2014年考研英语一真题与参

NBF腾讯 报名 统一服务 SectionIUseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Asmanypeoplehitmiddleage,theyoftenstarttonoticethattheirmemoryandmentalclarityarenotwhattheyusedtobe.Wesuddenlycan’tremember weputthekeysjustamomentago,oranoldacquaintance’sname,orthenameofanoldbandweusedtolove.Asthebrain ,werefertotheseoccurrencesas"seniormoments." seeminglyinnocent,thislossofmentalfocuscanpotentiallyhavea(n) social,and Neuroscientists,expertswhostudythenervoussystem,areincreasinglyshowingthatthere’sactuallyalotthatcanbedone.It outthatthebrainneedsexerciseinmuchthesamewayourmusclesdo,andtherightmental cansignificantlyimproveourbasiccognitive .Thinkingisessentiallya ofmakingconnectionsinthebrain.Toacertainextent,ourabilityto inmakingtheconnectionsthatdrivein ,becausetheseconnectionsaremadethrougheffortandpractice,scientistsbelievethatinligencecanexpandandfluctuate mentaleffort.Now,anewWeb-based hastakenitastep anddevelopedthefirst"braintrainingprogram"designedtoactuallyhelppeopleimproveandregaintheirmental 1.[A][B][C][D]2.[A][B][C][D]3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A][B][C][D]5.[A][B][C][D]6.[A][B][C][D]1.[A][B][C][D]2.[A][B][C][D]3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A][B][C][D]5.[A][B][C][D]6.[A][B][C][D]7.[A][B][C][D]8.[A][B][C][D]9.[A][B][C][D]10.[A][B][C][D]11.[A][B][C][D]12.[A]according[B]regardless[C]apart[D]instead13.[A][B][C][D]14.[A][B][C][D] [B][C][D]16.[A][B][C][D]17.[A][B][C][D]18.[A][B][C][D]19.[A][B][C][D]20.[A][B][C][D]SectionⅡReadingPartAReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)TextInorderto"changelivesforthebetter"andreduce"dependency"GeorgeOsborne,ChancelloroftheExchequer,introducedthe"upfrontworksearch"scheme.OnlyifthejoblessarriveatthejobcentrewithaCV,registerforonlinejobsearch,andstartlookingforworkwilltheybeeligibleforbenefitandthentheyshouldreportweeklyratherthanfortnightly.Whatcouldbemorereasonable?Moreapparentreasonablenessfollowed.Therewillnowbeaseven-daywaitforthejobseeker’sallowance."Thosefirstfewdaysshouldbespentlookingforwork,notlookingtosignon."heclaimed."We’re ngthesethingsbecauseweknowtheyhelppeoplestayoffbenefitsandhelpthoseonbenefitsgetintoworkfaster."Help?Really?Onfirsthearing,thiswasthesociallyconcernedchancellor,tryingtochangelivesforthebetter,completewith"reforms"toanobviouslyindulgentsystemthatdemandstoolittleeffortfromthenewlyunemployedtofindwork,andsubsidiseslaziness.Whatmotivatedhim,weweretounderstand,washiszealfor"fundamentalfairness"—protectingthetaxpayer,controllingspendingandensuringthatonlythemostdeservingclaimantsreceivedtheirbenefits.Losingajobishurting:youdon’tskipdowntothejobcentrewithasonginyourheart,delightedattheprospectofdoublingyour efromthegenerousstate.Itisfinanciallyterrifying,psychologicallyembarrassingandyouknowthatsupportisminimalandextraordinarilyhardtoget.Youarenownotwanted;yousupportisminimalandextraordinarilyhardtoget.Youarenownotwanted;youarenowexcludedfromtheworkenvironmentthatofferspurposeandstructureinyourlife.Worse,thecrucial