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应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译Unit1TheRootsofChemistryI.Comprehension.1。C2.B3.D4.C5.BII。Makeasentenceoutofeachitembyrearrangingthewordsinbrackets.1.Thepurificationofanorganiccompoundisusuallyamatterofconsiderabledifficulty,anditisnecessarytoemployvariousmethodsforthispurpose。2.Scienceisanever-increasingbodyofaccumulatedandsystematizedknowledgeandisalsoanactivitybywhichknowledgeisgenerated。3.Life,afterall,isonlychemistry,infact,asmallexampleofchemistryobservedonasinglemundaneplanet。4.Peoplearemadeofmolecules;someofthemoleculesinpeoplearerathersimplewhereasothersarehighlycomplex。5.Chemistryiseverpresentinourlivesfrombirthtodeathbecausewithoutchemistrythereisneitherlifenordeath.6.Mathematicsappearstobealmostashumankindandalsopermeatesallaspectsofhumanlife,althoughmanyofusarenotfullyawareofthis.III。Translation.1.(a)chemicalprocess(b)naturalscience(c)thetechniqueofdistillation2.Itistheatomsthatmakeupiron,water,oxygenandthelike/andsoon/andsoforth/andotherwise.3.Chemistryhasaverylonghistory,infact,humanactivityinchemistrygoesbacktoprerecordedtimes/predatingrecordedtimes.4.Accordingto/Fromtheevaporationofwater,peopleknow/realizedthatliquidscanturn/be/changeintogasesundercertainconditions/circumstance/environment。5.Youmustknowthepropertiesofthematerialbeforeyouuseit.IV.Translation化学是三种基础自然科学之一,另外两种是物理和生物.自从宇宙大爆炸以来,化学过程持续进行,甚至地球上生命的出现可能也是化学过程的结果。人们也许认为生命是三步进化的最终结果,第一步非常快,其余两步相当慢.这三步
应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译是:(I)物理进化(化学元素的产生),(II)化学进化(分子和生物分子的形成);和(III)生物进化(有机物的形成和发展)。V.Solution:(1)Therelativemassof1Hand12Catomscanbecalculatedfromtheirabsolutemassesingrams.1H1.6735102412C1.992610230.083986Ifthemassofa12Catomisexactly12amu,thenthemassofa1Hatomtofivesignificantfiguresmustbe1.0078amu.12amux0.083986=1.0078amu(2)Firstwecalculatekandthenusethefirst-orderrateequation.k0.6931.21104/yr5730yrAktlog0A2.3031.0001.21104/yrlogt0.4772.3032.303log2.09t6.11036100yr1.21104/yrThebonewastossedaway(moreprecisely,theanimalwhosebonewasdied)about6100yearsago,orabout4100B。C.Wecanthusbesurethatavillagewasinexistenceatthatplaceatthattime。Unit7TheNomenclatureofInorganicSubstancesI.Comprehension1.A2.B3。C4.C5.BII。Givethesystematicnameforthefollowingammoniumion;copper(II)ion;strontiumion;zincion;aluminum;Ccopper(I)ion;hydrogenion;silverion;iron(II)ion;lead((II)ion;magnesiumion;chromium(III)ion;应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译Barium;calciumion;chromium(II)ion;tin(II)ion。Manganese(II)ion;iron(III)ion;mercury(II)ion;carbonmonoxide;ditrogentrioxide;carbondioxide;sulfurtrioxide;diphosphoruspentoxide;dichlorineheptoxidearsenateion;sulfiteion;arseniteion;bromideion;hydroxideion;phosphateiochlorateion;hypochloriteion;phosphateion;chlorideioniodateion;carbonateion;chloriteion;nitrateion;chromateion;cyanideion;iodideion;nitrateion;hydrideion;n;;dichromateion;fluorideion;oxideion;sulfideion;hydrogencarbonateion;nitriteion;hydrogensulfateion;perchlorateion;sulfateion;hydrogensulfiteion;permanganateion.III。