中考英语语法-现在完成时

中考语法——现在完成时(1)一、同步知识梳理一、构成现在完成时由“助动词have/has+动词的过去分词”构成。二、现在完成时的肯定、否定和疑问句式(1)肯定句式现在完成时的肯定句式是“主语+hav”has+过去分词+其他”。如：IhavebeentoAmericamanytimes.我己经去过美国许多次了。注意：“主语+have/has”的缩写形式：Ihave--I've shehas—she's youhave-you'vehehas-he's wehave-we've ithas->it'stheyhave_*they've⑵否定句式现在完成时的否定句式是“主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他”。如：Wehaven'tseensuchaninterestingfilmbefore.我们以前没看过这么有趣的电影。Shehasn'tlearnedChinesesinceshecametoChina.自从她来到中国，她就没学过汉语。注意：<4have/has+notM的缩写形式:havenot-*haven'thasnotfhasn't⑶一般疑问句式现在完成时的一般疑问句式是把助动词have/has提到主语之前。如：Haveyoureadthispaperyet?你已经看过这份报纸了吗？Yes,Ihave./No,Ihaven't.是的，我看过。/不，我没看过。—HasshebeentoShanghaiyet?她去过上海吗？—Yes,shehas./No,shehasn't.是的,她去过。/不，她没去过。注意：现在完成时的一般疑问句的回答和其他时态的一般疑问句的回答一样，需用Yes或N。，即“Yes,主语+have/has."或“No,主语+haverTt/hasn't.⑷特殊疑问句式现在完成时的特殊疑问句式是“特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+过去分词+其他？”如:HowlonghaveyoutaughtEnglish?你教英语多长时间了？Wherehaveyoubeen?你去过哪儿？三、过去分词的变化有些动词的过去分词和过去式的变化形式相同，其变化情况大致分类如下：变化举例与原形相同hit-hit-hithurt-*hurt-*hurt在原形后加她t或d learn-*learnt-*learnthear-*heard-*heard原形中的元音字母有变化get-*got-*gotsit-*sat-*sat原形中的辅音字母有变化make^made-*madespill—spilt—spilt原形中的元音、辅音字母都有变化feel-*felt-*feltsmell-*smelt^smelt有些动词的过去分词和过去式的变化形式不同，其变化情况大致分类如卜.:变化举例与原形相同come-*came-*comerun-*ran-*run原形中的元音字母有变化ring-*rang-*rungsing-*sang-*sang在原形后加en eat--ate-*eatenfall-*fell-*fallen在原形后加nsee-*saw-*seengive-*gave-*given在过去式后加nsteaI-*stoIe-*stoIenbreak-*broke-*broken原形、过去式和过去分词词形差异较大do-*did-donego-*went-*gone四、现在分词的定义及用法用法一：表示过去某个时间开始的动作或存在的状态，一直持续到现在并可能还将持续下去。动词使用延续性动词,be,study,work,live,keep,wait等。常与for或since引导的时间连用for+段时间 fortenminutesforthreeyearssince+过去点时间 since1985since+时间状语从句（一般过去时）sincelastmonthsince+段时间+ag。带有all的常见时间状语:allday,allthismorning,alloneTslife带到现在为止的时间状语:sofar,uptonow,tillnow,eversince（迄今）其他常见时间状语in/during/overthepast/lastfewyears（在过去几年里）备注：thesedays既可以用于现在进行时也可以用于现在完成时具体的几组时间短语辨析ago用于一般过去时（用瞬间动词）;since...ago用于现在完成时；inthepast用于一般过去时；inthepastfewyears用于现在完成时;justnow（置于句末）用于一般过去时;just（置于句中）用于现在完成时。如：Iboughtthisdictionarythreeyearsago.=1havehadthisdictionaryforthreeyears.=1havehadthisdictionarysincethreeyearsago.这本字典是我三年前买的。还可以用“Itis/hasbeen+时间段+since从句”改写为:ItisthreeyearssinceIboughtthisdictionary.EgKatehaslivedherefor3years.Katehaslivedheresince3yearsago.KatehaslivedheresinceshecametoChina.Ihavesatforhoursintheclassroom,readinganovel.Theweatherhasbeencoldsofarthismorning.Howlonghaveyoubeenhere?-Ihavebeenhereforanhour.小练笔.