etofeedyourselfandyourfamilyandpaythebillshasdisappeared.Askanyonenewlyunemployedwhattheywantandtheanswerisalways:ajob.ButinOsborneland,yourfirstinstinctistofallintodependency—permanentdependencyifyoucangetit—supportedbyastateonlytooreadytoindulgeyourfalsehood.Itisasthough20yearsofever-tougherreformsofthejobsearchandbenefitadministrationsystemneverhappened.TheprincipleofBritishwelfareisnolongerthatyoucaninsureyourselfagainsttheriskofunemploymentandreceiveunconditionalpaymentsifthedisasterhappens.Eventheveryphrase"jobseeker’sallowance"—inventedin1996—isaboutredefiningtheunemployedasa"jobseeker"whohadnomandatoryrighttoabenefitheorshehasearnedthroughmakingnationalinsurancecontributions.Instead,theclaimantreceivesatime-limited"allowance,"conditionalonactivelyseekingajob;noentitlementandnoinsurance,£71.70aweek,oneoftheleastgenerousintheGeorgeOsborne’sschemewasintendedprovidetheunemployedwitheasieraccesstobenefits.[B]encouragejobseekers’activeengagementinjobseeking.[C]motivatetheunemployedtoreportvoluntarily.[D]guaranteejobseekers’legitimaterighttoThephrase,"tosignon"(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablymeans[A]tocheckontheavailabilityofjobsatthejobcentre.[B]toacceptthe ernment’srestrictionsontheallowance.[C]toregisterforanallowancefromthe Whatpromptedthechancellortodevelophis[A]Adesiretosecureabetterlifefor[B]Aneagernesstoprotecttheunemployed.[C]Anurgetobegeneroustotheclaimants.[D]Apassiontoensurefairnessfortaxpayers.AccordingtoParagraph3,beingunemployedmakesonefeelTowhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?[A]TheBritishwelfaresystemindulgesjobseekers’laziness.[B]Osborne’sreformswillreducetheriskofunemployment.[C]Thejobseekers’allowancehasmettheiractualneeds.[D]Unemploymentbenefitsshouldnotbemadeconditional.TextAllaroundtheworld,lawyersgeneratemorehostilitythanthemembersofanyotherprofession—withthepossibleexceptionofjournalism.ButtherearefewceswhereshavemoregroundsforcomintthanAmerica.Duringthedecadebeforetheeconomiccrisis,spendingonlegalservicesinAmericagrewtwiceasfastasinflation.Thebestlawyersmadeskyscrapers-fullofmoney,temptingevermorestudentstopileintolawschools.Butmostlawgraduatesnevergetabig-firmjob.Manyoftheminstead ethekindofnuisance-lawsuitfilerthatmakesthetortsystemacostlynightmare.Therearemanyreasonsforthis.Oneistheexcessivecostsofalegaleducation.ThereisjustonepathforainmostAmericanstates:afour-yearundergraduatedegreeinsomeunrelatedsubject,thenathree-yearlawdegreeatoneof200lawschoolsauthorizedbytheAmericanBarAssociationandanexpensivepreparationforthebarexam.Thisleavestoday’saveragelaw-schoolgraduatewith$100,000ofdebtontopofundergraduatedebts.Law-schooldebtmeansthatmanycannotaffordtogointo ernmentornon-profitwork,andthattheyhavetoworkfearsomelyhard.Reformingthesystemwouldhelpbothlawyersandtheircustomers.Sensibleideashavebeenaroundforalongtime,butthestate-levelbodiesthat erntheprofessionhavebeentooconservativetoimplementthem.Oneideaistoallowpeopletostudylawasanundergraduatedegree.Anotheristoletstudentssitforthebarafteronlytwoyearsoflawschool.Ifthebarexamistrulyasternenoughtestforawould-belawyer,thosewhocansititearliershouldbeallowedtodoso.Studentswhodonotneedtheextratrainingcouldcuttheirdebtmountainbyathird.Theotherreasonwhycostsaresohighistherestrictiveguild-likeownershipstructureofthebusiness.ExceptintheDistrictofColumbia,non-lawyersmaynotownanyshareofalawfirm.Thiskeepsfeeshighandinnovationslow.Thereispressureforchangefromwithintheprofession,butopponentsofchangeamongtheregulatorsinsistthatkeeoutsidersoutofalawfirmisolateslawyersfromthepressuretomakemoneyratherthanserve