Completethetable.FormulaOldnameSystematicnameiron(II)oxideFeOFe2O3iron(III)oxideSn(OH)2Sn(OH)4Hg2SO4tin(II)hytin(IV)hydroxidemercury(I)sulfatedroxideHgSOmercury(II)sulfat4eNaCLOsodiumhypochloriteK2Cr2O7Cu3(AsO4)2potassiumdichromatecopper(II)arsenatechromium(IV)acetateCr(CH3O)223IV。Acidnamesmaybeobtaineddirectlyfromitsacidionbychangingthenameoftheacidion(negativeion).Usetheruletogivethenameofthefollowingacid。FormulaofaciOldnameNameofaciddH2CO3HClO2carbonicacidchlorousacid应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译HClOHCNHBrperchloricacidhydrocyanicacidhydrobromicacidsilicicacidarsenicacid4H4SiO4HAsO34V。Completethesentenceswiththeproperformofthewordgivenattheendofthesentence。1.isaltered;2。Toillustrate3。indicates4.shouldexpect5.wouldcancel6。arepulled7。dependon8。are;referred9.formed10。havediscussedVI.Translation1.Mattercanneitherbecreatednorbedestroyed/eliminated.2。Itisnecessarythatascientistmustknowhowtousefingurestogetanaccutateanswertoquestion.3。Anysubstanceismadeofatomswhetheritissolid,liquidorgas.4.Theexperimentwassuccessful.It’sresultswasthesameaswhatwehadexpected.5。Itwillnotbelongbeforewefinishtheexperiment.VII.Writeequationsforthefollowingacid—basereactions.Usetheinformationininorganictextbooktopredictwhethertheequilibriumwillfavorthereactantsortheproducts。(PartiallySolved)Solutinto(a):CyanideistheconjugatebaseofHCN。Itcanacceptaprotonfromformicacid:OO++CNHCOformateweakerbaseHCNHCOHformicacidstrongeracidcyanidestrongerbaseweakeracidReadingfrominorganictextbook,formicacid(p(pK=9。22),andcyanKa=3。76)isastrongeracidthanHCNaideisastrongerbasethanformate.Theproducts(weakeracidandbase)arefavored.…………..VIII。Writeequationsforthenetreactionswhichoccurwhenthefollowingmaterialsareaddedtoasodium-ammoniasolution.Answer:(1)2CHGeH+2eam-→H2+2CH3GeH-332(2)I2+2eam—→2I-应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译)(CH)S+2e+NH3→C2H5S—+CH+(3-ma25262NH—2Unit10NomenclatureofHydrocarbonsI。Comprehension1。C2.D3。B4.A5。B6.BII.NamethefollowingcompoundsbytheIUPACsystemCH3(CH2)nCH3(n=2,3,4,6,butane,pentane,hexane,octane1respectively)(CH3)2—CH2-CH2-CH2—CH2—methylpentane233(CH)3C-CH-CH(CH5)-CH2-CH4-ethyl-2,2—dimethylhexa3322ne(CH)2CH—CHCH2-CH(CH2CH2C5—isopropyl-2—methyloct4532H3)—CH(CH3)2aneCH3—CH2—CH2-C(CHCHCH4-isopropyl-4—propylh223)2—CH(CH3)2eptane
-CH2—CH(CH3)2isobutylcyclobuta2-ethyl—3—methyl-1—butene2-chloro-3—hexene2-ne67CH=C(CH)(CH(CH3)2)252CH3—CH2-CH=CH—CHCl—CH389CH3—CH(CH)-CH(C2H)—C≡4—ethyl—5-methyl-35C-CH3CH2=CH-C≡Chexyne1—buten-3—yneH10111213(CH)2CH—CH2CH(OH)CH4—methyl—2-pentanol33CH3CH2CH=CHCH(OH)CH3-hexen-2—ol3(CH3)3C-OH2-methyl-2-propanol(CH3)C-OCHH2-ethoxy-2—methylpropane12534(CH3)2CH-CH2—O—C2H51-ethoxy—2—methylpropane15(CH2OH)1,2—ethanediol1617182CH-CH(OH)—CH(2OH)31,2—proanediolCH2(OH)-CH(OH)—CH2(OH)1,2,3—propaminoethaneN—methyl-1—amin-2-methylpentaneanetriolCHCHNH232192CH3CH2CHCH(CH3)CH-NH-CH32o0应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译III.Drawstructuresforthefollowingcompounds。