一用since和for填空JimhasbeeninIrelandMonday.JillhasbeeninIrelandthreedays.HisaunthaslivedinAustralia15days.Maryisinheroffice.Shehasbeenthere7o'clock.Indiahasbeenanindependentcountry1974.Thebusislate.They'vebeenwaiting20minutes.Nobodylivesinthosehouses.Theyhavebeenemptymanyyears.Mikehasbeenillalongtime.HehasbeeninhospitalOctober.Wehavelivedhere1990.Howlonghaveyoustudiedhere? 5years.Theboyhashadabadcoldlastnight.Mr.Huanghaskeptthebooksaweekago.14.1havetaughtintheschoolIcamehere.15.Wehavebeenfriendsalongtime.注意点：对由for/since引导的现在完成时的时间状语，提问都用Howlong,要与when区分开来。Hehasbeenawaysincelastweek.Hehasbeenawayforoneweek.小练笔：Mr.GreeninChinasincefiveyearsago.A.lived B.haslivedC.lives D.isgoingtoliveWehavebeenfriendssince.A.childrenB.fiveyearsC.fiveyearsagoD.fiveyearsbeforeMrs.WanghaslivedinHaikou1992.A.since B.from C.after D.in—Whatanicebike!Howlongyouit?——Justfiveweeks.A.will;buyB.did;buyC.are;havingD.have;had—Howlonghaveyoubeenhere?—lastmonth.A.For B.Until C.Before D.SinceWehavelivedherefiveyearsago.A.whenB.since C.before D.a代erHisbrotherhasbeentoStoneForesttwicehecametoYunnan.A.AfterB.before C.since D.for一Howlonghaveyouhere?—Abouttwomonths.A.beenB.gone C.comeD.arrived9.1(work)heresinceI(move)herein1999.用法二：表示过去发生的某•动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果.现在完成时这•时态强调是过去动作与现在的联系.用于肯定句中不与for,since连用。非持续性动词begin,giveout,go,meet,see,change,pass,fix,die.常用的模糊的时间状语有:already,once,before,once,twice…，just,recently,yet(否/疑),already(肯)，ever,never,但不能与表示明确时间的时间状语连用,如in1974,yesterdaymorning,lastyear等。Eddiehaseatenmyfood.Ihavechangedmyplanadaybefore.Hehascleanedtheblackboard.Haveyoueverconsideredmovingtothesouth?Hashevisitedthecitytwice?TheyhavejustjoinedourcomputertotheInternet.注：非延续性动词不能表动作持续，所以肯定句不能与for,since一起HehasarrivedherefortwohoursXHehasbeenherefortwohours.VWehaveboughtaDVDforaweek.XWehadhad/keptaDVDforaweek.J但是否定句不受限制。Haven,tseenyouforalongtime.Wehaven'theardfromhersincelastweek.用法三。从过去到现在反更发生的动作，多次出现的状态.often,always,everyweekHehasalwayssaidso.rveoftenseenhiminthesciencemuseum.五、.现在完成时态中already,yet,just,never,ever用法区别1、already意思是“已经”①通常用于陈述句中（放在have和has的后面）②也可用于疑问句，表示期望得到肯定的回答或表示惊异，此时already常放在句末。Hasshefoundherbikealready?她已经找到自彳j车了？2、yet用法①yet可用于否定句，此时译为"还”;Ihaventtfoundmyruleryet.②也可以用于疑问句，译为“已经”（放在have和has的后面也可放在句末）Haveyoufoundyourruleryet?你已经找到尺子「吗?3、just只用于陈述句意思是“刚刚”（放在have和has的后面）Ihavejustreceivedaletter.4、never用于否定句译为"从不"（放在have和has的后面）veneverbeentoBeijing.5、ever用于疑问句译为“曾经”（放在have和has的后面）HaveyoueverbeentoBeijing?Use“nevecever,already,just,yet,"tofillintheblanks.haveseenhimbefore,soIhavenoideaabouthim.Jackhasfinishedhishomework.