sethically.Infact,allowingnon-lawyerstoownsharesinlawfirmswouldreducecostsandimproveservicestocustomers,byencouraginglawfirmstousetechnologyandtoemployprofessionalmanagerstofocusonimprovingfirms’efficiency.Afterall,othercountries,suchasAustraliaandBritain,havestartedliberalizingtheirlegalprofessions.AmericashouldAlotofstudentstakeuplawastheirprofessiondueto[A]thegrowingdemandfrom [B]theincreasingpressureofinflation.[C]theprospectofworkinginbigfirms.[D]theattractionoffinancialrewards.WhichofthefollowingaddstothecostsoflegaleducationinmostAmerican[A]Highertuitionfeesforundergraduate[B]Admissionsapprovalfromthebarassociation.[C]Pursuingabachelor’sdegreeinanothermajor.[D]Receivingtrainingbyprofessionalassociations.Hindrancetothereformofthelegalsystemoriginatesfrom[A]lawyers’ands’strong.[B]therigidbodies erningtheprofession.[C]thestemexamforwould-belawyers.[D]non-professionals’sharpcriticism.Theguild-likeownershipstructureisconsidered"restrictive"partlybecauseit[A]bansoutsiders’involvementintheprofession.[B]keepslawyersfromholdinglaw-firmshares.[C]aggravatestheethicalsituationinthetrade.[D]preventslawyersfromgainingdueInthistext,theauthormainlyflawedownershipofAmerica’slawfirmsanditscauses.[B]thefactorsthathelpmakeasuccessfullawyerinAmerica.[C]aprobleminAmerica’slegalprofessionandsolutionstoit.[D]theroleofundergraduatestudiesinAmerica’slegaleducation.TextTheUS$3-millionFundamentalphysicsprizeisindeedaninterestingexperiment,asAlexanderPolyakovsaidwhenheacceptedthisyear’sawardinMarch.Anditisfarfromtheonlyoneofitstype.AsaNewsFeaturearticleinNaturediscusses,astringoflucrative forresearchershavejoinedtheNobelPrizesinrecentyears.Many,liketheFundamentalPhysicsPrize,arefundedfromthe ephone-number-sizedbankaccountsofInternetentrepreneurs.Thesebenefactorshavesucceededintheirchosenfields,theysay,andtheywanttousetheirwealthtodrawattentiontothosewhohavesucceededinscience.What’snottolike?Quitealot,accordingtoahandfulofscientistsquotedintheNewsFeature.Youcannotbuyclass,astheoldsayinggoes,andtheseupstartentrepreneurscannotbuytheirprizestheprestigeoftheNobels.Theareanexerciseinself-promotionforthosebehindthem,sayscientists.Theycoulddistorttheachievement-basedsystemofpeer-review-ledresearch.Theycouldcementthestatusquoofpeer-reviewedresearch.Theydonotfundpeer-reviewedresearch.TheyperpetuatethemythoftheloneThegoalsoftheprize-giversseemasscatteredasthecriticism.Somewanttoshock,otherstodrawpeopleintoscience,ortobetterrewardthosewhohavemadetheircareersinresearch.AsNaturehaspointedoutbefore,therearesomelegitimateconcernsabouthowscienceprizes—bothnewand—aredistributed.TheBreakthroughPrizeinLifeSciences,launchedthisyear,takesanunrepresentativeviewofwhatthelifesciencesinclude.ButtheNobelFoundation’slimitofthreerecipientsperprize,eachofwhommuststillbeliving,haslongbeenoutgrownbythecollaborativenatureofmodernresearch—aswillbedemonstratedbytheinevitablerowoverwhoisignoredwhenitcomestoacknowledgingthediscoveryoftheHiggsboson.TheNobelswere,ofcourse,themselvessetupbyaveryrichindividualwhohaddecidedwhathewantedtodowithhisownmoney.Time,ratherthanintention,hasgiventhemlegitimacy.Asmuchassomescientistsmaycominaboutthenew ,twothingsseemclear.First,mostresearcherswouldacceptsuchaprizeiftheywereofferedone.Second,itissurelyagoodthingthatthemoneyandattentioncometoscienceratherthangoelsewhere,Itisfairtocriticizeandquestionthemechanism—thatisthecultureofresearch,afterall—butitistheprize-givers’moneytodowithastheyplease.ItiswisetotakesuchgiftswithgratitudeandTheFundamentalPhysicsPrizeisseenas[A]asymboloftheentrepreneurs’wealth.