13-octene3—methy-2—heptC-C—C=C-C-C—C-C2ene3cyclohexene452—pentyneC-CC-C—C3,3—dimethylhexyne63—bromotolueneCH3Br789vinylchlorideacetyleneC=C—ClCCpara-dichlorobenzeneClCl10m-chlorobromobenzeneBrCl11tolueneCH312chlorobenzeneCl应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译131,2—dibromobenzeneBrBr14naphthalene15anthracene16phenanthrene172-methyl—1—propanCCCOHolC18CyclohexanolOH1920MethoxyetheneCCOCtrans—2—ethoxycyclohexanolOHOC2H5IV.Decidewhichitembestcompleteseachunfinishedsentence。1.A2.A3。B4.CV。Eachofthefollowingnamererepresentedbytheincorrectname(oraconsistentstructureifthenameisambiguous),andgiveyourdrawingthesisincorrect.Drawthestructucorrectname。(…………)应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译Unit11CarboxylicAcidsandTheirDerivativesI。Comprehension1。B2。B3.C4。D5.A6。CII。Fillintheblankswiththephrasesgivenbelow。1.broughtout2.dozenorso;puttogether3。aremadeof;dividedby4.aredifferentfrom5。onthecontrary;consistof6.summedup7。standfor8。suchas9。are;dependenton10.breakdownintoIII。Putinproperprepositionsoradverbsintotheblanks.1.with;as2.to3。about4。from5。intoIV.Translation1.Similarly,solventalsomaynotbeliquidmatterbuttheothers2。Agraphplottingsolubilityagainsttemperatureiscalledasolubilitycurve.(Thecurveplotdrawn(made/produced)bysolubilityasonecoordinateandtemperatureasanothercoordinateiscalledsolubilitycurve。)3。Airismixtureofgases,themostabundantofwhichisnitrogenintheformofN2(molecules)。4。Thedirectionofthereactionandthepositionoftheequilibriummayalsobeaffectedbythetemperature,pressure,andotherconditions.5.Hydrogenhasagreataffinityforoxygenandeasilycombineswithittoformwater。V.Translation玻意尔(Bohr)模型提出不久后,人们就发现原子中的电子比Bohr提出的模型要复杂得多。实验证实电子既有粒子的性质(质量)也有光的特性(波的特性)。因为它的两重性,电子不能被看作是在确定范围内绕核旋转的一种简单粒子,而且如Bohr所说的,如果电子高速运动,我们就不能确切地知道它的位置。Unit13UltravioletandVisibleMolecularSpectroscopyI.Comprehension
应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译1。C2。D3.D4.D5。BII.Fillintheblanksof;as;in;out;In;for;for;of;in;then;to;for;since(for);into.III.Filltheblankineachsentencewithanappropriatephraseinitsproperform.1.accountfor2。takepartin3。thinkof….asomparedwith4.Asc5。isattachedto6。onthecontrary7。Asinthecaseof8.incontrastwithasagainst9.owingto10。Exceptfor.Unit17CrystallisationI.Comprehension1。D2.A3。A4.D5.AII.Fillintheblankswiththeproperwordgivenbelow。Stage;interna;symmetrical;basis;physical;Furthermore;composed;responsible;reasonable;overall.III。Choosetheitemfrom(1)~(6)thatbestmatchestheitemin(a)~(f)tomakeacorrectsentence.1~a;2~b;3~c;4~d;5~e;6~fVI.TranslatethefollowingintoChinese共沸物;类质同晶;过饱和;砷酸盐;晶核;异丙基;醇;钠;硫酸盐;间甲酚;糖膏;十水合物;结晶质的;同系物;衍生物;结晶;四硼酸盐;盐析;乙基乙酰苯胺;矿物油.Uint18DistillationI.Comprehension1。B2.D3。A4.AII。Fillintheblankswiththephrasesgivenbelow。1。Inorderto2.inrelationto3.inthecaseof4.intheend5.inanumberof6.leadto7。amessyway掌握以下词汇:flashdistillation闪蒸;exitstream出流;equilibriumcurveweir堰;平衡曲线;redistillation重蒸;apparatus设备;overheadproduct塔顶产物;enthalpyintersection交点;auxiliary辅助装置;rectifying焓;
