专业英语2004b国际商务英语方向答案

2004年攻读入学考试IDefinethefollowingtermsintradediversion:thetradeeffectthattheformerlow-costimportsfromnon-membershipcountriesarerecedbythehighercostimportsfromthemembercountriesofacustomsductportfolio:aproductstrategyinwhichafirmmaintainsacertaincombinationofanew,growingandmatureductlifecycle:theprocessofproductfromappearingonthemarkettodisappearingonthemarket,includingintroduction,growth,maturityandconcessionaryfinance:thecommercialbanksprovideconcessionaryfinancetotheexportersforfinancingtheexportsofeligiblecommoditiesoncase-by-casebasisagainstindividualFirmExportOrderorIrrevocableLetterofCredit.5MaastrichitTreaty:TreatysignedbyEuropeanCommonMarketheadsinDec.1991,whosemainpurposeistoenhancetheEconomicandMonetaryUnion(EMU)andtobuildacentralbankofEuropeandissueacommonfundamentaldisequilibrium:A“fundamentaldisequilibrium”existswhenoutwardpaymentshaveacontinuingtendencynottobalanceinwardhigh-contextculture:aculturewherecommunicationdependsonthedegreetowhichmeaningcomesfromthesettingorfromwordsbeingexchanged.car:acombinationofindependentofteninternationalcompaniesintendedtolimitcompetitionandincreaseprofits.IIReadthefollowingpassageandchooseasentencefromthelisttofillinthegapsbelow1B2E3J4G5A6.D7H8III.ReadthearticlebelowandanswerthequestionthathasaverylargetradesurpluswiththeUnitedStates.TheAmericanernmentthoughtthattheeexportswerecheaperbecauseoftheundervaluedRMB.AndhastheworldsecondlargestreservesFirst,bothJapanandGermanyhavegreattradesurpluswiththeUS,however,theUSdidn’tbringupanyobjectiontowardsthem.Second,cheaperimportsfromhavebenefitedAmericanconsumers,increasedtheire;andalsohelptheAmericanindustries.Becausethemoneysavedcanbeusedtobuymorecapitalgoods.Third,’sbuyingheavilyintheUSdebtmarkethashelpedtokeepthemarketstabilityoftheUS.TheUSconsidersasapotentialrivalofitsglobalThelargeamountofreservecanbeapowerfulleverageforovertheUSernmentandurgeittotheUS ernmenttotakestandsthatweremoreto’sthinking.What’smorethatifdumpeditsholdingsontothemarketwouldbequickanddevastatingtotheAmericanCheaper-madeexportsintotheUShaveincreasedtheirreale;andalsohelpedtheAmericanindustries.Becausethemoneysavedcanbeusedtobuymorecapital-intensivegoods.Moreimportantly’sbuyingheavilyintheUSdebtmarkethascontributedtomuchlowerinterestrateswhichkeeptheUSeconomyfromfallingfurtherandfaster.TheUnitedStatesarguesthatthe ernmentshouldrevalueRMB.ActuallythestabilityofRMBhascontributedalottothedevelopmentoftheglobaleconomy,aswellastheUSeconomy.AndtheUSblamesthetradesurplusfortheundervaluedcurrency.Thisisridiculous.Actuallyitisbecauseofthelower-costworkersE-C信工具，如电报，和因特网。了。从最简单的层面来说，就是贸易政策，资本控制和限制等影响货物和要素市场的因素但是也包括更宽泛的法律和惯例部署为公共产品提权保护，合同强制执行，稳定和可预测的货币和财政政策，摆脱贿赂和困扰或通过租赁转移资源。根据这个计划，整个世界经济的历史轨迹不是线形了,而呈现出环行轨迹,这与二十世纪总体处于全球化的异常时期的观点相一致.但是须抛弃一切企图获得象哲学理论的妄想.因为世界经济还没有变成一个圆在久远的过去,世界经济从模型的左上开始起步那时这两种力量在推动全球化中的力量很微弱.,融合市场的科技尚不成熟,政治和机构的保护还很薄弱.,因此,.远距离两地之间的货物和要素成本非常高.到了十六,十七世纪,一些因素开始发生了变化,但在这一时段更强调政治和机构的变化从模型的最左端向最右端移动.和航海科技的进步微乎其微,固执地坚持各国之间甚少的贸易往来，缺少创新。