[B]apossiblerecementoftheNobelPrizes.[C]anexampleofbankers’investments.[D]ahandsomerewardforThecriticsthinkthatthe willmosttheprofit-orientedscientists.[B]thefoundersofthenew [C]theachievement-basedsystem.[D]peer-review-ledresearch.ThediscoveryoftheHiggsbosonisatypicalcasewhichinvolves[A]controversiesovertherecipients’status.[B]thejointeffortofmodernresearchers.[C]legitimateconcernsoverthenewprizes.[D]thedemonstrationofresearchfindings.AccordingtoParagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueoftheNobels?[A]Theirendurancehasdonejusticetothem.[B]Theirlegitimacyhaslongbeenindispute.[C]Theyarethemostrepresentativehonor.[D]Historyhasnevercastdoubtonthem.Theauthorbelievesthatthenow [A]acceptabledespitethecriticism.[B]harmfultothecultureofresearch.[C]subjecttoundesirablechanges.[D]unworthyofpublicattention.Text"TheHeartoftheMatter,"thejust-releasedreportbytheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciences(AAAS),deservespraiseforaffirmingtheimportanceofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencestotheprosperityandsecurityofliberaldemocracyinAmerica.Regrettably,however,thereport’sfailuretoaddressthetruenatureofthecrisisfacingliberaleducationmaycausemoreharmthangood.In2010,leadingcongressionalDemocratsandRepublicanssentletterstotheAAASaskingthatitidentifyactionsthatcouldbetakenby"federal,stateandlocal ernments,universities,foundations,educators,individualbenefactorsandothers"to"maintainnationalexcellenceinhumanitiesandsocialscientificscholarshipandeducation."Inresponse,theAmericanAcademyformedtheCommissionontheHumanitiesandSocialSciences.Amongthecommission’s51membersaretop-tier-universitys,scholars,lawyers,judges,andbusinessexecutives,aswellasprominentfiguresfromdiplomacy,filmmaking,musicandjournalism.Thegoalsidentifiedinthereportaregenerallyadmirable.Becauserepresentative ernmentpresupposesaninformedcitizenry,thereportsupportsfullli cy;stressesthestudyofhistoryand ernment,particularlyAmericanhistoryandAmerican ernment;andencouragestheuseofnewdigital.Toencourageinnovationandcompetition,thereportcallsforincreasedinvestmentinresearch,thecraftingofcoherentcurriculathatimprovestudents’abilitytosolveproblemsandcommunicateeffectivelyinthe21stcentury,increasedfundingforteacherstheencouragementofscholarstobringtheirlearningtobearonthegreatchallengesoftheday.Thereportalsoadvocatesgreaterstudyofforeignlanguages,internationalaffairsandtheexpansionofstudyabroad y,despite2½yearsinthemaking,"TheHeartoftheMatter"nevergetstotheheartofthematter:theilliberalnatureofliberaleducationatourleadingcollegesanduniversities.ThecommissionignoresthatforseveraldecadesAmerica'scollegesanduniversitieshaveproducedgraduateswhodon’tknowthecontentandcharacterofliberaleducationandarethusdeprivedofitsbenefits.Sadly,thespiritofinquiryonceathomeoncampushasbeenrecedbytheuseofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesasvehiclesforpublicizing"progressive,"orleft-liberalToday,professorsroutinelytreattheprogressiveinterpretationofhistoryandprogressivepublicasthepropersubjectofstudywhileportrayingconservativeorclassicalliberalideas—suchas