishigherandhigher,notonlytomeetthedemandofbasicmeasurement,butalsotomeetthedemandofmeasuringprecisionandefficiency.Andconventionalmeasuringmethodscan'tmeetthisdemand,theemergenceofRTKtechnology,toacertainextent,meetthedemandofengineeringmeasurement.GPS-RTKwillstillaloneortogetherwiththetotalstationinlandsurveyplaysanimportantrole.AndwillloadtothefunctionofGPS-RTKtotalstationandotherequipment,orotherinstrumentswillbeloadedintothefunctionofGPS-RTKrover,anewgenerationofmulti-functionalinstrument,willbeGPS-RTKinlandsurveyofthedevelopmentdirectioninthefuture.RTKtechnologyusedintopographicsurvey,savealotofpeoplenotonlymaterialresourcesandtime,toacertainextentandimprovethemeasurementefficiencyandaccuracyofmeasurement.However,inpracticalapplicationprocess,alsoshouldpayattentiontothecorrespondingproblems.Withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyconstantly,thetopographicsurveyrequirementswillbehigherrequirements.Inordertobettermeetthedemandoftimesdevelopment,butalsoneedtoincreasetheintensityofengineeringmeasurementtechnologyresearch,toensurethatthetopographicsurveyworksmoothly.目录目录第一章总论 1一、项目概述 1二、可行性研究报告编制依据和范围 2三、项目主要经济技术指标 3四、******国家森林公园概况 3第二章项目背景及必要性 8一、项目背景 8二、项目建设的必要性与可行性 10第三章项目选址分析 13一、项目选址 13二、项目城市概况 13三、经济发展概况 14四、公共设施依托条件及施工条件 17第四章需求分析与建设规模 18一、****国家森林公园现状与存在问题分析 18HYPERLI