应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译sectionreflux回流;精馏段;rebollerstrippingsectionbottomproduct塔再沸器;汽提(提馏)段;底产物Unit21catalysisI。Comprehension1.A2。D3。D4.B5。CIV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish(1)Wedefineactivityassize(measure)ofcatalyssofcatalystﻫ(2)catalyticreactionmaybecarriedoutinfferentphases,ofwhichmechanismsaregenerallyconsistentﻫ(3)Enzymesarethemostefficientidiproteinsinthehumanbodywhichacceleratethemetabolismofthehumanbody。ﻫV.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglishreactionequilibrium;repep;stability;catalyticcycle;activity;qalysis;selectivity;metabolicreaction;chemicreactionmechanism;polymernylon(ornylon);qualitatieanalysis;molecular—sieve;tubularreactor;inhibitor;stoichiometry.titiveness;elementaryruantitativeanalenergy;eactionstevUnit22CosmeticsintroductionI.Comprehension1。D2.A3。D4。D5.(1)True;(2)True;(II。Fillintheblankswiththeproperwordgivenbelow。3)False.Focusedon;considerations;particular;boosting;price;affect;commitment;different;proposed.III.Putinproperprepositionsoradverbsintotheblanks。1。for,of;2。to;3.for4.for(to)5。of,about.V、TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.对亚苯基二胺,降解,丙烯,头皮屑,洗剂,N-亚硝基二乙醇胺,致癌的,未成熟(or早熟),香波(or洗发剂),激素(荷尔蒙),防汗剂,诱变性,脱臭剂(芳香剂),推论(必然结果),甘油VI、Translatethefollowingsentencsurfactant;environmentalpollution;emulsifier;side—effect;dirt;detergent;perspiration;preservative。esintoEnglish
应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译PARTTWOTHEFUNDATIONSOFCHEMISTRYUnit7ChemicalBonds化学键Thereareapproximately100chemicalelements。世界上大概有100种元素。Therearemillionsofchemicalcompound,andabout600000newcompoundsarepreparedeveryyear.现有数百万种化合物,而且每年有60万种新化合物被合成出来。Toformthesecompounds,atomsofdifferentelementsmustbeheldtogetherinspecificcombinations.beheldtogetherinspecificcombinations以特定的方式为了合成这些化合物,不同种类的原子必须以特定方式结合在一起.Chemicalbondsaretheforcesthatmaintainthesearrangements.
应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译That引导定语从句,修饰forces化学键是保持这种结合状态的力。Chemicalbondingalsoplaysaroleindeterminingthestateofmatter.playsarole起作用化学键同时在决定物质状态方面也起作用.Atroomtemperature,waterisaliquid,carbondioxideisagas,andtablesaltisasolidbecauseofdifferencesinchemicalbonding.在室温下,水是液体,二氧化碳是气体,晶体盐是固体,是由于化学键的不同。Asscientistsdevelopedanunderstandingofthenatureofchemicalbonding,theygainedtheabilitytomanipulatethestructureofcompounds。As引导原因状语从句tomanipulatethestructureofcompounds不定式短语做宾补随着化学家对化学键认识的发展,他们获得了控制化合物结构的能力。Dynamite,birthcontrolpills,syntheticfibers,andathousandotherproductswere