marketsandself-reliance—asfallingoutsidetheboundariesofroutine,andsometimeslegitimate, lectualTheAAASdisysgreatenthusiasmforliberaleducation.YetitsreportmaywellsetbackreformbyobscuringthedepthandbreadthofthechallengethatCongressaskedittoilluminate.AccordingtoParagraph1,whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardtheAAAS’sInfluentialfiguresintheCongressrequiredthattheAAASreportonhowdefine ernment’sroleinkeepaleadingpositioninliberalsafeguardindividuals’rightstoAccordingtoParagraph3,thereportanexclusivestudyofAmericanagreateremphasisontheoreticaltheapplicationofemergingfundingforthestudyofforeignTheauthorimpliesinParagraph5thatprofessorssupportiveofcautiousaboutinlectualbiasedagainstclassicalliberalWhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitlefortheWaystoGrasp"TheHeartoftheIlliberalEducationand"TheHeartoftheTheAAAS’sContributiontoLiberalPartBThefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsAandEhavebeencorrectlycedMarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET(10points)Somearchaeologicalsiteshavealwaysbeeneasilyobservable—forexample,theParthenoninAthens,Greece,thepyramidsofGizainEgypt;andthemegalithsofStonehengeinsouthernEngland.Butthesesitesareexceptionstothenorm.Mostarchaeologicalsiteshavebeenlocatedbymeansofcarefulsearching,whilemanyothershavebeendiscoveredbyaccident.OlduvaiGorge,anearlyhominidsiteinTanzania,wasfoundbyabutterflyhunterwholillyfellintoitsdeepvalleyin1911.ThousandsofAztecartifactscametolightduringthediggingoftheMexicoCitysubwayinthe1970s.Inanothercase,AmericanarchaeologistsReneMillionandGeorgeCowgillspentyearssystematicallymaptheentirecityofTeotihuacanintheValleyofMexiconearwhatisnowMexicoCity.AtitspeakaroundAD600,thiscitywasoneofthelargesthumansettlementsintheworld.Theresearchersmappednotonlythecity’svastandornateceremonialareas,butalsohundredsofsimplerapartmentcomplexeswherecommonpeoplelived.Howdoarchaeologistsknowwheretofindwhattheyarelookingforwhenthereisnothingvisibleonthesurfaceoftheground?Typically,theysurveyandsample(maketestexcavationson)largeareasofterraintodeterminewhereexcavationwillyieldusefulinformation.Surveysandtestsampleshavealso eimportantforunderstandingthelargerlandscapesthatcontainarchaeologicalsites.Surveyscancoverasinglelargesettlementorentirelandscapes.Inonecase,manyresearchersworkingaroundtheancientMayacityofCopan,Honduras,havelocatedhundredsofsmallruralvillagesandindividualdwellingsbyusingaerialphotographsandbymakingsurveysonfoot.TheresultingsettlementmapsshowhowthedistributionanddensityoftheruralpopulationaroundthecitychangeddramaticallybetweenAD500and850,whenCopanTofindtheirsites,archaeologiststodayrelyheavilyonsystematicsurveymethodsandavarietyofhigh-technologytoolsandtechniques.Airborne,suchasdifferenttypesofradarandphotographicequipmentcarriedbyairnesorspacecraft,allowarchaeologiststolearnaboutwhatliesbeneaththegroundwithoutdigging.Aerialsurveyslocategeneralareasofinterestorlargerburiedfeatures,suchasancientbuildingsorfields.Mostarchaeologicalsites,however,arediscoveredbyarchaeologistswhohavesetouttolookforthem.Suchsearchescantakeyears.BritisharchaeologistHowardCarterknewthatthetomboftheEgyptianpharaoh