“Haveyouseenthefilm?” “No,Ihaveseenit.”“Hasthebusleft?” “Yes,ithasleft.”二、考点精练一、单项选择( )1.-Canyoufindourcityalotinrecentyears?-Yes.Theroadiswiderandthebuildingsaretaller.A.haschanged Bchanges Cchanged D.willchange( )2.I'mnothungrybecauseIhavehadlunchAever Bnever C.just D.still( )3.Hecamebacklate,sohisfatherwasveryangry.(选出与画线部分意思相同或相近的一项)AarrivedBgavebackCreturnedD.reached( )4.Sheusedtoabustoschool,butnowsheisusedtotoschool.Ataking;walk Btake;walkCtaking;walking D.take;walking( )5.Shefortenyearsandnowshehasalovelydaughter.A.married BhasbeenmarriedC.gotmarried D.hasgotmarried二、根据句意及中文提示完成单词Whatwasyourhometownlikeinthe(过去)?Doyouknowwhatyoushoulddoat(现在，目前)？Ithinktherewillbemore(污染)infiftyyears.三、用所给单词的适当形式填空-GuoTao'snewbookabouthisstorieswithhisson(come)out.-Really?Whynotgotothebookshopandbuyonerightnow?Yanchengisinthe(north)partofJiangsu.LiJianrouwas(interview)shortlyaftershewonthefirstgoldmedalforChinainthe22ndWinterOlympicGames.Itisnecessaryforus(listen)carefullyinclass.【参考答案】一、1—5ACCDB—.1.past.2.present3.pollution三.1.hascome2.northern3.interviewed4.tolisten现在完成时（二）一、知识梳理一1、have/hasbeento；have/hasgoneto和have/hasbeenin的用法“have/hasbeento+地点名词”表示“去过某地”，表示某人的一种经历，说话时已不在那个地方，常和once,twice,often,never,ever等连用。如:一Wherehaveyoubeen?你去哪儿了？一I'vebeentothepostoffice.我去邮局了。（人已不在邮局）•HaveyoueverbeentoShanghai?你曾去过上海吗？—*No,I'veneverbeenthere.没有,我从来没有去过那儿。“have/hasgonet。+地点名词”表示“去了某地”，说话时某人己离开此地，在去某地的路上、已在某地或在回来的路上，所以一般来说此句型只能用于笫三人称，不能与时间状语once,twice,often,never,ever等连用。如：一WhereisSimon?西蒙在哪儿？一HehasgonetoAustraliawithhisfarrdly.他和家人一起去澳大利亚了。（人已不在这儿。在去澳大利亚的路上、已在澳大利亚或在从澳大利亚返回的途中。）“have/hasbeenin十地点名词”表示“某人在某地待了（多久）”，常与表示一段时间的状语连用（即与for/since引导的时间状语连用）。如：Mr.BrownhasbeeninShanghaiforthreedays.布朗先生来上海已经三天了。HowlonghaveyoubeeninNewYork?你在纽约多久了？▲注意：注意遇到四个地点副词要去掉to/in,这五个地点副词是：where,here,there,home,abroad小练笔用havegoneto/havebeento/havebeenin/wentto填空。.youeverDisneyland?.HowmanytimesyouDisneyland?NanjingsincetwoyearsagoMr.LiHongKong.Andhe'llcomebackintwodays.—HowlongyouDisneyland?-Forthreedays.IthethemeparklastSunday.MyfatherHongKongtwoweeksago.MyfatherHongKongin2005.MyfatherHongKongsince2005.MyfatherHongKongtwice.MyfatherHongKongandhehasn'tcomebackyet.一Where'sLucy?—Shehastoarestaurantforlunch.Haveyoutothisparkbefore..1havethereonlyoncethisyear.Shehastotheshoptobuyanotebook.You'relate,LaoWanghastoGuangzhou.二、for和since的用法区别.