应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译fashionedinchemicallaboratoriesand()havedramaticallychangedthewaywelive.炸药、避孕药、合成纤维,和数以千计的其他产品在实验室中被合成出来,并且魔术般的改变了我们的生活。Wearenowenteringanerathatpromises(somewouldsayforebodes)evengreaterchange.我们现在进入了一个可望(或者说预言)更大变化的时代。TheDNAmolecular——thechemicalbasisofheredity—-carriesitsgeneticmessageinitsbondsinDNA。分子DNA—-遗传物质的基础-—以它的键传递遗传信息。Whetheranorganismisfish,fowl,hippopotamus,orhumanisdeterminedbythearrangementofbondsinDNA.Whetheranorganismisfish,fowl,hippopotamus,orhuman做主语无论一个生物体是鱼、家禽、河马还是人,都是由于DNA的键的组合方式决定的。Scientistsalreadyhavetheabilitytorearrangethesebonds,andthisabilityhasgiventhemli
应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译mitedcontroloverthestructureoflivingmatter.Them,limitedcontroloverthestructureoflivingmatter双宾语科学家已经获得了重组这些键的能力,而这种能力给了他们有限的对生物体结构的控制。Astechniquesofgeneticengineeringimprove,scientistsmayliterallybeabletocustom-tailorgenes。随着基因工程的发展,科学家们将最终设计出符合条件的基因。Letusbeginourconsiderationofchemicalbondingsothatwe,too,canunderstandtheforcesthatcontrolthestructureofmatter,livingandnonliving.That引导定语从句修饰forces,livingandnonliving,动名词,matter得同位语,修饰matter让我们开始对化学键的论述,并由此理解控制物质,包括有生命体和无生命体,的结构的力。IonicBond离子键Letuslookatanatomoftheelementsodium(Na).
应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译我们看一下钠原子。Ithas11electrons,ofwhichtwoareinthefirstenergylevel,eightinthesecond,andoneinthethird。thefirstenergylevel第一能级thesecondenergylevel第二能级thethirdenergylevel第三能级Ithas11electrons,ofwhichtwoareinthefirstenergylevel,eightareinthesecondenergylevel,andoneisinthethirdenergylevel.它有11个电子,其中2个电子在第一能级,8个电子在第二能级,1个电子在第三能级。Ifthesodiumatomcouldgetridofanelectron,thentheproduct,calledasodiumion,wouldhavethesameelectronstructureasanatomofthenoblegasneon(Ne).calledasodiumion分词短语做非限定,修饰productnoblegas如果钠原子能够失去1个电子,产物称为钠离子,就和惰性气体氖(Ne)具有相同的电子结构。Letusimmediatelyemphasizethatthesodiumion(Na+)andneonatom(Ne)arenotidenti
应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译cal。让我们首先强调一下,钠离子(Na)和氖原子(Ne)并不相同。+Theelectronarrangementibutthenuclei——andresultingcharges—-arenot。sthesame,electronarrangement电子排布resultingcharges最终电荷电子排布是相同的,而核及最终电荷是不同的.Aslongassodiumkeepsits11protons,itisstillaformofsodium,butitisthesodiumion,notthesodiumatom.只要钠带有11个质子,它就一直是钠,但它是钠离子而不是钠原子。Ionsarechargedparticles,particlesinwhichthenumberofelectronsdoesnotequalthenumberofprotons.inwhich引导非限定定语从句。离子是一种带电粒子,一种电子数不等于质子数的粒子.Positivelychargedionsarecalledcations(pronounced“cat-ions”)。Thesodiumionisacation。带正电荷的粒子称为阳离子(音为阳-离子)。钠离子是阳离
应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译子.Ifachlorineatom(Cl)couldgainanelectron,itwouldhavethesameelectronstructureasthenoblegasargon(Ar)。如果氯原子(Cl)能够得到一个电子,它将与惰性气体氩(Ar)具有相同的电子结构.Thechlorineatom,havinggainedanelectron,becomesnegativelycharged.Ithas17protons(17+)and18electrons(18-)。ItiswrittenCl-anditcalledachlorideion.havinggainedanelectron动名词形式做定语,修饰chlorineatom获得一个电子的氯原子带有负电荷。它具有17个质子(17+)和18个电子(18-),写作Cl-,称为氯离子.Negativelychargedionsarecalledanions(pronounced“ann—ions”)。Thechlorideionisananion。带负电荷的粒子称为阴离子(音为阴-离子)。钠离子是阴离子。Asodiumformsalessreactivespecies,asodiumion,bylosinganelectron.