在初始阶段的经历,也有人犹豫地称作全球化的原始时期,是绝对不一样的,C-EInthecurrenteconomicsituation,exchangestabilityisfavorabletoeconomicdevelopment.However,facingthepressuretoappreciaterenminbi,ernmentshouldmakenecessarystrategicadjustments.Objectively,therearebothadvantagesanddisadvantagestokeepexchangeratestableandinsistonnoappreciation.Thedisadvantagesarethatthismayleadtoexcessiveexportandexcessiveuseofforeigncapitals.Largereserveofassetsindollarsislikelytoresultinupsetofdomesticandabroadforeignexchangemarketandinflowofinternationalhotmoney.Moreover,stableexchangerateaddsthedifficultytocontrolofthemoneysupplyanditeshardtouseinterestrateExchangerateisnotamajorfactorthataffectstheeconomicdevelopment.Foranindependenteconomicentity,exchangerateisonlyoneoftheeconomicvariablesthatshouldbeconsidered,butnotthemostimportant.IthasbeentestedbytheAsianfinancialcrisisthatinsistingonthestableexchangerateofRMBdidnotaffecttheeconomicdevelopmentspeed.Exchangeratestabilityitselfisoneofthegoalsformacroeconomicdevelopment.Concerningwiththeexchangeratelevels,regulationonexchangerateformationandexchangeratestability,stabilitygainsthepriority,thenregulationsandratelevels.Stabilityisthemostimportant.Besides,itisacomplicatedprocesstodetermineexchangerate.Byfar,wehavenotbeenabletomasterthedecisivefactorandinterrelationsofthesefactors.Foralargecountrylike,whethertheprevailingrateissuitabledependsonthedomesticeconomicsituation.Thefocusistheoperationconditionsandsustainabilityofeconomicdevelopmentunderthisexchangerateregulationsandlevels.Confrontedwiththepressureofappreciation,thestrategicadjustmentsinthefutureshouldbeinclude:Graduallyeasecontrolsoncapitalitems,encouragedomesticfirmstoparticipateintheinternationaleconomyandlegalizethepurchaseofforeignstocksandbondsandopenothercapitalitems.Adjustexportrebates,reducingthetensionofIntermsoftheforeignchangethetraditionalthinkingthatitisanhonortoearnmoreforeignexchangethroughexportandtheone-sidedstrategyofattractingforeigninvestment.HedgetheexchangereservetoincreasethetensionofmonetaryReducethespeculationtensionbroughtbyshort-termincreaseofforeignIncreasethefloatingextentorchangetopegtoabasketofGraduallyincreasetheflexibilityofexchangeratesystem.VIMemorandumWritingDate:Oct.26thTo:JohnJohnson,viseFrom:Laura,salesteamleaderRe:meetingonsalesOnOctober24th2004,oursalesteamorganizedameetingtoworkoutnewsalesproposalforthenextseason.Jacky,KevinandVivian,JocelynandMikeparticipatedthemeetings.Wenowhaveentrenchedourcompetitivepositionoverotherrivalsonthemarket.Thebusinesshasbeenmature.Nextweareintendedtoconsolidatethegoodimageofour amongtheconsumersandrewardourloyalregularcustomers,soastoattractmorepotentialcustomers.Thepromotioncanbedividedintothreeparts.(1)Partonefocusesontheuniversitycampus.Purchasingmadebyuniversitystudentsconstituteslargepartofthesales.Wepreparetoholdaspecialsaleonseveralcampsofferingfavorablediscountingprice,aswellasmini-packagesamples.Wewillwithcooperatetheuniversitystudentsuniontoworkoutthispart.(2)Parttwofocusesonthesupermarket.Therewillbeapromotionsaleslastingaboutamonthinallthemajor