说明动作延续时间的长度，后面接时间，且只能是“一段”时间，这时应用“for+一段时间”。如：HehaslearnedEnglishfortwoyears.他已学了两年英语。.说明动作起始时间，后面接时间，只能是“点”时间，即“since+表示过去的一个时间点”。另外，since后也可接时间状语从句，但从句中必须用一般过去时态。如：Ihavestudiedheresince2006.自从2006年以来，我一直在这儿学习。Ihaveknownhersinceshewasachild.她还是个孩子时，我就认识她了。注:1）对for或since引导的时间状语提问必须用howlong,决不能用when.Eg.Ihavelivedherefor10years.画线提问：haveyoulivedhere?注2）:短暂性动词不能和for或since引导的时间状语连用，当然也不能用于howlong引导的问句中Eg.(误)1havelefttherefor5years.(正)1havebeenawaytherefor5years.练习：选用for和since填空：.Wehaven'tseeneachotheralongtime..HisfatherhasbeenintheParty10yearsago..Thefilmhasbeenon20minutes..MrGreenhasworkedherehecametoChina..Hisgrandparentshavebeendeadseveralyears..It'sfiveyearswemetlasttime.三、延续性动词和非延续性动词.延续性动词可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。常见的延续性动词有：be,have,know,live,work,study,learn,teach,speak,talk,draw,wait,walk,sleep等。如:Wehavealreadywaitedherefortwohours.我们已经在这儿等了两个小时了。.非延续性动词又称短暂性动词或瞬间动词，即动作发生就立即结束，并产生某种结果。非延续性动词可以用于现在完成时中，但是不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。如果要表示动作的延续，就需要将其转换为延续性动词或表示状态的词。如：Thefilmhasstarted.电影已经开始了。Thefilmhasbeenonfortwohours.电影已经开始两个小时了。常见的非延续性动词和对应的延续性动词或表示状态的词有：die-*bedeadstop-beoverdie-*bedeadborrow->keepbuy/catch-*havecome/arrive/go-*bein/atleave-*beaway(from)close-beclosedgetmarried-bemarried;join-*bein/beamemberofborrow->keepbuy/catch-*havecome/arrive/go-*bein/atleave-*beaway(from)close-beclosedgetmarried-bemarried;join-*bein/beamemberofbuy-havegetup-*beupfinish/stop-*beoveropen-*beopenbegin/start-*beonmarry-*bemarriedcatchacold—haveacoldfallill—beillfallasleep—beasleepfallill—beill二、常考考点分析(一)考查现在完成时的一般用法()1.Kitty,willyougotoseethefilmColdMountainthisevening?No,Iwon,t.Iitalready.A.sawB.haveseenC.seeD.willsee()2.GonewiththeWindisawell—knownnovel.Sheittwice.A.readB.isreadingC.readsD.hasread()3.Howlongyouhere?Forabouttwoyearssofar.A.have;studiedB.did;liveC.do;stayD.havechanged（二）考查非延续性动词与一段时间连用的表达方式()1.Oh.Mrs.king,yourdresslooksnice.Isitnew?No,Iitsincetwoyearsago.haveboughtA.hadB.havehadC.bought()2.Jeffborrowedahistorybookfromhisfriend.Heitforaweek.haveboughtA.hasborrowedB.haslentC.haskeptD.lend( )3.Thestudentsaresorrytohearthatthefamoussingerforhalfanhour.A.hasleftB.hasgoneC.hasbeenawayD.hasgoneaway(三)考查have/hasbeento,have/hasgoneto与have/hasbeenin的区别()1.Where'syourfather?He Shanghai.He'IIbebacknextweek.A.hasgonetoB.hasbeentoC.havegonetoD.havebeento()2.WhereisDavid?HetoEnglandonbusiness.A.isgoingB.hasgoneC.hasbeenD.goes()3.—youevertotheUnitedStates?---Yes,twice.A.Have;gon