应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译alessreactivespecies,asodiumion同位语钠原子通过失去一个电子形成不活泼的钠离子。Achlorineatombecomesalessreactivechlorideionbygaininganelectron.氯原子通过得到一个电子形成不活泼的氯原子.Achlorineatomcannotjustpluckanelectronfromemptyspace,norcanasodiumatomkickoutanelectronunlesssomethingelseiswillingtotaeitoemptyspace空白空间、真空空间,意为“凭空”、“无根kn.据”nor作连词,与助动词和情态动词连用,句中主语与动词倒置。Hecan’tsee,norcouldhehearuntilamonthago.他现在看不见,一个月之前他还听不见.Sheisn’trich,nordoIimagethatsheeverwillbe。她现在不富,我看她将来也富不了。kickout逐出、解雇、开除;意为“失去”Theykickedhimout(oftheclub)forfigh为斗殴而被开除(出俱乐部)。somethingelse别的东西ting。他因take…on接纳、承受
应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译氯原子不能凭空获得一个电子,而钠原子也不能凭空失去一个电子,除非别的东西愿接受电子。Whathappenswhensodiumcomeintocontactwithchlorine?Theobvious.Achlorineatomremovesanelectronfromasodiumaeintocontact接触、相遇Theobvious显而易见的当钠与氯接触时发现了什么?很明显,氯原子从钠原子处拿走了一个电子。Thesodiumionandthechlorideionhaveelectronarrangements(electronconfigurations)likethoseoftwonoblegases(neonandargon,respectively).electronarrangement电子排布electronconfigurations电子结构钠离子和氯离子的电子排布(电子结构)就象两个惰性气体(氖和氩,相应的)一样。Notonlydotheionshavestableoctetsofelectrons,theyalsohaveoppositecharges.它们具有稳定的电子八耦体结构,而且有相反的电荷。Everyoneknowsthatoppositesattract。每个人都知道异性相吸。
应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译Whilethisruleofthumbmaynotalwayenappliedtopeople,itworksquitewellforcationsandanions。sworkwhruleofthumb单凭经验来做的方法,比较粗糙的方法,约略得衡量(或估计)虽然这种经验对人未必适用,但对阴阳离子是非常适用的.Theattractiveforcebetweenoppositelychargedionsiscalledanionicbond,andthecombinationofsodiumionsandchlorideionsisthecompoundsodiumchlorideortablesalt。相反电荷之间的吸引力称为离子键,钠离子和氯离子结合为化合物氯化钠和食盐。CovalentBonds共价键Onemightexpectahydrogenatom,withitsoneelectron,toacquireanotherelectronandassumetheheliumconfiguration.toacquireanotherelectronand(to)assumetheheliumconfiguration不定式做宾补人们也许希望带有一个电子的氢原子,获得另一个电子并呈现氦的结构。Indeed,hydrogenatomdojustthatinthep
应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译resenceofatomsofareactivemetalsuchaslithium,thatis,ametalthatfindsiteasytogiveupanelectron。do代替上句,justthat引导条件状语reactivemetal活泼金属thatis插入语,也就是说ametal,reactivemetal的同位语,that引导定语从句修饰ametal实际上,氢原子只有在活泼金属如锂的存在下确实发生了这样的反应,活泼金属就是很容易失去电子的金属。Butwhatiftherearenootherkindsofatomsaround?但是,如果周围没有其他种类的原子呢?Whatifthereareonlyhydrogenatoms(asinasampleofthepureelement)?如果只有氢原子(作为纯元素样品)呢?Onehydrogenatomscanscarcelygrabanelectronsfromanother,foramonghydrogenatomsallhaveequalattractionforelectrons(Evenmoreimportant,perhaps,hydrogenatomsdonothaveatendencytoloseelectronsatall,fortheresultwo