hamunexistedfrominformationfoundinothersites.CartersiftedthroughrubbleintheValleyoftheKingsforsevenyearsbeforehelocatedthetombin1922.Inthelate1800sBritisharchaeologistSirArthurEvancombedantiquedealers’storesinAthens,Greece.HewassearchingfortinyengravedsealsattributedtotheancientMycenaeanculturethatdominatedGreecefromthe1400sto1200sBC.Evans’sinterpretationsoftheseengravingseventuallyledhimtofindtheMinoanpalaceatKnossos(Knossós)ontheislandofCrete,in1900.Groundsurveysallowarchaeologiststopinpointtheceswheredigswillbesuccessful.Mostgroundsurveysinvolvealotofwalking,lookingforsurfacecluessuchassmallfragmentsofpottery.Theyoftenincludeacertainamountofdiggingtotestforburiedmaterialsatselectedpointsacrossalandscape.Archaeologistsalsomaylocateburiedremainsbyusingsuchasgroundradar,magnetic-fieldrecording,andmetaldetectors.Archaeologistscommonlyusecomputerstomapsitesandthelandscapesaroundsites.Twoandthree-dimensionalmapsarehelpfultoolsinnningexcavations,illustratinghowsiteslook,andpresentingtheresultsofarchaeologicalresearch.→A→42.→E→43.→44. 44.DPartCReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Musicmeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeopleandsometimesevendifferentthingstothesameatdifferentmomentsofhislife.Itmightbepoetic,philosophical,,orbutinanycaseitmust,inmyview,havesomethingtodowiththesoulofthehumanbeing.Henceitismetaphysical;butthemeansofexpressionispurelyandexclusivelyphysical:sound.Ibelieveitispreciselythispermanentcoexistenceofmetaphysicalmessagethroughphysicalmeansthatisthestrengthofmusic.(46)Itisalsothereasonwhywhenwetrytodescribemusicwithwords,allwecandoisarticulateourreactionstoit,andnotgraspmusicitself.Beethoven’simportanceinmusichasbeenprincipallydefinedbytherevolutionarynatureofhisIfeelinhislateworksawilltobreakallsignsofcontinuity.Themusicisabruptandseeminglydisconnected,asinthelastpianosonata.Inmusicalexpression,hedidnotfeelrestrainedbytheweightofconvention.(47)Byallaccountshewasathinking ,andacourageousone,andIfindcourageanessentialqualityfortheunderstanding,letalonetheperformance,ofhisworks.Thiscourageousattitudeinfact esarequirementfortheperformersofBeethoven’smusic.Hiscompositionsdemandtheperformertoshowcourage,forexampleintheuseofdynamics.itwithasuddensoftpassagewasonlyrarelyusedbycomposersbeforehim.Beethovenwasadeeplypoliticalmaninthebroadestsenseoftheword.Hewasnotinterestedindailypolitics,butconcernedwithquestionsofmoralbehaviorandthelargerquestionsofrightwrongaffectingtheentiresociety.(49)Especiallysignificantwashisviewofdom,which,him,wasassociatedwiththerightsandresponsibilitiesoftheindividual:headvocateddomofthoughtandofalexpression.Beethoven’smusictendstomovefromchaostoorderasiforderwereanimperativeofhumanexistence.Forhim,orderdoesnotresultfromforgettingorignoringthedisordersthatourexistence;ItisnotbychancethattheFuneralMarchisnotthelastmovementoftheEroicaSymphony,butthesecond,sothatsufferingdoesnothavethelastword.(50)OnecouldinterpretmuchoftheworkofNBF考研班译文：SectionⅢPartWritealetterofabout100wordstotheofyouruniversity,suggestinghowtostudents’physicalYoushouldincludethedetailsyouthinknecessary.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)DearMr.Iamastudentfr