应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译uldbeahighlyreactivebareproton——thehydrogennucleus。)Evenmoreimportant更重要的一个氢原子几乎不能从另一个氢原子处获取电子,因为氢原子具有相同的电子吸引力(更重要的,可能是,氢原子没有失去电子的倾向,因为那样的结果是生成高度活泼的裸露质子-—氢原子核).Still—-hydrogenwantsaduetofelectronslikehelium’s.而且——氢原子希望象氦原子那样拥有2个电子。Ifonehydrogencannotcaptureanother’selectron,thetwoatomscancompromisebysharingtheirelectrons。如果一个氢原子不能获取另一个氢原子的电子,这两个原子则通过共用电子的方式解决。Itisasifthetwohydrogenatoms,inapproachingoneanother,gettheirelectroncloudsororbitalssothoroughlyenmeshedthattheycannoteasilypullthemapartagain.inapproachingoneanother做插入语asif与asthough用法相同,意为:宛如、仿佛、好像。asif后面常用过去时表示现在,说明所作的比较“不是真的”。
应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译Youlookasifyou’dseenaghost.在非正式文体中,常用like代替asif.Hesattheresmilinglikeitwashisbirthday。就好像两个氢原子,当它们互相接近时,其电子云充分重叠,以至于难于再分开。Moatofthetimetheelectronsarelocatedbetweenthetwonuclei。大部分时间电子位于两个原子之间。Theelectron—dotformulausuallyused,H:H,isthereforeafairlygoodpicture(Ifweweretoattributehumanqualitiestohydrogenatoms,wewouldsuggestthattheyareabitnearsighted。Eachonelooksaround,seestwoelectrons,anddecidesthattheseelectronsareitsveryownandthatthereforeithasasarrangementlikethatofhelium,oneofthenoblegases。)electron-dotformula电子式noblegase惰性气体经常用电子式H:H表示,这是一个很好的画面(如果我们以人的品性归于氢原子,我们说它们有些目光短浅。每个氢原子看看周围,看到两个电子,就认为这些电子是自己的,它们就有了象惰性气体氦那样的电子排布)。
应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译Thiscombinationofhydrogenatomsiscalledahydrogenmolecule.这种氢原子化合物叫氢分子。Moleculesarediscretegroupsofatomsheldtogetherbysharedpairsofelectrons。Thebondformedbyasharedpairofelectronsiscalledacovenlentbond.分子是通过共用电子对将两个分离的原子结合在一起。通过共用电子对形成的键称为共价键.Achlorineatomwillpickupanextraelectroniveoneup.fromanythingwillingtog氯原子可以从任何愿意失去一个电子的原子处得到一个电子。But,again,whatiftheonlythingaroundisanotherchlorineatom?但是,如果周围只有另一个氯原子又会怎样?Chlorineatoms,too,canattainamorestablearrangementbysharingapairofelectrons。氯原子同样也是通过共用电子对达到稳定结构.Eachchlorineatominthechlorinemoleculecountseightelectronsarounditselfandconcludesthatithasanarrangementlikethatofthenoblegasargon.
应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译thatithasanarrangementlikethatofthenoblegasargon。宾语从句氯分子中每个氯原子周围都有8个电子,并且可以断定它具有惰性气体氩一样的排布.Thesharedpairofelectronsinthechlorinemoleculealsocreatesacovalentbond.氯分子中共用的一对电子同样形成共价键。Forsimplicity,thehydrogenmoleculeisoftenrepresentedasH2andthechlorinemoleculeasCl。2thechlorinemoleculeasCl:thechlorine2moleculeisoftenrepresentedasCl2为了简化,氢分子常写成H,氯分子常写成Cl。22Thesubscriptsindicatetwoatomspermolecule.这个下标表示每个分子中有2个原子。Ineachcase,thecovalentbondbetweentheatomsisunderstood.Sometimesthecovalentbondisindicatedbyadash,H-HandCl—Cl.在每种情况下,原子之间的共价键都可以理解,有时共价键也用一个短线表示H-H和Cl-Cl。:Letusbesureweunderstandthemeaningofnumbersinformulas.
应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译让我们确信我们理解公式中数字的意义。Takeamomenttoestablishinyourmindthedifferenceamongthefollowing:H,H2,2H,2H2,H2O,2H2O.花点时间来搞清楚下面数字的不同:H,H,2H,2H,HO,2222HO。2IsitcleartoyouthatalthoughHrepresentsasingleatomofhydrogen,H2impliestwoatomsofHbondedtogether,whereas2Hrepresentstwoseparate,free,andindependentatomsofH?That引导实际主语你是否明白H代表分离的氢原子,H代表两个H结合而成的氢2分子,而2H代表分离的、自由的、孤立的氢原子吗?Ontheotherhand,themeaningofHinH2O2istotallydifferentfromthatofH2asamolecule。另一方面,H在HO中的意思与作为一种分子的H完全不222同。InH2OitmeansthattwoatomsofHareindividuallyattachedtoO(nottothemselves!)toformamoleculeofwater.在HO中表示两个H分别吸引O(而不是它们自己!)来形成2一个水分子。Finally,2H2Osimplyreferstotwoindivid
应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译ualmoleculesofwater.最后,2HO代表两个独立的水分子。2Covalentbondsarenotlimitedtothesharingofonepairofelectrons.Consider,forexample,thenitrogenatom。Itselectron-dot.....Nsymbolis:共价键不限于分享一对电子。例如,对于氮原子.它的电子式.....N是:Now,afterallwehavelearnedabouttheoctetruleweknowthatthiselectronarrangementisnotcomplete。octetrule八耦体规则现在,我们学习了八耦体规则。我们知道这个电子排布是不饱和的.Ithasonlyfiveelectronsinitsoutermostenergylevel。outermostenergylevel外层电子能级在它的外层电子能级上只有5个电子。Itcouldsharedapairofelectronswithanothernitrogenatomandwouldthenlooklikethi..NN..:::s:
应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译它可以与另一个氮原子共用一对电子而变成如下形..NN..:::式:Thesituationhasnotimprovedagreatdeal。情况并没有发生太大变化.Eachnitrogenatominthisarrangementhasonlysixelectronssurroudingit(noteight).6个电子(不是8个)。Eachnitrogenatomhastwoelectronshangingouttherewithoutpartners,so,tosolvethedilemma,eachnitrogenatomsharestwoadditionalpairsofelectrons,foratotalofthreepairs.hangingout把…伸出、挂出,上身伸出(窗外),闲荡,所以,为了解决这一矛盾,每,共3对电子每个氮原子周围电子排布只有每个氮原子都有两个未成对电子个氮原子共用另外两对电子N..N::Indrawingthenitrogenmolecule(N2),wehaveplacedalltheelectronsbeingsharedbythetwoatomsinthespacebetweenthetwoatoms。beingsharedbythetwoatoms分词短语做定语写氮分子(N)时,我们把两个原子的所有的共用电子都写在2两个原子中间。Eachnitrogenatomhasnowsatisfiedtheoctet
应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译rule.每个氮原子都满足了八耦体规则。Amoleculeinwhichthreepairsofelectrons(atotalofsixindividualelectron)arebeingsharedissaidtocontainatriplebond.inwhichthreepairsofelectrons(atotalofsixindividualelectron)arebeingshared定语从句triplebond三键一个分子共享三对电子(共6个单个电子)被称为含有三键。Eachnitrogenatomalsohasanunsharedpairofelectrons。每个氮原子还含有一对孤对电子。Notethatwecouldhavedrawntheunsharedpairofelectronsaboveorbelowtheatomicsymbol。atomicsymbol元素符号注意我们可以把孤对电子写在元素符号的上方或下方。Suchadrawingwouldrepresentthesamemolecule.这些写法代表相同的分子。PolarCovalentBonds极性共价键Sofarwehaveseenthatatomscombineintw
应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译odifferentways。Sofar迄今为止,就此范围(或程度)说来迄今为止,我们看到了两种不同的原子结合方式.Somethatarequitedifferentinelectronstructure(fromtheoppositeendsoftheperiodictable)reactbythecompletetransferofoneormoreelectronsfromoneatomtoanother(ionicbondformation)。fromtheoppositeendsoftheperiodictable周期表相对的两端句子结构:some…
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